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Baral A, Hanna F, Chimoriya R, Rana K. Cannabis Use and Its Impact on Mental Health in Youth in Australia and the United States: A Scoping Review. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 5:106-121. [PMID: 38534804 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is a widely used substance among the youth population, with an estimated 2.8% currently smoking cannabis. Its popularity is growing due to the perception of its harmless nature and lack of dependence. However, this increase in use has been linked to mental health issues, especially since its partial decriminalisation in some part of the United States and Australia. The objective of this scoping review was to investigate the mental health impact of cannabis use among young people in Australia and the United States. A scoping review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) protocol, and articles were searched from ProQuest Central and EBSCO Host (MEDLINE and CINAHL databases). A total of 24 articles were analysed, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cohort, longitudinal, and cross-sectional studies. The findings indicate that cannabis use is associated with depression, psychosis, suicide, cannabis use disorder, dependence, decline in cognitive function, and the development of externalising behaviour, particularly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the relationship between cannabis use and anxiety is equivocal. Mental health issues were more prevalent with increased frequency, duration, intensity, and type of use. Female, minority, LGBTQI, African American, Aboriginal, and Torres Strait Islander youth and the age of onset of cannabis use were significant factors for the development of mental health problems. The increasing prevalence of cannabis use among high school and college students suggests the need for intervention by teachers, parents, and community health professionals to make them aware of its potential negative mental health outcomes. Moreover, policy-level interventions by the government are required to discourage young people from using cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Baral
- Public Health Program, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Philanthropy Nepal (Paropakari Nepal) Research Collaboration, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia
| | - Fahad Hanna
- Public Health Program, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ritesh Chimoriya
- Philanthropy Nepal (Paropakari Nepal) Research Collaboration, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Kritika Rana
- Philanthropy Nepal (Paropakari Nepal) Research Collaboration, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
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Rosário BDA, Lemes JA, de Lima MP, Ribeiro DA, Viana MDB. Subjective, behavioral and neurobiological effects of cannabis and cannabinoids in social anxiety. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:197-211. [PMID: 37812748 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a debilitating disorder, characterized by fear and anxiety in social situations. Evidence suggests that the levels of SAD are rising, in particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and cognitive-behavioral therapy are effective treatments for SAD. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients do not respond well to these therapeutic options. During the last years, Cannabis and cannabinoid-containing products have been investigated for the treatment of different neuropsychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, their efficacy for the treatment of anxiety disorders is still a matter of debate. The purpose of this review was to investigate subjective, behavioral, and neurobiological effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids in social anxiety and SAD. A search in the PubMed database for articles published between the years of 2003-2023 was conducted. One hundred and seventeen (117) original studies were identified. After the exclusion criteria, eighteen (18) studies were selected. The studies investigated the effects of the cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in patients or healthy volunteers submitted to tasks that assessed social anxiety. Results showed that CBD decreases social anxiety, producing an inverted U-shaped curve, with anxiety measurements being reduced at intermediate doses administered orally (300-600 mg), but not at lower or higher doses. THC either reduces (lower doses, 6-7.5 mg) or increases (higher doses) social anxiety measurements. CBD attenuates the anxiogenic effects of THC. The effects of THC and CBD in anxiety are associated to the modulation of fronto-limbic regions. Further clinical trials, conducted with male and female patients and larger cohorts are still necessary to consolidate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica Alves Lemes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Paula de Lima
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
