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Prediction of life-threatening arrhythmias: Multifactorial risk stratification following acute myocardial infarction. Int J Angiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01616221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Frazier L, Vaughn WK, Willerson JT, Ballantyne CM, Boerwinkle E. Inflammatory protein levels and depression screening after coronary stenting predict major adverse coronary events. Biol Res Nurs 2009; 11:163-73. [PMID: 19251718 DOI: 10.1177/1099800409332801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional risk factors cannot account for the majority of future major adverse coronary events (MACE) in patients diagnosed with heart disease. We examined levels of inflammatory proteins to be possible predictors of future MACE and physiological and psychological factors that initiate temporal increases in inflammatory protein levels. METHODS Peripheral blood samples and depression data were collected 4 to 12 hr after elective coronary stent insertion in 490 patients. Depression screening was assessed by a single-question screening tool. Predictive modeling for future MACE was performed by using survival analysis, with time from the index event (placement of the stent) to future MACE as the dependent variable. RESULTS Patients with high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP) in the second and third quartiles were 3 and 2.5 times more likely to have a MACE than patients with hsCRP in the first quartile, respectively. As levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased, so did the risk of future MACE. Patients who screened positive for depression were approximately 2 times more likely to have a MACE within 24 months after stent placement than were patients who did not screen positive. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hsCRP, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels, measured after coronary stent insertion in patients with coronary heart disease, are prognostic of future MACE. Furthermore, positive depression screening is an independent predictor of future MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Frazier
- School of Nursing, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Lyras TG, Papapanagiotou VA, Foukarakis MG, Panou FK, Skampas ND, Lakoumentas JA, Priftis CV, Zacharoulis AA. Evaluation of serial QT dispersion in patients with first non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: relation to the severity of underlying coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 2006; 26:189-95. [PMID: 12708627 PMCID: PMC6654124 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960260409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased QT dispersion (QTD) has been correlated with ventricular arrhythmias. Recent reports suggest that it may serve as a marker of the severity of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to examine in-hospital changes of QTD and their possible correlation with the severity of underlying CAD in patients with first non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. METHODS In 62 patients we estimated QTD, precordial QTD, as well as their values corrected for heart rate on Days 3 and 7 after admission. The severity of underlying ischemic burden was estimated by means of the number of diseased vessels as well as by the jeopardy score. RESULTS On Day 3, patients with jeopardy score > or = 6 exhibited greater QTD, corrected QTD, precordial QTD, and corrected precordial QTD (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.02, p = 0.036, respectively); patients with multivessel disease had greater QTD (p = 0.007). On Day 7, patients with jeopardy score > or = 6 and multivessel disease exhibited greater QTD, corrected QTD, precordial QTD, and corrected precordial QTD (p < 0.001 for all). Multiple regression analysis revealed a jeopardy score of > or = 6 as the most significant independent predictor for QTD variables. From Days 3 to 7, only patients with none or one diseased vessel orjeopardy score < 6 had shortened QTD (p = 0.01 and p = 0.015, respectively) and corrected QTD (p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS In patients with first non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, QTD variables and their in-hospital changes reflect the severity of underlying CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Lyras
- Cardiology Department, Athens General Hospital G. Gennimatas, Athens, Greece.
