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Kanar Ö, Tağtekin D, Korkut B. Accuracy of an intraoral scanner with near-infrared imaging feature in detection of interproximal caries of permanent teeth: An in vivo validation. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:845-857. [PMID: 38263949 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of an intraoral scanner with near-infrared imaging (NIRI) feature in the diagnosis of interproximal caries and to compare it with the visual-tactile method (VTM), bitewing radiography (BWR), and panoramic radiography (PR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six hundred thirty-nine interproximal surfaces (mesial-distal) of posterior teeth from 22 volunteers were examined. Results were scored by VTM, BWR, PR, and NIRI. Lesions were scored as 0 for no-caries, 1 for early-enamel lesion (EEL), and 2 for lesions involving dentino-enamel junction (DEJ). McNemar, Kappa, and Fleis Kappa tests were used to evaluate the agreement levels. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to determine the matching rates after validation. RESULTS A good level of agreement was observed between examination methods (Ƙ = 0.613; p < 0.001). In pairwise comparisons, a moderate agreement was seen between all the methods for lesions with DEJ involvement, while a statistically good agreement was observed between BWR and NIRI (Ƙ = 0.675; p < 0.001). As a result of validation, the accuracy of NIRI for molars was considered 85.2% and 75.7% for premolars in EELs, 85.2% for molars, and 70% for premolars regarding the lesions involving DEJ. CONCLUSIONS Intraoral scanners with the NIRI feature may be used for diagnosing interproximal caries, especially for permanent molars. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Early detection of proximal caries is one of the most essential topics forming the basis of preventive dentistry. This study investigates a caries diagnostic tool integrated into intraoral scanners to diagnose interproximal caries. A caries diagnostic tool integrated into an intraoral scanner may prevent the harmful effects of ionizing radiation in early caries diagnosis and may improve the patient's oral health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Kanar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Tağtekin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bora Korkut
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Angelakopoulos N, Anton Y Otero CI, Franco A, Vazquez L, Leprince J, Abdelaziz M. Atlas of Dental Near-Infrared Transillumination Images. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1154. [PMID: 38893679 PMCID: PMC11172093 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Technological improvements have introduced significant innovations in dentistry and broadened the array of tools and techniques in dental care. One technological development that has been widely researched over the past 20 years is the use of Near-Infrared Transillumination (NIRT) imaging for the diagnosis of dental caries. This paper aims to introduce a comprehensive collection of NIRT images, intended as a reference tool for routine dental examinations, dental research, pedagogical activities, and forensic odontology. The collection presents pairwise clinical and NIRT images categorized as follows: (a) healthy teeth, (b) carious teeth, (c) restored teeth, (d) enamel defects, and (e) diverse findings. This atlas could be a valuable tool for the dental community as it is designed as an identification guide of NIRT illustrated dental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Angelakopoulos
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clara Isabel Anton Y Otero
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ademir Franco
- Division of Forensic Dentistry, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil
| | - Lydia Vazquez
- Department of Orofacial Rehabilitation, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julian Leprince
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marwa Abdelaziz
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Elsawaf AE, Deri AYA, Armanious PS, Khasawneh AM, AlKhaja AM, Yasin AR, Al-Rawi NH, Kawas SA, Shetty SR. Efficiency of Near-Infrared Technology in the Clinical Detection of Carious Lesions: A Systematic Review. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:14-25. [PMID: 36870328 PMCID: PMC10959616 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of dentistry has seen various technological advances regarding caries detection, some lesions still prove to be difficult to detect. A reasonably new detection method, near-infrared (NIR), has shown good results in caries detection. This systematic review aims to compare NIR with conventional methods in terms of caries detection. Online databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, and ProQuest) were used for the literature search. The search was performed from January 2015 till December-2020. A total of 770 articles were selected, of that 17 articles qualified for the final analysis as per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The articles were assessed according to a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist, and then synthesis of the review started. The inclusion criteria were clinical trials done in vivo on teeth with active caries of vital or nonvital teeth. This review excluded nonpeer reviewed articles, case reports, case series, opinions, abstracts, non-English written articles, studies of subjects with arrested caries, or teeth with developmental defects of tooth structure and teeth having environmental defects of tooth structure, as well as in-vitro studies. The review compared near-infrared technology with radiography, visual inspection, and laser fluorescence in terms of caries detection, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The sensitivity of NIR ranged from 99.1 to 29.1%. Studies showed that NIR exhibited higher sensitivity for occlusal enamel and dentin caries. The specificity of NIR ranged from 94.1 to 20.0%. In enamel and dentinal occlusal caries, NIR demonstrated lower specificity than that of radiograph. The specificity of NIR in early proximal caries was low. Accuracy was determined in 5 out of 17 studies where the values ranged from 97.1 to 29.1%. The accuracy of NIR was the highest for dentinal occlusal caries. NIR shows promising evidence as an adjunct in caries examination due to its high sensitivity and specificity; however, more studies are required to determine its full potential in different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Essam Elsawaf
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmad Ribhi Yasin
