New bis(pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines) and bis(thieno[2,3-b]pyridines) as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: synthesis, in vitro and SwissADME prediction study

New Bis(pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolines) and Bis(9H-xanthenediones) Linked to Alkane Cores: One-Pot Synthesis, Antibacterial Screening, and SAR Study

Effective one-pot methods were used to synthesize some new alkane-linked bis(pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolines) and bis(9H-xanthenediones). The first series was produced, in 80-88 % yields, via the reaction of one equivalent of the appropriate bis(aldehydes) with two equivalents of 1H-pyrazole-3,5-diamine and dimedone in DMF at 150 °C for 5-6 h. The second series was prepared, in 82-89 % yields, via the reaction one equivalent of the appropriate bis(aldehydes) with four equivalents of dimedone in acetic acid at 120 °C for 4-5 h. The new products displayed a broad range of antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains. Generally, the antibacterial activity of the alkane-linked bis(pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazoline) units is more than 2-fold their bis(9H-xanthenedione) analogues. The (p-tolylthio)methyl)-linked bis(pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolines) demonstrate the best antibacterial activity with MIC/MBC values up to 3.3/6.6 μM.

Fused thiophene as a privileged scaffold: A review on anti-Alzheimer's disease potentials via targeting cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, glycogen synthase kinase-3, and Aβ aggregation

As a "silent threat," Alzheimer's disease (AD) is quickly rising to the top of the list of costly and troublesome diseases facing humanity. It is growing to be one of the most troublesome and expensive conditions, with annual health care costs higher than those of cancer and comparable to those of cardiovascular disorders. One of the main pathogenic characteristics of AD is the deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) which plays a vital role in memory, learning, and attention. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) play a crucial role in hydrolyzing ACh. Consequently, a frequent therapy approach for AD is the suppression of AChE and BChE to improve cholinergic neurotransmission and reduce cognitive symptoms. The accumulation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) is a primary factor contributing to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3-β) is regarded as a pivotal player in the pathophysiology of AD since dysregulation of this kinase affects all major hallmarks of the disease, such as tau phosphorylation, Aβ aggregation, memory, neurogenesis, and synaptic function. One of the most challenging and risky issues in modern medicinal chemistry is the urgent and ongoing need for the study and development of effective therapeutic candidates for the treatment of AD. A significant class of heterocyclic molecules that can target the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of AD are fused thiophene derivatives. The goal of the current review is to demonstrate the advancements made in fused thiophene derivatives' anti-AD activity. It also covers their mechanisms of action and studies of the structure-activity relationships in addition to the compilation of significant synthetic routes for fused thiophene derivatives with anti-AD potential. This review is intended to stimulate new ideas in the search for more rationale designs of derivatives based on fused thiophene, hoping to be more potent in treating AD.