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Afonso J. When reliability is not reliable: meaningful errors despite large reliability values. Eur J Appl Physiol 2025:10.1007/s00421-025-05739-9. [PMID: 39969550 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-025-05739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Otte CJ, Mantzioris E, Salagaras BS, Hill AM. Comparison of Australian Football League Women's athletes match day energy and nutrient intake to recommendations. Nutr Diet 2024; 81:325-334. [PMID: 38747095 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This cross-sectional observational study quantified Australian Football League Women's athletes' match volume, and compared match-day dietary intakes against recommendations. METHODS Self-report, direct observation, and fluid measurements determined dietary intake (n = 17, 25 ± 4.5 years, 22.8 ± 1.8 kg/m2) on five home match days (early or late starting). Global positioning system software captured match volume. Linear mixed effects models evaluated differences in early versus late match volume and nutrient intakes. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS Athletes covered 6712 ± 622 m during matches, with similar numbers of very high-intensity running efforts over equal distances in early and late matches (early vs. late efforts [no.]: 8.5 ± 4.9 vs. 9.5 ± 5.5; distance [m]: 203 ± 127 vs. 212 ± 113). Across all match days, 71% (n = 12) of athletes met their predicted daily energy requirements. However, 82% (n = 14) failed to meet minimum daily carbohydrate recommendations; intake was lower on early compared with late match days (4.7 g/day vs. 5.4 g/kg/day, p = 0.027). On average, no athletes met carbohydrate recommendations in the 2 h prior to a match and only 24% (n = 4) met recommendations during matches. All athletes met post-match carbohydrate and protein requirements. CONCLUSION Athletes cover large distances during games with frequent bursts of high-intensity running. However, they do not adjust their intake to meet the energy demands of competition, with inadequate fuelling prior to and during matches. These findings emphasise the need for greater athlete education and dietary support to maximise strategic fuelling to optimise athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Otte
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Evangeline Mantzioris
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brianna S Salagaras
- Football Department, Adelaide Football Club, West Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison M Hill
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Grassadonia G, Alcaraz PE, Freitas TT. Comparison of Metabolic Power and Energy Cost of Submaximal and Sprint Running Efforts Using Different Methods in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Novel Energetic Approach. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2577. [PMID: 38676194 PMCID: PMC11054392 DOI: 10.3390/s24082577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Sprinting is a decisive action in soccer that is considerably taxing from a neuromuscular and energetic perspective. This study compared different calculation methods for the metabolic power (MP) and energy cost (EC) of sprinting using global positioning system (GPS) metrics and electromyography (EMG), with the aim of identifying potential differences in performance markers. Sixteen elite U17 male soccer players (age: 16.4 ± 0.5 years; body mass: 64.6 ± 4.4 kg; and height: 177.4 ± 4.3 cm) participated in the study and completed four different submaximal constant running efforts followed by sprinting actions while using portable GPS-IMU units and surface EMG. GPS-derived MP was determined based on GPS velocity, and the EMG-MP and EC were calculated based on individual profiles plotting the MP of the GPS and all EMG signals acquired. The goodness of fit of the linear regressions was assessed by the coefficient of determination (R2), and a repeated measures ANOVA was used to detect changes. A linear trend was found in EMG activity during submaximal speed runs (R2 = 1), but when the sprint effort was considered, the trend became exponential (R2 = 0.89). The EMG/force ratio displayed two different trends: linear up to a 30 m sprint (R2 = 0.99) and polynomial up to a 50 m sprint (R2 = 0.96). Statistically significant differences between the GPS and EMG were observed for MP splits at 0-5 m, 5-10 m, 25-30 m, 30-35 m, and 35-40 m and for EC splits at 5-10 m, 25-30 m, 30-35 m, and 35-40 m (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, the determination of the MP and EC based on GPS technology underestimated the neuromuscular and metabolic engagement during the sprinting efforts. Thus, the EMG-derived method seems to be more accurate for calculating the MP and EC in this type of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grassadonia
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (G.G.); (P.E.A.)
