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Do KT, Prinstein MJ, Lindquist KA, Telzer EH. Neural Tracking of Perceived Parent, but Not Peer, Norms Is Associated with Longitudinal Changes in Adolescent Attitudes about Externalizing Behaviors. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1221-1237. [PMID: 38579244 PMCID: PMC11095915 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Adolescents' perceptions of parent and peer norms about externalizing behaviors influence the extent to which they adopt similar attitudes, yet little is known about how the trajectories of perceived parent and peer norms are related to trajectories of personal attitudes across adolescence. Neural development of midline regions implicated in self-other processing may underlie developmental changes in parent and peer influence. Here, we examined whether neural processing of perceived parent and peer norms in midline regions during self-evaluations would be associated with trajectories of personal attitudes about externalizing behaviors. Trajectories of adolescents' perceived parent and peer norms were examined longitudinally with functional neuroimaging (n = 165; ages 11-16 years across three waves; 86 girls, 79 boys; 29.7% White, 21.8% Black, 35.8% Latinx, 12.7% other/multiracial). Behavioral results showed perceived parent norms were less permissive than adolescents' own attitudes about externalizing behaviors, whereas perceived peer norms were more permissive than adolescents' own attitudes, effects that increased from early to middle adolescence. Although younger adolescents reported less permissive attitudes when they spontaneously tracked perceived parent norms in the ventromedial and medial pFCs during self-evaluations, this effect weakened as they aged. No brain-behavior effects were found when tracking perceived peer norms. These findings elucidate how perceived parent and peer norms change in parallel with personal attitudes about externalizing behaviors from early to middle adolescence and underscore the importance of spontaneous neural tracking of perceived parent norms during self-evaluations for buffering permissive personal attitudes, particularly in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy T Do
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Tricoche L, Pélisson D, Longo L, Koun E, Poisson A, Prado J, Meunier M. Task-independent neural bases of peer presence effect on cognition in children and adults. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120247. [PMID: 37385049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample behavioral evidence that others' mere presence can affect any behavior in human and non-human animals, generally facilitating the expression of mastered responses while impairing the acquisition of novel ones. Much less is known about i) how the brain orchestrates the modulation of such a wide array of behaviors by others' presence and ii) when these neural underpinnings mature during development. To address these issues, fMRI data were collected in children and adults alternately observed and unobserved by a familiar peer. Subjects performed a numerosity comparison task and a phonological comparison task. While the former involves number-processing brain areas, the latter involves language-processing areas. Consistent with previous behavioral findings, adults' and children's performance improved in both tasks when observed by a peer. Across all participants, task-specific brain regions showed no reliable change in activity under peer observation. Rather, we found task-independent changes in domain-general brain regions typically involved in mentalizing, reward, and attention. Bayesian analyses singled out the attention network as the exception to the close child-adult resemblance of peer observation neural substrates. These findings suggest that i) social facilitation of some human education-related skills is primarily orchestrated by domain-general brain networks, rather than by task-selective substrates, and ii) apart from attention, peer presence neural processing is largely mature in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Tricoche
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Léa Longo
- EDUWELL team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Eric Koun
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Alice Poisson
- Unité des pathologies du sommeil et équipe de recherche AESIO Santé unité de Saint Etienne, Clinique médico chirurgicale mutualiste, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Prado
- EDUWELL team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France.
| | - Martine Meunier
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France.