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Batinic A, Curkovic A, Bukic J, Žuntar I, Kuret S, Mimica B, Kalajzic N, Dujic G, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Soldo A, Včeva A, Dujic Z, Sutlovic D. Knowledge and Attitudes of Cannabidiol in Croatia among Students, Physicians, and Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 38251396 PMCID: PMC10801513 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to cannabidiol's health benefits and absence of serious side effects, its use is constantly growing. This is a survey-based cross-sectional study that was conducted to determine Croatian pharmacists', physicians', and students' knowledge and attitudes about cannabidiol (CBD). Two questionnaires were created, one for students and the other for physicians and pharmacists. Our participants (in total 874: 473 students and 401 physicians and pharmacists) generally had positive attitudes towards CBD therapy as approximately 60% of them believe that CBD treatment is generally efficacious. Participants had positive attitudes toward the therapeutic value of CBD, especially pharmacists and pharmacy students (63.8% and 72.2%, respectively). Pharmacists were significantly more convinced that CBD could reduce the use of opioids prescribed for chronic pain (p < 0.05). Only 17.5% of students had read scientific papers about CBD, compared to a significantly higher percentage of physicians and pharmacists (43.0% and 47.8%, respectively) (p < 0.05). This study revealed a gap in knowledge regarding CBD, since 89.3% of pharmacists and physicians, as well as 84.8% of students, believe they need more education about CBD. We conclude that it is important to improve the educational curricula so that medical professionals can recommend CBD use to their patients when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Batinic
- Pharmacy of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Curkovic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Josipa Bukic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Irena Žuntar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sendi Kuret
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Bianka Mimica
- School of Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nina Kalajzic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Goran Dujic
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Ana Soldo
- Croatian Chamber for Pharmacists, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Andrijana Včeva
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Davorka Sutlovic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Raïch I, Lillo J, Ferreiro-Vera C, Sánchez de Medina V, Navarro G, Franco R. Cannabidiol at Nanomolar Concentrations Negatively Affects Signaling through the Adenosine A 2A Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17500. [PMID: 38139329 PMCID: PMC10744210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid with potential as a therapy for a variety of diseases. CBD may act via cannabinoid receptors but also via other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the adenosine A2A receptor. Homogenous binding and signaling assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the human version of the A2A receptor were performed to address the effect of CBD on receptor functionality. CBD was not able to compete for the binding of a SCH 442416 derivative labeled with a red emitting fluorescent probe that is a selective antagonist that binds to the orthosteric site of the receptor. However, CBD reduced the effect of the selective A2A receptor agonist, CGS 21680, on Gs-coupling and on the activation of the mitogen activated kinase signaling pathway. It is suggested that CBD is a negative allosteric modulator of the A2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iu Raïch
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaume Lillo
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Blum K, Mclaughlin T, Gold MS, Gondre-Lewis MC, Thanos PK, Elman I, Baron D, Bowirrat A, Barh D, Khalsa J, Hanna C, Jafari N, Zeine F, Braverman ER, Dennen C, Makale MT, Makale M, Sunder K, Murphy KT, Badgaiyan RD. Are We Getting High Cause the Thrill is Gone? JOURNAL OF ADDICTION PSYCHIATRY 2023; 7:5-516. [PMID: 38164471 PMCID: PMC10758019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the USA alone, opioid use disorder (OUD) affects approximately 27 million people. While the number of prescriptions may be declining due to increased CDC guidance and prescriber education, fatalities due to fentanyl-laced street heroin are still rising. Our laboratory has extended the overall concept of both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors, calling it "Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)." Who are its victims, and how do we get this unwanted disorder? Is RDS caused by genes (Nature), environment (Neuro-epigenetics, Nurture), or both? Recent research identifies resting-state functional connectivity in the brain reward circuitry as a crucial factor. Analogously, it is of importance to acknowledge that the cumulative discharge of dopamine, governed by the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and modulated by an array of additional neurotransmitters, constitutes a cornerstone of an individual's overall well-being. Neuroimaging reveals that high-risk individuals exhibit a blunted response to stimuli, potentially due to DNA polymorphisms or epigenetic alterations. This discovery has given rise to the idea of a diminished 'thrill,' though we must consider whether this 'thrill' may have been absent from birth due to high-risk genetic predispositions for addiction. This article reviews this issue and suggests the general concept of the importance of "induction of dopamine homeostasis." We suggest coupling a validated genetic assessment (e.g., GARS) with pro-dopamine regulation (KB220) as one possible frontline modality in place of prescribing potent addictive opioids for OUD except for short time harm reduction. Could gene editing offer a 'cure' for this undesirable genetic modification at birth, influenced by the environment and carried over generations, leading to impaired dopamine and other neurotransmitter imbalances, as seen in RDS? Through dedicated global scientific exploration, we hope for a future where individuals are liberated from pain and disease, achieving an optimal state of well-being akin to the proverbial 'Garden of Eden'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- The Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University, Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Thomas Mclaughlin