- UPSS—International Department of Motor Arts, Popular University of Sport Sciences, 00122 Rome, Italy
- UPM—Department of Medical Sciences, Popular University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- MIU—Department of Sport Sciences, Miami International University, Miami, FL 33131, USA
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (G.G.); (P.E.A.)
- Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (G.G.); (P.E.A.)
- Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil
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Makar P, Kawczyński A, Silva RM, Yildiz M, Silva AF, Akyildiz Z. Validity and reliability of Polar M400 GPS watches for measuring distances covered by team sports players. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20920. [PMID: 37916076 PMCID: PMC10616346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring locomotor demands in team sports becomes popular in professional and recreational daily activities. Precise measurements are main of importance in training routine. The aim of this study is three-fold: (i) analyze the validity of Polar M400 Global Positioning System (GPS) watches for measuring distances covered in team sports simulation cycle; (ii) testing inter-unit reliability of two devices attached during testing; and (iii) testing inter-session reliability for the same simulation cycle. Methods: Twenty-one team athletes (age: 24.5 ± 5.2 years; body mass: 71.8 ± 5.7 kg; height: 176.5 ± 4.3 cm) were tested in the team sport simulation cycle (TSSC). Two Polar M400 sport watches were used by each player on their wrists at the same time. The data obtained from Polar M400 were compared to the reference fixed distance of the TSSC to determine the watch validity. Inter-session reliability was also tested using the two watches in two different sessions. Results: No significant differences between the reference value and the watches (F = 1.086; p = 0.368; η p 2 ≤0.042) were found. The %CV (0.03-0.05%) and SEM (0.05-0.09) values found for all considered groups confirmed good levels of reliability of the Polar M400 to measure total distance. Conclusions: The Polar M400 is a valid and reliable watch for measuring the distances covered by team sport athletes. Both coaches and athletes can monitor the distances covered with accuracy and precision, through the use of the Polar M400 sport watch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Makar
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
| | | | - Rui Miguel Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Mehmet Yildiz
- Afyon Kocatepe University Sports Science Faculty, Turkey
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
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Dalton-Barron N, Palczewska A, Weaving D, Rennie G, Beggs C, Roe G, Jones B. Clustering of match running and performance indicators to assess between- and within-playing position similarity in professional rugby league. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1712-1721. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dalton-Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- The Football Association, Burton Upon Trent, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds UK
| | - Anna Palczewska
- School of Built Environment, Engineering & Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gordon Rennie
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australiag Bath Rugby, Bath, UK
| | - Clive Beggs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Insitute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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Oliveira Júnior O, Chiari R, Lopes WR, Abreu KC, Lopes AD, Fialho G, Lasmar RCP, Bittencourt NFN, Leopoldino AAO. VALIDATION AND RELIABILITY BETWEEN EXTERNAL LOAD ANALYSIS DEVICES FOR SOCCER PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To test the reliability between two instruments with different analysis mechanisms, either by GPS (model GPSPORTS®) or by video analysis (InStat For Players®), relating the results of total distance covered and distance at high speed ≥ 20km/h (Very High-Intensity Running Distance, VHIR) during official soccer matches. Study Design: This is a methodological study. Data from 35 male professional soccer athletes from all tactical positions were included. Age 29.2 (± 4.8 years) and body fat 9.9 (± 1.7%), excluding goalkeepers (102 individual analyzes) were collected in official matches. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics procedures were used to characterize the sample and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the agreement on the stability and internal consistency of the tests with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The ICC in the case of the total distance traveled variable was significant 0,914 (0,876; 0,941) and indicated a very high agreement, with the linear correlation coefficient indicating a strong positive correlation (p <0.001). The ICC for the VHIR variable was not significant, although the linear correlation coefficient indicates a strong positive correlation (p <0.001). Clinical Relevance Statment: This study reveals that there is good agreement in the comparison of two systems designed to analyze the movement demands of each professional soccer athlete in relation to the total distance covered. Level of Evidence I; Methodological Study - Investigation of a diagnostic test.