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3
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Rogers CR, Jimenez V, Benjamin A, Rudolph KD, Telzer EH. The Effect of Parents and Peers on the Neural Correlates of Risk Taking and Antisocial Behavior During Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2023:10.1007/s10964-023-01789-4. [PMID: 37249810 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Social and neurobiological factors independently associate with the development of antisocial behavior during adolescence, yet it is unclear how these factors contribute to antisocial behavior in girls. Using a longitudinal sample of 45 adolescent girls (age in years at scan: M = 15.38, SD = 0.33), this study examined the contributions of parent-adolescent relationship quality and deviant peer affiliation from 6th-8th grades along with the neural correlates of risk taking in 9th grade to later antisocial behavior. High parent-adolescent closeness in early adolescence predicted lower antisocial behavior for girls in later adolescence via lower affiliation with deviant peer groups and less activation of the medial prefrontal cortex during risk taking. Findings highlight the enduring role of parents and peers during adolescence, and the importance of investigating social relationships alongside the brain to identify a holistic understanding of the development of antisocial behavior in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy R Rogers
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Virnaliz Jimenez
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Benjamin
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen D Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Noel JK, Tudela SE, Rosenthal SR. Sexual minority status, illicit drug use, and depressive symptoms. JOURNAL OF LGBT YOUTH 2023; 21:490-506. [PMID: 38798775 PMCID: PMC11114600 DOI: 10.1080/19361653.2023.2187918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Youth who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and who identify with other sexual orientations (LGB+) are at higher risk for illicit drug use and have higher rates of mental illness. The current study examined the prevalence of illicit drug use among LGB+ persons and assessed the moderating effect of mental illness. Cross-sectional data from the 2015, 2017, and 2019 Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System were aggregated. The outcome was any reported use of cocaine, inhalants, heroin, methamphetamines, ecstasy, or hallucinogens. The primary exposure was self-reported sexual orientation category (i.e., heterosexual, gay/lesbian, bisexual, not sure). Self-reported depressive symptoms were tested as a moderator. Logistic regression models assessed main and interactive effects. Gay or lesbian students [AOR=1.87 95%CI: 1.45,2.43], bisexual students [AOR=2.07 95%CI: 1.77,2.42], and those unsure of their sexual orientation [AOR=1.99 95%CI: 1.65,2.39] had increased odds of illicit drug use. Odds were higher among LGB+ youth who did not have depressive symptoms (p<0.001). Odds of illicit substance use was significantly greater in youth identifying as gay and lesbian, bisexual, and students who were not sure about their sexual orientation and among LGB+ youth without depressive symptoms. Targeted, but non-stigmatizing, prevention programs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, USA 02903
| | - Stephanie E. Tudela
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, USA 02903
| | - Samantha R. Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, USA 02903
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Peer Presence Effect on Numerosity and Phonological Comparisons in 4th Graders: When Working with a SchoolMate Makes Children More Adult-like. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090902. [PMID: 34571779 PMCID: PMC8470134 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The presence of others helps us when we are good or an expert at something and hinders us when we are bad or novice. Such social facilitation or inhibition is well-documented in adults, but much less in children despite the omnipresence of peers throughout education. To explore potential peer presence effects on children’s academic performance, fourth-graders performed basic numerical and language skills (typically mastered at their age) either alone or with a schoolmate. For comparison, the same was performed in adults. We found that a schoolmate’s presence enabled children to perform more like adults, with a better response strategy and faster and less variable response times than children tested alone. This provides research-based evidence supporting pedagogical methods promoting collective practice of individually acquired knowledge. Future studies pursuing this hitherto neglected developmental exploration of peer presence effects on academic achievements might have the potential to help educators tailor their pedagogical choices to maximize peer presence when beneficial and minimize it when harmful. The present study also paves the way towards a neuroimaging investigation of how peer presence changes the way the child brain processes cognitive tasks relevant to education. Abstract Little is known about how peers’ mere presence may, in itself, affect academic learning and achievement. The present study addresses this issue by exploring whether and how the presence of a familiar peer affects performance in a task assessing basic numeracy and literacy skills: numerosity and phonological comparisons. We tested 99 fourth-graders either alone or with a classmate. Ninety-seven college-aged young adults were also tested on the same task, either alone or with a familiar peer. Peer presence yielded a reaction time (RT) speedup in children, and this social facilitation was at least as important as that seen in adults. RT distribution analyses indicated that the presence of a familiar peer promotes the emergence of adult-like features in children. This included shorter and less variable reaction times (confirmed by an ex-Gaussian analysis), increased use of an optimal response strategy, and, based on Ratcliff’s diffusion model, speeded up nondecision (memory and/or motor) processes. Peer presence thus allowed children to at least narrow (for demanding phonological comparisons), and at best, virtually fill in (for unchallenging numerosity comparisons) the developmental gap separating them from adult levels of performance. These findings confirm the influence of peer presence on skills relevant to education and lay the groundwork for exploring how the brain mechanisms mediating this fundamental social influence evolve during development.