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Awad-Elkarim AA, Bagger JP, Albers CJ, Skinner JS, Adams PC, Hall RJC. A prospective study of long term prognosis in young myocardial infarction survivors: the prognostic value of angiography and exercise testing. Heart 2003; 89:843-7. [PMID: 12860853 PMCID: PMC1767794 DOI: 10.1136/heart.89.8.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the ability of early exercise testing and coronary angiography to predict prognosis in young survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS 255 consecutive patients (210 men) aged 55 years or less (mean 48 years) admitted to hospital (1981-85) were eligible. Of these, 150 patients (130 men) who were able to exercise early after MI and underwent coronary angiography within six months constituted the study group and were followed up for up to 15 years. Survival data up to 18 years was obtained for the whole cohort. RESULTS Survival at a median of 16 years was 52% for the whole cohort, 62% for the study group, and 48% for the excluded group. From nine years onwards survival deteriorated significantly in the study group compared with an age matched background population. Fifteen years after MI, 121 patients (81%) in the study group had had at least one event (death, MI, revascularisation, cardiac readmission, stroke) leaving 29 (19%) event-free. The number of diseased vessels was the major determinant of time to first event (p = 0.001) and event-free survival (p = 0.04). Exercise duration was also important in the prediction of time to first event (p = 0.003). Death was influenced by a history of prior MI. CONCLUSION The favourable initial survival was followed by significant deterioration after nine years. This late attrition is an important treatment target. Furthermore, this study supports risk stratification early after MI combining angiography with non-invasive tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Awad-Elkarim
- Cardiothoracic Directorate, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
Morbidity and mortality rates among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remain high, and it is difficult to determine which patients will progress satisfactorily and which patients will have poor outcomes. Research has indicated that the inflammatory process is involved in coronary disease. There is great interest within the research community in determining if inflammatory markers could be used to determine the severity of the disease process and therefore serve as a prognostic tool for clinicians. This article describes the inflammatory process in ACS and provides a review of the current diagnostic studies of endothelial inflammatory markers (EIMs) in heart disease. Although research results of EIMs have not all been significant in determining outcomes, there is some evidence that they may be more specific than other generalized inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein. Future research of EIMs in patients with ACS might provide evidence of easy-to-measure and economically feasible markers that are sound prognosticators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Frazier
- Systems and Technology Department, University of Texas at Houston School of Nursing, 1100 Holcombe, Suite 5.528, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
In recent years, the characteristics of patients who suffer acute myocardial infarction without complications during hospitalization have changed. In addition, the range of non-invasive studies available for evaluating left ventricular systolic function, residual myocardial ischemia, and myocardial viability in these patients has improved. Left ventricular systolic function and residual ischemia should be evaluated in all patients before release. The non-invasive technique used (exercise test, echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, magnetic resonance imaging) depends on availability, experience, and results at each institution. Coronary arteriography should be performed in patients with significant ischemia or severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction in non-invasive studies. In these cases coronary angiography must be performed to determine if coronary arteries are suitable for revascularization before performing a test of myocardial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Candell Riera
- Servei de Cardiologia. Hospital General Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Barcelona. España.
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Marschner IC, Colquhoun D, Simes RJ, Glasziou P, Harris P, Singh BB, Friedlander D, White H, Thompson P, Tonkin A. Long-term risk stratification for survivors of acute coronary syndromes. Results from the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study. LIPID Study Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:56-63. [PMID: 11451296 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We developed a prognostic strategy for quantifying the long-term risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) events in survivors of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). BACKGROUND Strategies for quantifying long-term risk of CHD events have generally been confined to primary prevention settings. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) study, which demonstrated that pravastatin reduces CHD events in ACS survivors with a broad range of cholesterol levels, enabled assessment of long-term prognosis in a secondary prevention setting. METHODS Based on outcomes in 8,557 patients in the LIPID study, a multivariate risk factor model was developed for prediction of CHD death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Prognostic indexes were developed based on the model, and low-, medium-, high- and very high-risk groups were defined by categorizing the prognostic indexes. RESULTS In addition to pravastatin treatment, the independently significant risk factors included: total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, age, gender, smoking status, qualifying ACS, prior coronary revascularization, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and prior stroke. Pravastatin reduced coronary event rates in each risk level, and the relative risk reduction did not vary significantly between risk levels. The predicted five-year coronary event rates ranged from 5% to 19% for those assigned pravastatin and from 6.4% to 23.6% for those assigned placebo. CONCLUSIONS Long-term prognosis of ACS survivors varied substantially according to conventional risk factor profile. Pravastatin reduced coronary risk within all risk levels; however, absolute risk remained high in treated patients with unfavorable profiles. Our risk stratification strategy enables identification of ACS survivors who remain at very high risk despite statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Marschner
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Center, University of Sydney, Australia.