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Debamyla Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, NIDA-NIH, Special Volunteer, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Jafari
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Milan T. Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miles Makale
- Department of Psychology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keerthy Sunder
- The Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kevin T. Murphy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Postružnik V, Žitek Makoter T, Goričanec D, Kotnik P, Knez Ž, Knez Marevci M. Extraction of Active Compounds from Mixtures of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa) with Plants of the Zingiberaceae Family. Molecules 2023; 28:7826. [PMID: 38067554 PMCID: PMC10708002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp is probably one of the most studied plants for its health-promoting properties, with countless documented and patented extraction methods, but literature is scarce on the simultaneous extraction of mixture of raw materials. Hemp, along with other plant materials, could represent a potentially highly valuable source material with resulting reciprocal effects. In this study, hemp (Cannabis sativa) and three members of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), were extracted simultaneously, and their bioactive component values were investigated. Two extraction methods were used, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide. First, extracts were obtained from separate plant materials. Then, hemp was extracted in combination with ginger, turmeric, and cardamom in a 1:1 ratio. The extracts obtained were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content using UV/VIS spectrophotometry; cannabinoid content, 6-gingerol, and 6-shogaol were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); volatile components such as 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinyl acetate, linalool, and aR-turmerone were measured using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Postružnik
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia (T.Ž.M.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Taja Žitek Makoter
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia (T.Ž.M.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Darko Goričanec
- Laboratory of Thermoenergetics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Petra Kotnik
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia (T.Ž.M.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia (T.Ž.M.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maša Knez Marevci
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia (T.Ž.M.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
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Geppert J, Lietzow J, Hessel-Pras S, Kirsch F, Schäfer B, Sachse B. Usage and health perception of cannabidiol-containing products among the population in Germany: a descriptive study conducted in 2020 and 2021. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2318. [PMID: 37996800 PMCID: PMC10666397 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating substance of Cannabis sativa L., is gaining consumer attention. Yet, legal regulations in the EU are complex and questions of potential health risks remain partly unanswered. In Germany, little is known about people who use CBD products. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to gain insight into the user group of CBD, reasons for consumption and risk perception towards CBD-containing products. METHODS The study consisted of two parts: In the first part of the study, the prevalence of CBD awareness and usage in Germany was estimated using a telephone survey and a population-representative sample of n = 1,011 respondents. Based on these results, n = 2,000 participants being aware of CBD were surveyed with an online questionnaire in the second part of the study to examine usage and perception of CBD in users and non-users. RESULTS When the study was conducted at the end of 2020 and beginning of 2021, 40.2% of the German participants had already heard of products containing CBD, and 11.4% had actually used them. 42.1% of the users consumed such products regularly, at least once a week, primarily orally via oils or tinctures, and purchased them mainly online. Besides curiosity - addressed especially in young adults - anticipated health benefits including pain and stress relief were main reasons for use. More than half of the study participants perceived the health benefits of CBD use as high or very high. In contrast, the health risks were rated as low or very low by most respondents. Assumptions about official testing for safety as well as physical effects of CBD-containing products varied between users and non-users. CONCLUSION About one in nine people in Germany uses CBD-containing products. Given reasons for consumption and perception of potential health risks and benefits suggest that people are insufficiently informed about CBD-containing products. The results of the study indicate that risk communication is needed to raise awareness for the topic and to inform (potential) users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Geppert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany.