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Akyildiz Z, Çene E, Parim C, Çetin O, Turan Ç, Yüksel Y, Silva R, Silva AF, Nobari H. Classified metabolic power-based measures in professional football players: comparison between playing positions and match period. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:146. [PMID: 35907901 PMCID: PMC9338561 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was (i) provide reference data of metabolic power-based measures during professional football matches; and to (ii) analyze the between-position and between-halves differences of power-based measures during professional football matches. METHODS Forty-six professional male players from two Turkish Super League teams were observed during two seasons, and 58 matches were analyzed. Total distance, equivalent distance, Low Power (LP), Intermediate Power (IP), High Power (HP), Elevated Power (EP), Max Power (MP) and power metabolic measures Pmet at different match moments were considered. RESULTS Significant between-position differences were observed for IP (p: 0.000; d: 0.284), HP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.45), EP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.44), and for MP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.56), with the central defenders (CD) showing the lower values, and the central midfielders (CM) showing the higher values for the overall measures. CONCLUSION Power-based measures are dependent on playing positions. While the CD have lower Pmet values when compared to all positions, the CM have the greatest values. Training and recovery strategies must be ensured for CM players, especially those who have greater match participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erhan Çene
- Department of Statistics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Parim
- Department of Statistics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onat Çetin
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Coaching Education, Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey
| | | | - Yılmaz Yüksel
- Sports Science Department, Anadolu University, 26170 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 5619911367 Ardabil, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
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Method for Forecasting Urban National Sports and Fitness Demand Based on Ant Colony Algorithm. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2021:5917756. [PMID: 34976040 PMCID: PMC8719991 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5917756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous development of social economy, when people are pursuing economic income, they are also gradually paying attention to their own physical health. They achieve their own physical exercise through sports such as running, fitness, and mountaineering, but these sports often require a certain venue and equipment. Therefore, in view of these sports fitness demands, the ant colony algorithm is introduced to sort out the fitness activities in the context of urban residents' supply and demand relationships, analyze the demand from both subjective and objective aspects, and explore the lack of supply of sports facilities in this paper. Analysis is conducted from cognitive and national fitness, social needs, habits, and other perspectives. It tries to guide the rational allocation and creation of resources, obtain residents' fitness awareness and support, and provide corresponding suggestions and support for residents' fitness activities. The simulation experimental results show that the ant colony algorithm is effective and can support the predictive analysis of the urban national fitness demand.
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Tan JH, Polglaze T, Peeling P. Validity and reliability of a player-tracking device to identify movement orientation in team sports. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1945881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin H.Y. Tan
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences). The University of Western, Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Ted Polglaze
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences). The University of Western, Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences). The University of Western, Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport. Mt Claremont, Western Australia
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Guerrero-Calderón B, Owen A, Morcillo JA, Castillo-Rodríguez A. How does the mid-season coach change affect physical performance on top soccer players? Physiol Behav 2021; 232:113328. [PMID: 33484724 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the locomotion and metabolic responses of professional players in the top three competitive standards of Spanish soccer (First, Second and Second 'B' division) during the four weeks before and after dismissal the coach. Training and match load data were analyzed separately (n = 1189 events) by coach (dismissed coach and the new coach) and Wilcoxon-test was performed to compare data between coaches. In training, players covered longer distance in all speed ranges >14 km•h - 1 with the coach dismissed; medium (14-18 km•h - 1), high (18-21 km•h - 1), very-high (21-24 km•h - 1) and sprint running distance (>24 km•h - 1) (d = 0.53, 0.46, 0.58 and 0.54; respectively) on first division; and equivalent distance index and accelerations events (d = 0.63 and 0.50; respectively) on second division. Lower differences were found in matches, in which the dismissed coach showed higher equivalent distance index, accelerations and decelerations events (d = 0.69, 0.68 and 0.61; respectively) compared to the new coach in the second division. Therefore, the players covered longer high-intensity distance with the dismissed coach than the new coach in training, whilst a similar performance was found in the competition. These results suggest that the coach turnover at mid-season did no increase the players' physical performance either in training or in competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Owen
