Indian Traditional medicinal plants as a source of potent Anti-diabetic agents: A Review

Effect of supplementation of phytoadditive mixtures on live weight, blood indices, hormonal profile and reproductive performance in Black Bengal goats

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytoadditive mixtures containing equal proportions of Curcuma longa & Allium sativum (PAM-1) and Curcuma longa & Ocimum sanctum (PAM-2) on live weight, blood parameters, hormonal profile and reproductive performance in Black Bengal goats. A total of 21 post weaned female kids of 3-4 months age and similar body weights maintained at Goat Research Unit of Eastern Regional Station (ERS), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Kalyani, India during the year 2021-2022 were randomly distributed in three groups namely, Control, PAM-1 and PAM-2 for 10 months. Blood parameters i.e. glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, ALP, total lipids, cholesterol, and Triglycerides, WBC, RBC, Hb and PCV %; NEFA levels and hormones i.e. prolactin, cortisol, T3 and T4 were estimated in all three experimental groups. Higher (P < 0.001) live weights were investigated in supplemented goats. Blood parameters including glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, ALP, WBC, RBC, Hb and PCV% were similar (P > 0.05) in all groups. Lower (P < 0.001) blood lipids were found in supplemented groups. Higher Prolactin, T3 and T4 levels and lower Cortisol levels were reported in PAM-1 and PAM-2 groups (P < 0.001) than control group. Age at first estrus, first conception, first kidding and post kidding first estrus days were lower (P < 0.001) in supplemented groups. Therefore, it was concluded that supplementation of PAM-1 and PAM-2 improved reproductive performance, hormonal profile and lipid profile through improved live weights in Black Bengal goats.

Deciphering the Anti-Diabetic Potential of Gymnema Sylvestre Using Integrated Computer-Aided Drug Design and Network Pharmacology

This study explores novel therapeutic avenues for diabetes, a global health concern marked by elevated blood glucose levels. We investigated the anti-diabetic potential of Gymnema Sylvestre's bioactive compounds, including Gymnemic acid I, Stigmasterol, Deacylgymnemic acid, Beta-Amyrin acetate, Longispinogenin, Gymnemic acid II, Gymnemic acid, Gymnemic acid X, Gymnemaside VI, Phytic acid and Gymnemic acid X. Employing network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD), we elucidated the potential mechanism of action. SwissTargetPrediction identified targets for bioactive constituents, while DisGeNET provided diabetes-related targets. A GeneVenn diagram revealed 397 common potential targets for diabetes management. The protein-protein interaction network, constructed via the STRING database, underwent topological analysis in Cytoscape, identifying AKT1, SRC, TNF, PPARG and IL1B as top targets. Gene ontology analysis using FunRich identified crucial roles of screened targets in integrin family cell surface interactions and glypican pathways for diabetes management. Molecular interactions and binding affinities with the top target, AKT1, were assessed, with Gymnemic acid I displaying the least binding energy (-9.813) with H- and non-H-bond interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the distinct behaviours of Gymnemic acid I within the protein complex. In conclusion, our study elucidates the potential anti-diabetic mechanism of Gymnemic acid I, underscoring the need for further in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies to validate our findings.

Virtual screening, pharmacokinetics & MD simulation study of active phytoconstituents of Ficus Carica Linn. against PPAR-γ in diabetes mellitus

F. carica is a small tree and commonly used as a traditional medicine against several disorders. Diabetes is currently treated with insulin and oral hypoglycemic medicines such as sulphonyl urea derivatives, bigunides, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists were found to be very much beneficial in the management of diabetes by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bioactive phytoconstituents from Ficus carica Linn. against the target PPAR-γ agonist by in silico docking approach. We investigated 68 phytoconstituents as potential inhibitors of PPAR-γ agonists and the top 24 phytoconstituents were further selected for molecular docking studies. Drug ability, side effects, and ADMET analysis were determined by using MolSoft, toxtree freeware, and ADMET SAR web server, respectively. The phytoconstituents were docked with the target PPAR-γ (PDB ID: 4Y29, 1.98 Å) receptor. Quercetin-3-o-rutinoside possessed the highest G score -14.22 kcal/mol, followed by Angelicin with a G score of -13.56 kcal/mol. All the other phytoconstituents displayed good pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters with values within the permissible limits. The ligand-protein interaction was calculated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation study. Subsequently, the binding free energy of the Quercetin-3-o-rutinosideand Pioglitazone complex was calculated using MMPBSA analysis. The results indicated that some of the phytoconstituents from Ficus carica have potency as an anti-diabetic agents. So, these bioactive phytoconstituents like Quercetin-3-o-glucoside, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids may act as a good agonist for PPAR-γ.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Modulation of Insulin Resistance by Silybum marianum Leaves, and its Synergistic Efficacy with Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella-foenum graecum Against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B