| | - Julika Lietzow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Fabian Kirsch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sachse
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
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Trojan V, Landa L, Šulcová A, Slíva J, Hřib R. The Main Therapeutic Applications of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Its Potential Effects on Aging with Respect to Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1446. [PMID: 37892128 PMCID: PMC10604144 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabinoids (substances contained specifically in hemp plants) for therapeutic purposes has received increased attention in recent years. Presently, attention is paid to two main cannabinoids: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). With respect to the psychotropic effects and dependence potential of THC (though it is very mild), its use is associated with certain restrictions, and thus the therapeutic properties of CBD are frequently emphasized because there are no limitations associated with the risk of dependence. Therefore, this review covers the main pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features of CBD (including characteristics of endocannabinoidome) with respect to its possible beneficial effects on selected diseases in clinical practice. A substantial part of the text deals with the main effects of CBD on aging, including Alzheimer's disease and related underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Trojan
- International Clinical Research Centre, Cannabis Facility, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leoš Landa
- International Clinical Research Centre, Cannabis Facility, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Šulcová
- International Clinical Research Centre, Cannabis Facility, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Slíva
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Hřib
- International Clinical Research Centre, Cannabis Facility, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Centre for Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Batinic A, Sutlovic D, Kuret S, Burcul F, Kalajzic N, Matana A, Dujic G, Vrdoljak J, Kumric M, Bozic J, Dujic Z. Differences in Plasma Cannabidiol Concentrations in Women and Men: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10273. [PMID: 37373421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential therapeutic benefits of cannabidiol (CBD) require further study. Here, we report a triple-blind (participant, investigator, and outcome assessor) placebo-controlled crossover study in which 62 hypertensive volunteers were randomly assigned to receive the recently developed DehydraTECH2.0 CBD formulation or a placebo. This is the first study to have been conducted using the DehydraTECH2.0 CBD formulation over a 12-week study duration. The new formulation's long-term effects on CBD concentrations in plasma and urine, as well as its metabolites 7-hydroxy-CBD and 7-carboxy-CBD, were analyzed. The results of the plasma concentration ratio for CBD/7-OH-CBD in the third timepoint (after 5 weeks of use) were significantly higher than in the second timepoint (after 2.5 weeks of use; p = 0.043). In the same timepoints in the urine, a significantly higher concentration of 7-COOH-CBD was observed p < 0.001. Differences in CBD concentration were found between men and women. Plasma levels of CBD were still detectable 50 days after the last consumption of the CBD preparations. Significantly higher plasma CBD concentrations occurred in females compared to males, which was potentially related to greater adipose tissue. More research is needed to optimize CBD doses to consider the differential therapeutic benefits in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Batinic
- Pharmacy of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Davorka Sutlovic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sendi Kuret
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Franko Burcul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nina Kalajzic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Antonela Matana
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Goran Dujic
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josip Vrdoljak
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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10
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Persia D, Mangiavacchi F, Marcotullio MC, Rosati O. Cannabinoids as multifaceted compounds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 212:113718. [PMID: 37196772 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, Cannabis and its preparations have found various applications such as for medical, recreational and industrial purposes. Subsequently the 1930s, legislation in many countries has restricted its use due to its psychotropic properties. More recently, the discovery of endocannabinoid system, including new receptors, ligands, and mediators, its role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body and the possible implication in various physiological and pathophysiological processes has also been understood. Based on this evidence, researchers were able to develop new therapeutic targets for the treatment of various pathological disorders. For this purpose, Cannabis and cannabinoids were subjected for the evaluation of their pharmacological activities. The renewed interest in the medical use of cannabis for its potential therapeutic application has prompted legislators to take action to regulate the safe use of cannabis and products containing cannabinoids. However, each country has an enormous heterogeneity in the regulation of laws. Here, we are pleased to show a general and prevailing overview of the findings regarding cannabinoids and the multiple research fields such as chemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology and analytics in which they are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Persia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Mangiavacchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy; Current Address: Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', Via Della Lastruccia, 16 - Università Degli Studi di Firenze, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Marcotullio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ornelio Rosati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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11
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Potenza MN, Bunt G, Khalsa JH. Addiction Medicine Physicians and Medicinal Cannabinoids. JAMA Psychiatry 2023:2804266. [PMID: 37133830 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint communicates the importance of clinicians, particularly addiction clinicians, to be educated about both harmful and beneficial effects of cannabis and related products before making therapeutic recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gregory Bunt