- Université de Lyon, UCBL1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité - EA 7424, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Reliability and Validity of Maximal Mean and Critical Speed and Metabolic Power in Australian Youth Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 73:93-102. [PMID: 32774541 PMCID: PMC7386149 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliability and validity of maximal mean speed (MMS), maximal mean metabolic power (MMPmet), critical speed (CS) and critical metabolic power (CPmet) were examined throughout the 2016-2017 soccer National Youth League competitions. Global positioning system (GPS) data were collected from 20 sub-elite soccer players during a battery of maximal running tests and four home matches. A symmetric moving average algorithm was applied to the instantaneous velocity data using specific time windows (1, 5, 10, 60, 300 and 600 s) and peak values were identified. Additionally, CS and CP¬met values calculated from match data were compared to CS and CPmet values determined from previously validated field tests to assess the validity of match values. Intra-class correlation (one-way random absolute agreement) scores ranged from 0.577 to 0.902 for speed, and from 0.701 to 0.863 for metabolic power values. Coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from good to moderate for speed (4-6%) and metabolic power (4-8%). Only CS and CPmet values were significantly correlated (r = 0.842; 0.700) and not statistically different (p = 0.066; 0.271) to values obtained in a shuttle-running critical test. While the present findings identified match-derived MMS, MMPmet, CS and CPmet to be reliable, only CS and CPmet derived from match play were validated to a CS field test that required changes in speed and direction rather than continuous running. This suggests that both maximal mean and critical speed and metabolic power analyses could be alternatives to absolute distance and speed in the assessment of match running performance during competitive matches.
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Dalton-Barron N, Whitehead S, Roe G, Cummins C, Beggs C, Jones B. Time to embrace the complexity when analysing GPS data? A systematic review of contextual factors on match running in rugby league. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1161-1180. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1745446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dalton-Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Bath Rugby, Farleigh House, Farleigh Hungerford, Bath, UK
| | - Cloe Cummins
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- National Rugby League, Australia
| | - Clive Beggs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, UK
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13
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Lutz J, Memmert D, Raabe D, Dornberger R, Donath L. Wearables for Integrative Performance and Tactic Analyses: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010059. [PMID: 31861754 PMCID: PMC6981928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have reduced drastically in size, cost, and power consumption, while improving accuracy. The combination of different sensor technologies is considered a promising step in the monitoring of athletes. Those "wearables" enable the capturing of relevant physiological and tactical information in individual and team sports and thus replacing subjective, time-consuming and qualitative methods with objective, quantitative ones. Prior studies mainly comprised sports categories such as: targeting sports, batting and fielding games as well as net and wall games, focusing on the detection of individual, non-locomotive movements. The increasing capabilities of wearables allow for more complex and integrative analysis expanding research into the last category: invasion sports. Such holistic approaches allow the derivation of metrics, estimation of physical conditions and the analysis of team strategic behavior, accompanied by integrative knowledge gains in technical, tactical, physical, and mental aspects of a sport. However, prior and current researchers find the precise measurement of the actual movement within highly dynamic and non-linear movement difficult. Thus, the present article showcases an overview of the environments in which the wearables are employed. It elaborates their use in individual as well as team-related performance analyses with a special focus on reliability and validity, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lutz
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Peter Merian-Strasse, 86 4052 Basel, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
| | - Dominik Raabe
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
| | - Rolf Dornberger
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Peter Merian-Strasse, 86 4052 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Lars Donath
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
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14