Prolonged insulin resistance is considered one of the reasons for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Upregulation of Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of insulin signalling, has been well studied as a key regulator in prognosis to insulin resistance. It has been widely studied as a desirable molecular therapeutic target. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of leaf extract of the medicinal plants Silybum marianum on the inhibition of PTP1B activity. It also explored the synergistic effect with extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (leaves), Momordica charantia (seeds), and Trigonella foenum graecum (seeds). The S. marianum leaves showed dose-dependent inhibition of PTP1B ranging from 9.48-47.95% (25-1000 μg mL-1). Assay with individual plant extracts showed comparatively lesser inhibition of PTP1B as compared to metformin as a control (38% inhibition). However, a synergistic effect showed nearly 45% PTP1B inhibition (higher than metformin) after the assay was done with selected four plant extracts in combination. The effect of leaf extracts of S. marianum was studied for glucose uptake efficiency in yeast cell lines which was found to be increased by 23% as compared to the control (without extract). Metformin improves glucose upake by yeast cells by ~15-31%. GC-MS analysis revealed 23 phytochemicals, some of which possessed anti-diabetic properties. A dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity of S. marianum leaves extracts was observed (40-53%). The findings of the study highlighted the presence of various phytochemicals in leaves extracts that are effective against PTP1B inhibition and may help in reinvigorating drug development.

Alpha-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Pistacia atlantica Desf. gall extracts and identification of putative bioactives using a combined UPLC fingerprinting and molecular docking approach

Aims

Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Anacardiaceae) is traditionally used in Mediterranean medicine, with previous studies showing antidiabetic potential in its fruits and leaves. This study evaluates the antidiabetic activity of P. atlantica galls (PAG) extracts using in vitro, chemometric, and in silico approaches.

Method

The antidiabetic activity of the samples were studied by measuring their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) concentrations according to the in vitro enzyme inhibition assays and modelled as a function of the LC fingerprints using the partial least squares technique. Crystal structures of the human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) and the α-glucosidase homologue isomaltase were obtained from the Protein Data Bank website (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb). Docking simulations and calculations were carried out using AutoDock Vina.

Results

PAG extracts inhibited HPA (IC50s ranging from 1.85 to 2.92 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50s ranging from 34 to 49 µg/mL) activities, with galls collected from male plants showing higher activity than those from female plants. UPLC fingerprinting, linked to chemometric analysis using a partial least squares regression model, putatively identified five compounds (quinic acid, methyl gallate, digalloyl quinic acid, methyl digallate, and valoneic acid dilactone) responsible for this antidiabetic effect. Molecular docking using AutoDock Vina revealed that the identified compounds interacted with key amino acid residues of HPA and α-glucosidase.

Conclusions

By employing UPLC fingerprinting combined with chemometric analysis and molecular docking simulations, quinic acid and digalloyl quinic acid were identified from P. atlantica gall extract as the most promising ligands for further investigation into their antidiabetic potential.

Graphical Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: Understanding disease mechanisms, their correlation, and promising dual activity of selected herbs

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

This review explores the link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and diabetes-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). It emphasizes the shared pathophysiological links and mechanisms between the two conditions, focusing on reduced insulin levels and receptors, impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage in AD-affected brains-paralleling aspects of T2DM. The review suggests AD as a "diabetes of the brain," supported by cognitive enhancement through antidiabetic interventions. It focuses on the traditionally used Indian herbs as a means to manage both conditions while addressing developmental challenges.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study explores the DM-AD connection, reviewing medicinal herbs with protective potential for both ailments, considering traditional uses and developmental challenges.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Studied research, reviews, and ethnobotanical and scientific data from electronic databases and traditional books.

RESULTS

The study analyzes the pathophysiological links between DM and AD, emphasizing their interconnected factors. Eight Ayurvedic plants with dual protective effects against T2DM and AD are thoroughly reviewed with preclinical/clinical evidence. Historical context, phytoconstituents, and traditional applications are explored. Innovative formulations using these plants are examined. Challenges stemming from phytoconstituents' physicochemical properties are highlighted, prompting novel formulation development, including nanotechnology-based delivery systems. The study uncovers obstacles in formulating treatments for these diseases.

