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Mahdavijalal M, Petio C, Staffilano G, Mandrioli R, Protti M. Innovative Solid-Phase Extraction Strategies for Improving the Advanced Chromatographic Determination of Drugs in Challenging Biological Samples. Molecules 2024; 29:2278. [PMID: 38792139 PMCID: PMC11124106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, considerable scientific strides have been made in the subject of drug analysis in human biological samples. However, the risk caused by incorrect drug plasma levels in patients still remains an important concern. This review paper attempts to investigate the advances made over the last ten years in common sample preparation techniques (SPT) for biological samples based on solid sorbents, including solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), and in particular in the field of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), including non-stimuli-responsive and stimuli-responsive adsorbents. This class of materials is known as 'smart adsorbents', exhibiting tailored responses to various stimuli such as magnetic fields, pH, temperature, and light. Details are provided on how these advanced SPT are changing the landscape of modern drug analysis in their coupling with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analytical techniques, a general term that includes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), as well as any variation of MS, such as tandem (MS/MS), multiple-stage (MSn), and high-resolution (HRMS) mass spectrometry. Some notes are also provided on coupling with less-performing techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) detection. Finally, we provide a general review of the difficulties and benefits of the proposed approaches and the future prospects of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mahdavijalal
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmine Petio
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Care Services, Local Health Unit Company (AUSL) of Bologna—IRCCS St. Orsola-Malpighi, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Staffilano
- Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Local Health Company (ASL) of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
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Hu J, Ren W, Liu H, Xie C, Li D, Yang L, Liao F, Jiang L, Pu Q, Chen W. Immunomultiple PCR-based electrochemical and lateral flow strategy for the simultaneous detection of liver cancer tumor markers. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:27. [PMID: 38091092 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The current use of the single serum biomarker α-fetoprotein (AFP) in clinical practice has limitations in terms of specificity and sensitivity. We propose a strategy that combines antigen capture polymerase chain reaction (AC-PCR), lateral flow assay (LFA), and electrochemical biosensors to detect both AFP and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in liver cancer serum. First, we used the AC-PCR technique to achieve target separation, purification, signal conversion, and amplification, eliminating target heterogeneity. Then, we achieved rapid results through the LFA and electrochemical biosensor platforms. As a result, the proposed assay has limits of 5 cells/mL for CTCs and 5 µg/L for AFP. The proposed method was applied effectively to simulated blood samples. This method has the potential to play a role in early liver cancer and provide a potential application for the diagnosis and precision treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
- The Experimental Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 400060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wubo Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jiulongpo District People's Hospital, Chongqing, 400050, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Chongqing Liang Jiang New Area, Chongqing, 401122, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangli Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Linshan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinli Pu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
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Ulusoy HI, Polat U, Ulusoy S. Use of newly synthetized magnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide for the sensitive analysis of antidepressant drugs, duloxetine and vilazodone in wastewater and urine samples. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20125-20134. [PMID: 37416904 PMCID: PMC10321226 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02442c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new enrichment and determination method involving HPLC-DAD analysis following magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was developed to detect trace amounts of two antidepressant drugs, namely, duloxetine (DUL) and vilazodone (VIL). In this study, a solid-phase sorbent was newly synthesized for use in the MSPE and its characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. In this proposed method, DUL and VIL molecules were enriched using newly synthesized magnetic-based nanoparticles in the presence of pH 10.0 buffer and desorbed with acetonitrile to a smaller volume prior to chromatographic determinations. After experimental variables were optimized, the VIL and DUL molecules were analyzed at wavelengths of 228 nm for DUL and 238 nm for VIL with isocratic elution of methanol, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (0.1%), and acetonitrile (10 : 60 : 30). The detection limits obtained under optimized conditions were 1.48 ng mL-1 and 1.43 ng mL-1, respectively. The %RSD values were found to be lower than 3.50% with model solutions containing 100 ng mL-1 (N:5). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to wastewater samples and simulated urine samples, and quantitative results were obtained in the recovery experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Sivas 58140 Türkiye +90 346 219 16 34 +90 346 487 3905
| | - Ummugulsum Polat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Sivas 58140 Türkiye +90 346 219 16 34 +90 346 487 3905
| | - Songül Ulusoy
- Department of Pharmacy, Vocational School of Health Service, Cumhuriyet University Sivas 58140 Türkiye
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