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Rogers CR, Lee T, Fry CM, Telzer EH. Where You Lead, I Will Follow: Exploring Sibling Similarity in Brain and Behavior During Risky Decision Making. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:34-51. [PMID: 32945074 PMCID: PMC7984028 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study examined whether social learning increases similarity in adolescent siblings' behavior and neural patterns during risky decision making. Participants included 86 adolescents (43 sibling dyads; younger siblings: Mage = 12.2 years; 22 females; older siblings: Mage = 14.6 years; 20 females) who completed questionnaires, and a decision-making task during an fMRI scan. Younger siblings became more similar to their older siblings' risky decision making after observing their older sibling take risks). Younger siblings who reported greater modeling of their older sibling, and less differentiation from them, showed increased neural similarity to their older siblings in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the right anterior insula and ventral striatum, respectively. These findings highlight siblings as salient social agents in how adolescents process risky decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae‐Ho Lee
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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Kwon SJ, Do KT, McCormick EM, Telzer EH. Neural Correlates of Conflicting Social Influence on Adolescent Risk Taking. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:139-152. [PMID: 33070432 PMCID: PMC9356537 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is often characterized by heightened risk-taking behaviors, which are shaped by social influence from parents and peers. However, little is understood about how adolescents make risky decisions under conflicting influence. The valuation system in the brain may elucidate how adolescents differentially integrate conflicting social information. Twenty-eight adolescents (Mage = 12.7 years) completed a social influence task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Behaviorally, adolescents took more risks only when their parent endorsed risky decisions but not when their peers endorsed risky decisions. At the neural level, adolescents showed enhanced vmPFC-striatum functional connectivity when they made risky decisions that followed their parents' risky decisions. Results suggest that parents' decisions may guide youths' risk-taking behavior under conflicting influence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy T Do
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Telzer EH, Jorgensen NA, Prinstein MJ, Lindquist KA. Neurobiological Sensitivity to Social Rewards and Punishments Moderates Link Between Peer Norms and Adolescent Risk Taking. Child Dev 2020; 92:731-745. [PMID: 33030267 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although peer influence is a strong predictor of adolescents' risk-taking behaviors, not all adolescents are susceptible to their peer group. One hundred and thirty-six adolescents (Mage = 12.79 years) completed an fMRI scan, measures of perceived peer group norms, and engagement in risky behavior. Ventral striatum (VS) sensitivity when anticipating social rewards and avoiding social punishments significantly moderated the association between perceived peer norms and adolescents' own risk behaviors. Perceptions of more deviant peer norms were associated with increased risky behavior, but only for adolescents with high VS sensitivity; adolescents with low VS sensitivity were resilient to deviant peer norms, showing low risk taking regardless of peer context. Findings provide a novel contribution to the study of peer influence susceptibility.