CONCLUSION

The review showcases the dual potential of chosen medicinal herbs against both diseases, along with their traditional applications, endorsing their use. It addresses formulation obstacles, proposing innovative delivery technologies for herbal therapies, while acknowledging their constraints. The review suggests the need for heightened investment and research in this area.

Phytoactives for Obesity Management: Integrating Nanomedicine for Its Effective Delivery

Obesity is a global health concern that requires urgent investigation and management. While synthetic anti-obesity medications are available, they come with a high risk of side-effects and variability in their efficacy. Therefore, natural compounds are increasingly being used to treat obesity worldwide. The proposition that naturally occurring compounds, mainly polyphenols, can be effective and safer for obesity management through food and nutrient fortification is strongly supported by extensive experimental research. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of obesity while reviewing the efficacy of an array of phytoactives used for obesity treatment. It details mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition, energy expenditure, appetite suppression, adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and modulation of gut microbiota. Comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical studies underscore the promise of phytoactives in combating obesity, which have been thoroughly reviewed. However, challenges, such as poor bioavailability and metabolism, limit their potential. Advances in nanomedicines may overcome these constraints, offering a new avenue for enhancing the efficacy of phytoactives. Nonetheless, rigorous and targeted clinical trials are essential before applying phytoactives as a primary treatment for obesity.

Insights into the mechanisms of diabetic wounds: pathophysiology, molecular targets, and treatment strategies through conventional and alternative therapies

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent cause of mortality worldwide and can lead to several secondary issues, including DWs, which are caused by hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, anemia, and ischemia. Roughly 15% of diabetic patient's experience complications related to DWs, with 25% at risk of lower limb amputations. A conventional management protocol is currently used for treating diabetic foot syndrome, which involves therapy using various substances, such as bFGF, pDGF, VEGF, EGF, IGF-I, TGF-β, skin substitutes, cytokine stimulators, cytokine inhibitors, MMPs inhibitors, gene and stem cell therapies, ECM, and angiogenesis stimulators. The protocol also includes wound cleaning, laser therapy, antibiotics, skin substitutes, HOTC therapy, and removing dead tissue. It has been observed that treatment with numerous plants and their active constituents, including Globularia Arabica, Rhus coriaria L., Neolamarckia cadamba, Olea europaea, Salvia kronenburgii, Moringa oleifera, Syzygium aromaticum, Combretum molle, and Myrtus communis, has been found to promote wound healing, reduce inflammation, stimulate angiogenesis, and cytokines production, increase growth factors production, promote keratinocyte production, and encourage fibroblast proliferation. These therapies may also reduce the need for amputations. However, there is still limited information on how to prevent and manage DWs, and further research is needed to fully understand the role of alternative treatments in managing complications of DWs. The conventional management protocol for treating diabetic foot syndrome can be expensive and may cause adverse side effects. Alternative therapies, such as medicinal plants and green synthesis of nano-formulations, may provide efficient and affordable treatments for DWs.

An Update on Pharmacological and Phytochemical Aspects of Costus pictus D. Don - A Promising Anti-diabetic Plant

BACKGROUND

The genus Costus is the largest genus in the family Costaceae and encompasses about 150 known species. Among these, Costus pictus D. Don (Synonym: Costus mexicanus) is a traditional medicinal herb used to treat diabetes and other ailments. Currently, available treatment options in modern medicine have several adverse effects. Herbal medicines are gaining importance as they are cost-effective and display improved therapeutic effects with fewer side effects. Scientists have been seeking therapeutic compounds in plants, and various in vitro and in vivo studies report Costus pictus D. Don as a potential source in treating various diseases. Phytochemicals with various pharmacological properties of Costus pictus D. Don, viz. anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, diuretic, analgesic, and anti-microbial have been worked out and reported in the literature.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the review is to categorize and summarize the available information on phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of Costus pictus D. Don and suggest outlooks for future research.

METHODS

This review combined scientific data regarding the use of Costus pictus D. Don plant for the management of diabetes and other ailments. A systematic search was performed on Costus pictus plant with anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and other pharmacological properties using several search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Sci-Finder, other online journals and books for detailed analysis.

RESULTS

Research data compilation and critical review of the information would be beneficial for further exploration of its pharmacological and phytochemical aspects and, consequently, new drug development. Bioactivity-guided fractionation, isolation, and purification of new chemical entities from the plant as well as pharmacological evaluation of the same will lead to the search for safe and effective novel drugs for better healthcare.