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Pons E, García-Calvo T, Resta R, Blanco H, López del Campo R, Díaz García J, Pulido JJ. A comparison of a GPS device and a multi-camera video technology during official soccer matches: Agreement between systems. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220729. [PMID: 31393932 PMCID: PMC6687125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the agreement of the movement demands data during a soccer match (total distance, distance per minute, average speed, maximum speed and distance covered in different speed sectors) between an optical tracking system (Mediacoach System) and a GPS device (Wimu Pro). Participants were twenty-six male professional soccer players (age: 21.65 ± 2.03 years; height: 180.00 ± 7.47 cm; weight: 73.81 ± 5.65 kg) from FC Barcelona B, of whom were recorded a total of 759 measurements during 38 official matches in the Spanish second division. The Mediacoach System and the Wimu Pro were compared using the standardized mean bias, standard error of estimate, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficient of variation (%), and the regression equation to estimate data for each variable. In terms of agreement between systems, the magnitude of the ICC was almost perfect (> 0.90-1.00) for all variables analyzed. The coefficient of the variations between devices was close to zero (< 5%) for total distance, distance per minute, average speed, maximum speed, and walking and jogging, and between 9% and 15% for running, intense running, and sprinting at low and at high intensities. It can be observed that, compared to Wimu Pro the Mediacoach System slightly overestimated all the variables analyzed except for average speed, maximum speed, and walking variables. In conclusion, both systems can be used, and the information they provide in the analyzed variables can be interchanged, with the benefits implied for practitioners and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Pons
- Sports Performance Area, FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Calvo
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hugo Blanco
- Sports Research Area of LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Díaz García
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Juan José Pulido
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
- Faculty of Human Kinetics. University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
The ability of the "metabolic power" model to assess the demands of team-sport activity has been the subject of some interest-and much controversy-in team-sport research. Because the cost of acceleration depends on the initial speed and the costs of acceleration and deceleration are not "equal and opposite," changes in speed must be accounted for when evaluating variable-speed locomotion. The purpose of this commentary is to address some of the misconceptions regarding "metabolic power," acknowledge its limitations, and highlight some of the benefits that energetic analysis offers over alternative approaches to quantifying the demands of team sports.
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16
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Terziotti P, Sim M, Polglaze T. A comparison of displacement and energetic variables between three team sport GPS devices. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Terziotti
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ted Polglaze
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Hoppe MW, Baumgart C, Polglaze T, Freiwald J. Validity and reliability of GPS and LPS for measuring distances covered and sprint mechanical properties in team sports. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192708. [PMID: 29420620 PMCID: PMC5805339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of global (GPS) and local (LPS) positioning systems for measuring distances covered and sprint mechanical properties in team sports. Here, we evaluated two recently released 18 Hz GPS and 20 Hz LPS technologies together with one established 10 Hz GPS technology. Six male athletes (age: 27±2 years; VO2max: 48.8±4.7 ml/min/kg) performed outdoors on 10 trials of a team sport-specific circuit that was equipped with double-light timing gates. The circuit included various walking, jogging, and sprinting sections that were performed either in straight-lines or with changes of direction. During the circuit, athletes wore two devices of each positioning system. From the reported and filtered velocity data, the distances covered and sprint mechanical properties (i.e., the theoretical maximal horizontal velocity, force, and power output) were computed. The sprint mechanical properties were modeled via an inverse dynamic approach applied to the center of mass. The validity was determined by comparing the measured and criterion data via the typical error of estimate (TEE), whereas the reliability was examined by comparing the two devices of each technology (i.e., the between-device reliability) via the coefficient of variation (CV). Outliers due to measurement errors were statistically identified and excluded from validity and reliability analyses. The 18 Hz GPS showed better validity and reliability for determining the distances covered (TEE: 1.6–8.0%; CV: 1.1–5.1%) and sprint mechanical properties (TEE: 4.5–14.3%; CV: 3.1–7.5%) than the 10 Hz GPS (TEE: 3.0–12.9%; CV: 2.5–13.0% and TEE: 4.1–23.1%; CV: 3.3–20.0%). However, the 20 Hz LPS demonstrated superior validity and reliability overall (TEE: 1.0–6.0%; CV: 0.7–5.0% and TEE: 2.1–9.2%; CV: 1.6–7.3%). For the 10 Hz GPS, 18 Hz GPS, and 20 Hz LPS, the relative loss of data sets due to measurement errors was 10.0%, 20.0%, and 15.8%, respectively. This study shows that 18 Hz GPS has enhanced validity and reliability for determining movement patterns in team sports compared to 10 Hz GPS, whereas 20 Hz LPS had superior validity and reliability overall. However, compared to 10 Hz GPS, 18 Hz GPS and 20 Hz LPS technologies had more outliers due to measurement errors, which limits their practical applications at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W. Hoppe