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Imal AE, O’Leary S, Wexler BE. Risk‐Taking Patterns of Children, Associated Cognitive Weaknesses, and Prevention of Negative Outcomes. PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2020; 2:34-40. [PMID: 36101890 PMCID: PMC9175884 DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.2020.20190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Accidents, drug use, and unsafe sex associated with greater propensity for risk‐taking are leading causes of illness and death among adolescents. This study aimed to help identify and further characterize children with maladaptive risk‐taking to improve primary prevention interventions. Methods Two scores from the Bubblegum Analog Risk‐Taking Task for Children (BART‐C), total points and average inflations of unpopped bubbles, were used in a cluster analysis to identify distinct patterns of risk‐taking among 6,267 kindergarten through eighth‐grade children. Clusters were compared with the Flanker Test of Focused Attention, the Go/No‐Go test of inhibition, and the List Sorting Working Memory Test. Results Both BART‐C scores made significant (p<0.001) contributions in defining three clusters of children: reckless, risk avoidant, and adaptive risk‐taking. Clusters differed significantly on Flanker Test measures of incongruent accuracy (p=0.004) and reaction time (p<0.001), Go/No‐Go inhibition (p=0.001), and List Sorting Working Memory Test scores (p<0.001). The reckless cluster had lower Flanker accuracy and Go/No‐Go inhibition than did the other groups and lower working memory than the adaptive risk‐taking group. Compared with adaptive risk‐takers, the risk‐avoidant group was slower (p<0.001), showed a nonsignificant trend toward greater accuracy on the Flanker test, and had lower working memory scores (p<0.001). Conclusions The BART‐C defined two maladaptive risk‐taking clusters: reckless and risk avoidant. Significant differences in cognitive function between these groups and the adaptive risk‐taking group provides external validation of and further characterizes the clusters. Early intervention may prevent future health‐compromising behaviors among reckless children and may promote fuller learning and development among risk‐avoidant children. Risk‐taking is a part of adaptive human development but may evolve to maladaptive risk‐taking with detrimental effects on future health and well‐being. Distinct patterns of maladaptive risk‐taking (i.e., recklessness and risk‐avoidance) are significantly associated with cognitive weaknesses. Identifying children with different maladaptive risk‐taking behaviors and cognitive weaknesses can help primary prevention programs reduce risk‐associated behaviors with negative health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce E. Wexler
- Department of PsychiatryNew HavenConnecticut
- Yale UniversityC8 SciencesNew HavenConnecticut
- Connecticut Mental Health CenterNew HavenConnecticut
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Rogers CR, Perino MT, Telzer EH. Maternal Buffering of Adolescent Dysregulation in Socially Appetitive Contexts: From Behavior to the Brain. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:41-52. [PMID: 30957359 PMCID: PMC6779482 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are more susceptible to dysregulation in positive social contexts, compared to children. We investigated whether maternal presence would buffer these effects in adolescence. Fifty-four adolescents and children (age range = 8-17 years, Mage = 13.38 years) completed a social go-nogo task during an fMRI scan alone and in the presence of their mother. We found age-related patterns, such that older relative to younger youth displayed more disinhibition toward socially appetitive than socially aversive stimuli, which was buffered by maternal presence. Furthermore, with age, maternal buffering in socially appetitive contexts elicited heightened activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex connectivity. Findings underscore the importance of caregivers in promoting the neural regulation of their offspring during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R. Rogers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Rogers CR, McCormick EM, van Hoorn J, Ivory SL, Telzer EH. Neural correlates of sibling closeness and association with externalizing behavior in adolescence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:977-988. [PMID: 30085255 PMCID: PMC6137310 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sibling relationships have been linked to adolescent externalizing behaviors, but the neurobiological factors that underlie this association have not been identified. This study investigated sibling closeness and birth order as a predictor of adolescent externalizing behavior via differences in neural processes during safe decision-making. A total of 77 adolescents (range = 12–15 years, Mage = 13.45 years, 40 females) completed a computerized driving task during a functional MRI scan. Results showed that adolescents’ perceptions of sibling closeness were associated with greater neural activation in the anterior insula, ventral striatum and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex when making safe decisions, suggesting that the quality of sibling relationships modulates adolescent neurocognition even without being present. Furthermore, moderated mediation analyses revealed that higher sibling closeness was associated with lower externalizing behavior via left anterior insula activation during safe decision-making, but only for adolescents without older siblings (i.e. eldest children) compared to adolescents who had multiple older siblings. Importantly, these findings persisted above and beyond parental and peer closeness and sibling characteristics (i.e. sex, relatedness, birth order), highlighting the significant influence of sibling relationships on adolescent externalizing behavior through the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Rogers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Ethan M McCormick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Jorien van Hoorn
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Susannah L Ivory
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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