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jag H Khalsa
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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12
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Kim Y, Kim W, Kim SH, Sim KS, Kim KH, Cho KH, Kwon GS, Lee JB, Kim JH. Protective Effects of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa) Root Extracts against Insulin-Deficient Diabetes Mellitus In Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093814. [PMID: 37175224 PMCID: PMC10179809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) has been widely studied. However, the majority of studies have focused on cannabidiol, isolated from the inflorescence and leaf of the plant. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of hemp root water (HWE) and ethanol extracts (HEE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice. The administration of HWE and HEE ameliorated hyperglycemia and improved glucose homeostasis and islet function in STZ-treated mice (p < 0.05). HWE and HEE suppressed β-cell apoptosis and cytokine-induced inflammatory signaling in the pancreas (p < 0.05). Moreover, HWE and HEE normalized insulin-signaling defects in skeletal muscles and apoptotic response in the liver and kidney induced by STZ (p < 0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of HWE and HEE showed possible active compounds which might be responsible for the observed anti-diabetic potential. These findings indicate the possible mechanisms by which hemp root extracts protect mice against insulin-deficient diabetes, and support the need for further studies geared towards the application of hemp root as a novel bioactive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Life Science Team, Kyochon F&B Co., Ltd., Osan 18150, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Sim
- Life Science Team, Kyochon F&B Co., Ltd., Osan 18150, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Research Project, Gyeongbuk Institute for Bioindustry, Andong 36618, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiu-Hyung Cho
- Department of Research Project, Gyeongbuk Institute for Bioindustry, Andong 36618, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Seok Kwon
- Department of Horticulture & Medicinal Plant, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Bok Lee
- Research Institute of Food & Bio, BHNBIO Co., Ltd., Jincheon-gun 27850, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
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13
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Batinic A, Sutlović D, Kuret S, Matana A, Kumric M, Bozic J, Dujic Z. Trial of a Novel Oral Cannabinoid Formulation in Patients with Hypertension: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pharmacogenetic Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050645. [PMID: 37242428 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, and available evidence suggests potential efficacy in the treatment of many disorders. DehydraTECH™2.0 CBD is a patented capsule formulation that improves the bioabsorption of CBD. We sought to compare the effects of CBD and DehydraTECH™2.0 CBD based on polymorphisms in CYP P450 genes and investigate the effects of a single CBD dose on blood pressure. In a randomized and double-blinded order, 12 females and 12 males with reported hypertension were given either placebo capsules or DehydraTECH™2.0 CBD (300 mg of CBD, each). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured during 3 h, and blood and urine samples were collected. In the first 20 min following the dose, there was a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.025) and mean arterial pressure MAP (p = 0.056) with DehydraTECH™2.0 CBD, which was probably due to its greater CBD bioavailability. In the CYP2C9*2*3 enzyme, subjects with the poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype had higher plasma CBD concentrations. Both CYP2C19*2 (p = 0.037) and CYP2C19*17 (p = 0.022) were negatively associated with urinary CBD levels (beta = -0.489 for CYP2C19*2 and beta = -0.494 for CYP2C19*17). Further research is required to establish the impact of CYP P450 enzymes and the identification of metabolizer phenotype for the optimization of CBD formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Batinic
- Pharmacy of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Davorka Sutlović
- University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sendi Kuret
- University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Antonela Matana
- University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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14
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Cannabis Legalization and the Decline of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) Treatment Utilization in the US. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Guerra J, Naidoo V, Cacabelos R. Potential effects of cannabinoids on audiovestibular function: A narrative review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1010296. [PMID: 36605398 PMCID: PMC9807921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in the development of drugs that target the endocannabinoid system has extended to conditions that affect the audiovestibular pathway. The expression of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in that pathway has been widely demonstrated, indicating a therapeutic potential for drug development at this level. These medications may be beneficial for conditions such as noise-induced hearing loss, ototoxicity, or various forms of vertigo of central or peripheral origin. The therapeutic targets of interest include natural or synthetic compounds that act as CB1/CB2 receptor agonists/antagonists, and inhibitors of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes FAAH and MAGL. Furthermore, genetic variations implicated in the response to treatment and the development of related disorders such as epilepsy or migraine have been identified. Direct methods of administering these medications should be examined beyond the systemic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Guerra
- Neuro-Otolaryngology Unit, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Corunna, Spain,*Correspondence: Joaquin Guerra,
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- Department of Neuroscience, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
| | - Ramon Cacabelos
- Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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