CONCLUSION

This review critically summarizes the reports on natural compounds, and different extract of Costus pictus D. Don with their potent anti-diabetic activity along with other pharmacological activity. Since this review has been presented in a very interactive manner showing the geographical region of availability, parts of plant used, mechanism of action and phytoconstituents in different extracts of Costus pictus responsible for particular action, it will be of great importance to the interested readers to focus on the development of the new drug leads for the treatment of diseases.

Relevance of Indian traditional tisanes in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review

Background

Tisanes are a potential source of phytochemicals to reduce disease risk conditions and are used to protect from non-communicable diseases, globally. A few tisanes have gained more popularity than others depending on their chemical composition based on the geographical origin of the used herb. Several Indian tisanes have been claimed to have traits beneficial to people with or at a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Under the concept, the literature was reviewed and compiled into a document to highlight the chemical uniqueness of popular Indian traditional tisanes to be more informative and potent as per modern medicine to overcome type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

An extensive literature survey was conducted using computerized database search engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica database) for herbs that have been described for hyperglycemia, and involved reaction mechanism, in-vivo studies as well as clinical efficacies published since 2001 onwards using certain keywords. Compiled survey data used to make this review and all findings on Indian traditional antidiabetic tisanes are tabulated here.

Results

Tisanes render oxidative stress, counter the damage by overexposure of free radicals to the body, affect enzymatic activities, enhance insulin secretion, etc. The active molecules of tisanes also act as anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antiviral, antimutagenicity, anti-carcinogenicity, antiaging effects, etc. WHO also has a strategy to capitalize on the use of herbals to keep populations healthy through effective and affordable alternative means with robust quality assurance and strict adherence to the product specification.

Development and formulation of antidiabetic property of Anarcadium occidantale-based solid lipid microparticles

Anacardium occidentale (AO) possesses potent anti-diabetic properties, owing to its high phytochemicals content. This study attempted to maximise the efficacy of AO by encapsulating it in a solid lipid microparticle (SLMs) formulation. Leaves of AO were extracted with water and formulated into SLMs using a lipid matrix composed of P90H and Dika fat. Characterisation of the SLMs include morphology, particle size, pH, encapsulation efficiency percentage, in vitro release and anti-diabetic properties. SLMs were spherical with sizes ranging from 16.7 ± 0.8 µm to 40.12 ± 2.34 µm and had a fairly stable pH over time. Highest drug entrapment was 87%_. Batch A₂ exhibited an even release of 89%, sustained over time, and a mean percentage reduction in glucose of 25.9% at 12 h after oral administration to study animals. Anacardium occidentale-loaded SLMs exhibited a good hypoglycaemic effect and can be used in the management of diabetes.

Potential Roles of Anti-Inflammatory Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds Targeting Inflammation in Microvascular Complications of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders, the characteristics of which include chronic hyperglycemia owing to defects in insulin function, insulin secretion, or both. Inflammation plays a crucial role in DM pathogenesis and innate immunity in the development of microvascular complications of diabetes. In addition, hyperglycemia and DM mediate a proinflammatory microenvironment that can result in various microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy (DNP), diabetic neuropathy (DN), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). DNP is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. DNP can lead to albuminuria, decreased filtration, mesangium expansion, thickening of the basement membrane, and eventually renal failure. Furthermore, inflammatory cells can accumulate in the interstitium and glomeruli to deteriorate DNP. DN is another most prevalent microvascular complication of DM and the main cause of high mortality, disability, and a poor quality of life. DNs have a wide range of clinical manifestations because of the types of fiber dysfunctions and complex structures of the peripheral nervous system. DR is also a microvascular and multifactorial disease, as well as a major cause of visual impairment globally. Pathogenesis of DR is yet to be fully revealed, however, numerous studies have already confirmed the role of inflammation in the onset and advancement of DR. Despite evidence, and better knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of these microvascular complications of diabetes, there is still a deficiency of effective therapies. Bioactive compounds are mainly derived from plants, and these molecules have promising therapeutic potential. In this review, evidence and molecular mechanisms regarding the role of inflammation in various microvascular complications of diabetes including DNP, DN, and DR, have been summarized. The therapeutic potential of several bioactive compounds derived from plants in the treatment of these microvascular complications of diabetes has also been discussed.

Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Leaf Polyphenol-Loaded Phytosome Delivery System against Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Moringa oleifera leaf polyphenols (Mopp) were encapsulated with phytosomes to enhance their efficacy on 4T1 cancer cell lines. The Mopp were extracted via microwave-assisted extraction. Moringa oleifera polyphenol-loaded phytosomes (MoP) were prepared with the nanoprecipitation method and characterized using the dynamic light scattering and dialysis membrane techniques. The in vitro cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity were investigated with the (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazole) MTT assay. Acute toxicity was assessed using Swiss albino mice. An MoP particle size of 296 ± 0.29 nm, −40.1 ± 1.19 mV zeta potential, and polydispersity index of 0.106 ± 0.002 were obtained. The total phenolic content was 50.81 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g, while encapsulation efficiency was 90.32 ± 0.11%. The drug release profiles demonstrated biphasic and prolonged subsequent sustained release. In vitro assays indicated MoP had a low cytotoxicity effect of 98.84 ± 0.53 μg/mL, doxorubicin was 68.35 ± 3.508, and Mopp was 212.9 ± 1.30 μg/mL. Moreover, MoP exhibited the highest antiproliferative effect on 4T1 cancer cells with an inhibitory concentration of 7.73 ± 2.87 μg/mL and selectivity index > 3. The results indicated a significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) in MoP when compared to Mopp and doxorubicin. The in vivo investigation showed the safety of MoP at a dose below 2000 mg/kg. The present findings suggest that MoP may serve as an effective and promising formulation for breast cancer drug delivery and therapy.

Pharmacologically Active Phytomolecules Isolated from Traditional Antidiabetic Plants and Their Therapeutic Role for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic complication that affects people of all ages. The increased prevalence of diabetes worldwide has led to the development of several synthetic drugs to tackle this health problem. Such drugs, although effective as antihyperglycemic agents, are accompanied by various side effects, costly, and inaccessible to the majority of people living in underdeveloped countries. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally throughout the ages to treat various ailments due to their availability and safe nature. Medicinal plants are a rich source of phytochemicals that possess several health benefits. As diabetes continues to become prevalent, health care practitioners are considering plant-based medicines as a potential source of antidiabetic drugs due to their high potency and fewer side effects. To better understand the mechanism of action of medicinal plants, their active phytoconstituents are being isolated and investigated thoroughly. In this review article, we have focused on pharmacologically active phytomolecules isolated from medicinal plants presenting antidiabetic activity and the role they play in the treatment and management of diabetes. These natural compounds may represent as good candidates for a novel therapeutic approach and/or effective and alternative therapies for diabetes.

Quality assessment and Analytical Quality by Design-based RP-HPLC method development for quantification of Piperine in Piper nigrum L

Background

Piper nigrum L. is one of the widely used herbs in Ayurvedic medicine. Piperine is a major phytoconstituent that is responsible for most of the activity of the herb. Quality assessment and standardization of such phytoconstituents is the need of the hour. The present study aims at developing a Quality by design (QbD)-based RP-HPLC Method for marker-based standardization of Piper nigrum L. fruits along with its quality assessment.

Results

The quality assessment of the crude sample was carried out by evaluating pharmacognostic parameters and analysis of toxic contaminants. The analytical target profile and critical quality attributes were determined and 22 factorial design was employed for optimization of the method. By performing the experiments as per the QbD concept the optimized mobile phase was identified as Acetonitrile and Water with 0.05% Acetic acid in the ratio of 70:30, with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 342 nm. The retention time of Piperine was found to be 5.5 min and the amount of Piperine in crude P. nigrum fruits and its extract was found to be 3.6% w/w 5.62% w/w, respectively. The Pharmacognostic parameters showed the results within specified limits and the crude drug sample showed the absence of toxic contaminants in it thus indicating the purity of the drug.

Conclusion

The utilization of the QbD approach leads to the development of a more precise and reliable method for the quantification of phytocompounds.