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Sausan Al Kawas
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shishir Ram Shetty
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Cuenin K, Chen J, Tai SK, Lee D, Gerges G, Oh H. Caries detection and characterization in pediatric patients using iTero 5D near-infrared technology. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2024; 165:54-63. [PMID: 37702639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Near-infrared imaging (NIRI) has been proposed as an alternative to radiographs and uses nonionizing radiation in the near-infrared spectrum to differentially scatter light off tooth surfaces and generate images allowing interproximal caries detection. The new iTero 5D Element Scanner (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) has integrated NIRI capture and viewing technology but has not been specifically studied in a pediatric population. Therefore, this study aimed to assess clinicians' abilities to detect and characterize caries in pediatric patients using this instrument. METHODS Bitewing (BW) radiographs and an intraoral scan were captured on 17 pediatric patients (344 surfaces were analyzed). Data were randomized and graded by 5 calibrated clinicians individually with 2 different rounds of grading. RESULTS The reliability of lesion characterization (ie, grade) among examiners was poor to fair in both systems, whereas the reliability of caries detection was moderate. Both systems had a high specificity and low sensitivity. The reliability of the characterization of the combined dataset was moderate to substantial, whereas, for detection, it was substantial. CONCLUSIONS When using either BW or NIRI analysis, reliability is relatively poor, and clinicians are more likely to correctly identify a healthy tooth surface when compared with a carious surface. There is a small difference in error rate between BW and NIRI systems that is not likely to be clinically significant. When NIRI and BW data are combined, clinician agreement for both lesion characterization and detection increases significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Sandra Khong Tai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Geraldine Gerges
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Heesoo Oh
- Department of Orthodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif
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Abdelaziz M. Detection, Diagnosis, and Monitoring of Early Caries: The Future of Individualized Dental Care. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3649. [PMID: 38132233 PMCID: PMC10742918 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries remains a significant global health issue. It was highlighted by the World Health Organization's 2022 reports that despite the efforts and scientific advancements in caries detection and management, the situation has only marginally improved over the past three decades. The persistence of this problem may be linked to outdated concepts developed almost a century ago but are still guiding dentists' approach to caries management today. There is a need to reconsider professional strategies for preventing and managing the disease. Contemporary dentistry could benefit from embracing new concepts and technologies for caries detection and management. Dentists should explore, among others, alternative methods for caries detection such as optical-based caries detection. These tools have been established for over a decade and they align with current disease understanding and international recommendations, emphasizing early detection and minimally invasive management. This narrative review presents the current state of knowledge and recent trends in caries detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and management, offering insights into future perspectives for clinical applications and research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abdelaziz
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Preventive Dental Medicine and Primary Care, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Marcondes APM, Campos PHD, Ribeiro CS, Novaes TFD, Lussi A, Diniz MB. Performance of near-infrared light transillumination in the detection of occlusal caries lesions in deciduous teeth. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103744. [PMID: 37567332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared the performance of near-infrared light transillumination (NILT; DIAGNOcam [DC]) in detecting occlusal caries lesions in deciduous molars with the performance of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), digital radiographic method (RX) and laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent pen [LFpen]). METHODS Fifty-seven extracted deciduous molars with no frank cavitation caries lesions were selected. One site per tooth was evaluated twice each by two examiners using all methods. Then, a histological examination was performed using a stereomicroscope. The performance of the methods was assessed with respect to two thresholds: D1 (all visible caries lesions affecting enamel) and D3 (caries lesions extended into dentin). RESULTS A weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for intra- and inter-observer reproducibilities, varying from 0.31 (RX) to 0.89 (LFpen). The intra-observer reproducibility at D1 and D3 thresholds varied from 0.51 (ICDAS) to 0.85 (DC) and from 0.30 (ICDAS) to 1.00 (RX), respectively. The inter-observer reproducibility varied from 0.28 (RX) to 0.47 (DC) and from 0.22 (LFpen) to 0.75 (DC), respectively. At the D1 threshold, higher sensitivity and accuracy were found for LFpen (0.76/0.71) and ICDAS (0.65/0.66); and higher specificities were found for RX (0.94), DC (0.79), and ICDAS (0.71). At the D3 threshold, all methods exhibited lower sensitivities (0.13-0.35) and higher specificity, accuracy, and area under the ROC curve values (0.70-1.00). All methods showed a correlation with histological results, especially for ICDAS and DC. CONCLUSIONS NILT technology (DC) and LFpen exhibited similar performance for the detection of occlusal caries lesions in deciduous molars when compared with ICDAS criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Marçal Marcondes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Priscila Hernández de Campos
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Santos Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Fernandes de Novaes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg DE-79106, Germany
| | - Michele Baffi Diniz
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil.
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