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Baumgart
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ted Polglaze
- University of Western Australia, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, Perth, Australia
| | - Jürgen Freiwald
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
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18
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Hoppe MW, Baumgart C, Slomka M, Polglaze T, Freiwald J. Variability of Metabolic Power Data in Elite Soccer Players During Pre-Season Matches. J Hum Kinet 2017; 58:233-245. [PMID: 28828094 PMCID: PMC5548171 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the within-subject variability of GPS-derived metabolic power data in elite soccer players across several pre-season matches and compare the variability of high metabolic power, velocity, acceleration and deceleration running. Additionally, differences in metabolic power data among playing positions and relationships with various physical abilities were also investigated. Metabolic power data from 12 outfield starting players competing in the German Bundesliga were collected during five pre-season matches using GPS-technology (10 Hz). The players were also tested for speed, agility, power and intermittent endurance. Variability of global metabolic power data such as energy expenditure (CV = 2.2-7.0%) was lower than that for high-intensity including time ≥20 W·kg-1 (CV = 14.0-26.2%). Variability of high metabolic power (≥20 W·kg-1; CV = 14.1 ± 3.5%) was comparable to that of high velocity (≥15.5 km·h-1; CV = 17.0 ± 6.2%), acceleration (≥3 m·s-2; CV = 11.1 ± 5.1%) and deceleration running (≤-3 m·s-2; CV = 11.9 ± 4.5%) (p > 0.05, ES < 0.2). Defenders had a largely higher overall energy expenditure than midfielders and attackers (p < 0.01, ES > 0.6). Overall energy expenditure and cost were largely to very largely correlated with 5 m speed and 22 m agility sprint time and counter movement jump height (r = -0.70-0.69, p < 0.05). The detected variability indicates that global GPS-derived metabolic power data in elite soccer players from a single preseason match should be preferably used for practical applications. Contrary, high-intensity indicators should be interpreted cautiously and repeated match observations are recommended to establish meaningful high-intensity profiles of the players. Differences among playing positions and relationships with explosive physical abilities indicate that metabolic power analyses can provide new insights into the mechanics and energetics of soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wilhelm Hoppe
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christian Baumgart
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mirko Slomka
- Former Head Coach of FC Schalke 04, Hannover 96, and Hamburger SV, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ted Polglaze
- University of Western Australia, School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, Perth, Australia
| | - Jürgen Freiwald
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
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Stevens TGA, de Ruiter CJ, Twisk JWR, Savelsbergh GJP, Beek PJ. Quantification of in-season training load relative to match load in professional Dutch Eredivisie football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1282163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. A. Stevens
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Sport Science, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J. P. Savelsbergh
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Polglaze T, Dawson B, Buttfield A, Peeling P. Metabolic power and energy expenditure in an international men's hockey tournament. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:140-148. [PMID: 28282747 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1287933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the typical metabolic power characteristics of elite men's hockey, and whether changes occur within matches and throughout an international tournament. National team players (n = 16), divided into 3 positional groups (strikers, midfielders, defenders), wore Global Positioning System devices in 6 matches. Energetic (metabolic power, energy expenditure) and displacement (distance, speed, acceleration) variables were determined, and intensity was classified utilising speed, acceleration and metabolic power thresholds. Midfielder's average metabolic power (11.8 ± 1.0 W · kg-1) was similar to strikers (11.1 ± 1.3 W · kg-1) and higher than defenders (10.8 ± 1.2 W · kg-1, P = 0.001). Strikers (29.71 ± 3.39 kJ · kg-1) expended less energy than midfielders (32.18 ± 2.67 kJ · kg-1, P = 0.014) and defenders (33.23 ± 3.96 kJ · kg-1, P < 0.001). Energetic variables did not change between halves or across matches. Across all positions, over 45% of energy expenditure was at high intensity (>20 W · kg-1). International hockey matches are intense and highly intermittent; however, intensity is maintained throughout matches and over a tournament. In isolation, displacement measures underestimate the amount of high-intensity activity, whereas the integration of instantaneous speed and acceleration provides a more comprehensive assessment of the demands for variable-speed activity typically occurring in hockey matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Polglaze
- a Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- a Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Alec Buttfield
- b College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- a Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia.,c Western Australian Institute of Sport , Perth , Australia
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