A Brief Version of the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale: a Validation Study

The relationship between childhood trauma and obsession is mediated by emotional schema and reappraisal

BACKGROUND

Research literature has illustrated a substantial relationship between the variables of emotional schema (ES), suppression (S), and reappraisal (R) with childhood trauma (CT) and obsession (O). In addition, it has not been studied from the perspective of the mediating function of the variables mentioned above in the association between CT and O, both in the clinical and the non-clinical populations. As a result, this study was carried out to investigate the mediating roles of ES, S, and R in the association between CT and O within the non-clinical setting.

METHOD

681 Iranian students responded to CTQ-SF, ERQ, LESS-II, and OCI-R. The structural equation model method has been utilized to investigate the mediation of variables.

RESULTS

Results indicated that CT had a positive relationship with ES, S, and O and a negative relationship with R. Findings illustrated the full mediation of the study model, affirming the roles of ES and R as mediators and rejecting the role of S as a mediator in the connection between CT and O.

LIMITATION

The present study used cross-sectional analysis and self-report questionnaires, investigated the model in a non-clinical population, and exhibited gender imbalance in its sample.

CONCLUSION

Current research is essential because therapeutic interventions should focus on R and modifying ES in CT survivors instead of emphasizing S and CT to prevent or reduce O.

Daily vitality fluctuations in older adults with depressive symptoms: A multilevel location-scale model

BACKGROUND

Examining the daily experiences of older adults with depression facilitates the development and application of personalized effective treatments for them. In previous clinical research on depression, traditional mean-based approaches have mainly been employed. However, the within-person residual variance as a random effect provides greater insight into the heterogeneity of daily experiences among geriatric samples.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the relationship between depression and daily vitality in older adults. Specifically, it focused on the mean and residual variance of daily vitality measured by the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA).

METHODS

Data from 64 older adults aged 65 years or more, who participated in community welfare centers or retirees' associations, were used. Daily vitality was examined using EMA surveys for seven consecutive days (four random surveys per day). The data were analyzed using a location-scale model.

RESULTS

The intraclass correlation computed from the empty model for the EMA data was 0.488, indicating significant variances in daily vitality across time between individuals. Older adults with higher levels of depressive symptoms showed low mean levels of daily vitality and a large log-residual variance of daily vitality.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings from the current study suggest that individuals experiencing depression not only exhibit low vitality in their daily lives but also struggle to maintain stable levels of vitality in their lives. These insights could contribute to the facilitation and advancement of personalized interventions tailored for older adults.

Recalled Parental Emotion Socialisation and Psychological Distress: The Role of Emotional Schemas

Recalled parental emotion socialisation has been associated with psychological distress in adulthood. Since emotional schemas develop from interpersonal interaction and can result in pathological reactions, they can be an important mechanism. The present study analyses the mediator role of emotional schemas in the relationship between recalled parental emotion socialisation and psychological distress. A community sample of 246 Portuguese adults, between 18 and 73 years old (M = 34.3, SD = 13.32), completed the following self-report measures: Emotional (In)Validation Experiences Scale; Leahy Emotional Schema Scale; and Brief Symptom Inventory 18. Two mediation models were estimated, one for each parent. Emotional schemas mediated the relationship between recalled parental emotion socialisation and psychological distress. Negative evaluation of emotion was the strongest mediator in the relationship between emotional invalidation and psychological distress while difficulties in reappraisal was the strongest mediator in the relationship between emotional validation and psychological distress. Differences were observed between the mother's and father's models. Results highlight the importance of emotional schemas in understanding the role of parental emotion socialisation in psychological distress, which may have important implications for intervention and prevention.

Parental burnout and sleep problems in Iranian mothers of primary school-aged children: Exploring the mediation effect of emotional schemas

OBJECTIVES

Sleep is crucial for mental well-being. Evidence suggests sleep problems in mothers can result from parental burnout. The possible mediators that link parental burnout to sleep problems have not been investigated. This study seeks to explore the mediational role of emotional schemas as psychological constructs, which relate parental burnout to sleep problems in mothers of school-aged children.

METHOD

A total of 224 mothers participated voluntarily in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected online. The participants completed Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) scale, Mini Sleep Questionnaire-Persian Version (MSQ-P), and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS II). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using the bootstrap method to assess the mediation model.

RESULTS

The findings of this research indicate a positive correlation exists between parental burnout, emotional schemas, and insomnia/hypersomnia. The mediation analysis confirmed parental burnout and insomnia/ hypersomnia are related indirectly through emotional schemas.

CONCLUSION

Implications of the findings is that when parental burnout is present, the psychological treatment of sleep problems may benefit from targeting emotional schemas. However, further research is needed to determine whether similar mediational effects are replicated.