Momordica balsamina: phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of a gifted species

Momordica balsamina L. (Cucurbitaceae), frequently named balsam apple, southern balsam pear or African pumpkin, is a vegetable with high nutritional value, being mostly used as food in sub-Saharan Africa. It has also been largely used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases, such as malaria fevers and diabetes. As a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, the main constituents are cucurbitane-type triterpenoids, with different oxidation patterns, named cucurbitacins. This review aims at summarizing our contribution to the phytochemical study of M. balsamina and the evaluation of the isolated cucurbitacins and derivatives as multidrug resistance reversers in cancer cells and bacteria. In this way, the selective antiproliferative activity against multidrug resistant cancer cells of cucurbitacins obtained from M. balsamina, their ability as P-glycoprotein inhibitors in cancer cells overexpressing this ABC transporter, as well as efflux pump inhibitors in resistant bacteria strains are reviewed. Moreover, the in vitro antimalarial activity of cucurbitacins and acyl derivatives against the blood and liver-stages of Plasmodium strains, and the in vivo activity of selected compounds is also reviewed. Besides our work, edible and medicinal uses, and other studies mainly reporting the biological activities of M. balsamina extracts, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties are also addressed.

The Potential Role of Gymnema inodorum Leaf Extract Treatment in Hematological Parameters in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei

Malaria remains a significant cause of death in tropical and subtropical regions by serious complications with hematological abnormalities consistent with high parasitemia. Hence, this study aimed to determine the efficacy of the Gymnema inodorum leaf extract (GIE) on hematological alteration in Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Groups of ICR mice were infected intraperitoneally with parasitized red blood cells of P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA). They were administered orally by gavage of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of GIE for 4 consecutive days. Healthy and untreated groups were given distilled water, while 10 mg/kg of chloroquine was treated as the positive control. Hematological parameters including RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RBC distribution width (RDW), white blood cell (WBC) count, and WBC differential count were measured. The results showed that significant decreases of RBC count, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and reticulocytes were observed in the untreated group, while RDW was significantly increased compared with the healthy control. Furthermore, the WBC, neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil of untreated mice increased significantly, while the lymphocyte was significantly decreased compared with the healthy control. Interestingly, GIE normalized the hematological alteration induced by PbANKA infection in GIE-treated groups compared with healthy and untreated groups. The highest efficacy of GIE was observed at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Our results confirmed that GIE presented the potential role in the treatment of hematological alteration during malaria infection.

Low to no cost remedies for the management of diabetes mellitus; global health concern

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic non-communicable endocrine and metabolic disease that is thought to be the fastest emerging health challenge of the twenty-first century. Presently, 90% of diabetic population is handicapped with T2-DM, and the majority of pre-diabetes on the way to T2-DM progression. By keeping in view, a review article has been compiled to highlight the significance of value aided effective, low-cost, safe, and useful remedies that could easily be accessible to the global community in order to moderate the possibility of DM and related complications.

Methods

Literature search for this review was carried out using scientific databases including PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of science, and google scholar. Whilst, value aided articles were selected on the basis of their therapeutic potential, safety profile and outreach.

Results

Escalating research data validated that herbal remedies and physical activities significantly prevents hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and other complications in people with T2-DM.

Conclusion

Globally, nearly half-billion individuals are living with diabetes. Therefore, it is urged to embrace herbal remedies and physical mediation in our daily routine in order to tackle such devastating disorder.

Identification of PTP1B regulators from Cymbopogon citratus and its enrichment analysis for diabetes mellitus

PTP1B is identified as the insulin signaling pathway downregulator; involved in pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. Further, it associates in regulating multiple pathways in diabetes mellitus; kindled us to identify the binding affinity of bioactives from Cymbopogon citratus by targeting PTP1B and identify the probably associated with it; further identifying the probable pathways involved in diabetes mellitus. In this regard, ChEBI database was used to retrieve bio-actives from C. citrates and 3D structures for the same were obtained from the PubChem database. The energy of bioactives was minimized and converted into ligand and the docking was carried using autodock 4.0 against PTP1B. Further, multiple characters of bio-actives like drug-likeness score, ADMET profile, probable adverse effects, and boiled egg model for bioavailability were also studied. Swertiajaponin was predicted for the highest drug-likeness score i.e. 0.26. However, swertiajaponin was predicted with the highest probable side effect of nephrotoxicity with pharmacological activity of 0.478. Similarly, swertiajaponin was predicted for the highest binding affinity with PTP1B with the binding energy of - 8.3 kcal/mol. Likewise, KEGG identified 80 pathways associated with PTP1B modulation in which 7 pathways were involved in diabetes mellitus in which FoxO signaling pathway was predicted to have the least false discovery rate by modulating 7 genes. Swertiajaponin could act as the potent inhibitor of PTP1B; scored highest druglikeness score but possessed minimum GIT absorptivity; further, PTP1B was identified to be linked with multiple pathways that are concerned with diabetes mellitus.