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Candell-Riera J, Llevadot J, Santana C, Castell J, Aguadé S, Armadans L, Bermejo B, Oller G, García-del-Castillo H, Soler-Peter M, Soler-Soler J. Prognostic assessment of uncomplicated first myocardial infarction by exercise echocardiography and Tc-99m tetrofosmin gated SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 2001; 8:122-8. [PMID: 11295688 DOI: 10.1067/mnc.2001.109928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluate the prognostic value of stress echo and gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) after a first uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS We used predischarge maximal subjective exercise echocardiography and gated SPECT with technetium 99m tetrofosmin to prospectively study 103 patients younger than 70 years with a first acute myocardial infarction. During a 12-month follow-up period, 2 patients died, 9 had heart failure, and 29 had ischemic complications (4 reinfarction and 25 angina). Predictive variables for heart failure in multivariate analysis were ejection fraction evaluated by echocardiography (odds ratio [OR] 8.5, P =.016) or by gated SPECT (OR 10.7, P =.009). Predictive variables for ischemic complications in multivariate analysis were less than 5 metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise test (OR 5.2, P =.007) and greater than 15% ischemic extent in the polar map (OR 3.6, P =.04) of SPECT. CONCLUSIONS Exercise echocardiography and Tc-99m tetrofosmin gated SPECT were predictive for heart failure, but exercise SPECT was the only test with predictive power for ischemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Candell-Riera
- Hospital General Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
A time series of 110 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted between January 1992 and June 1997 examined the effects of a clinical pathway. The pathway reduced length of hospital stay by 2.2 days and hospital charges by $1,008 without compromising care quality and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kucenic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
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Michaels AD, Goldschlager N. Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2000; 42:273-309. [PMID: 10661780 DOI: 10.1053/pcad.2000.0420273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, risk stratification for survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has centered on 3 principles: assessment of left ventricular function, detection of residual myocardial ischemia, and estimation of the risk for sudden cardiac death. Although these factors still have important prognostic implications for these patients, our ability to predict adverse cardiac events has significantly improved over the last several years. Recent studies have identified powerful predictors of adverse cardiac events available from the patient history, physical examination, initial electrocardiogram, and blood testing early in the evaluation of patients with AMI. Numerous studies performed in patients receiving early reperfusion therapy with either thrombolysis or primary angioplasty have emphasized the importance of a patent infarct related artery for long-term survival. The predictive value of a variety of noninvasive and invasive tests to predict myocardial electrical instability have been under active investigation in patients receiving early reperfusion therapy. The current understanding of the clinically important predictors of clinical outcomes in survivors of AMI is reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Michaels
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, 94143-0124, USA.
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Scanlon PJ, Faxon DP, Audet AM, Carabello B, Dehmer GJ, Eagle KA, Legako RD, Leon DF, Murray JA, Nissen SE, Pepine CJ, Watson RM, Ritchie JL, Gibbons RJ, Cheitlin MD, Gardner TJ, Garson A, Russell RO, Ryan TJ, Smith SC. ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary angiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on Coronary Angiography). Developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:1756-824. [PMID: 10334456 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes, including unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden death, account for more than 250,000 deaths annually. They are the manifestation of a progressive atherosclerotic process, which culminates in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and the formation of mural thrombi. This article reviews recent and current research, which has shed light on key events and evolutionary processes leading to acute coronary syndromes. The article details the development of vulnerable plaques, factors that promote plaque rupture, and triggering events related to plaque rupture. Also discussed are sequelae of acute coronary syndromes, including Q wave and non-Q wave infarction and left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Doering
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bigi R, Curti G, Sponzilli C, Fuscaldo G, Occhi G, Fiorentini C. Assessment of Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease by Means of Stress-Recovery ST/HR Index in Postinfarction Patients on Beta-Blocker Therapy. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-474x.1999.tb00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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McCullough PA, O'Neill WW, Graham M, Stomel RJ, Rogers F, David S, Farhat A, Kazlauskaite R, Al-Zagoum M, Grines CL. A prospective randomized trial of triage angiography in acute coronary syndromes ineligible for thrombolytic therapy. Results of the medicine versus angiography in thrombolytic exclusion (MATE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:596-605. [PMID: 9741499 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine if early triage angiography with revascularization, if indicated, favorably affects clinical outcomes in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction who are ineligible for thrombolysis. BACKGROUND The majority of patients with acute myocardial infarction and other acute coronary syndromes are considered ineligible for thrombolysis and therefore are not afforded the opportunity for early reperfusion. METHODS This multicenter, prospective, randomized trial evaluated in a controlled fashion the outcomes following triage angiography in acute coronary syndromes ineligible for thrombolytic therapy. Eligible patients (n=201) with <24 h of symptoms were randomized to early triage angiography and subsequent therapies based on the angiogram versus conventional medical therapy consisting of aspirin, intravenous heparin, nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, and analgesics. RESULTS In the triage angiography group, 109 patients underwent early angiography and 64 (58%) received revascularization, whereas in the conservative group, 54 (60%) subsequently underwent nonprotocol angiography in response to recurrent ischemia and 33 (37%) received revascularization (p=0.004). The mean time to revascularization was 27+/-32 versus 88+/-98 h (p=0.0001) and the primary endpoint of recurrent ischemic events or death occurred in 14 (13%) versus 31 (34%) of the triage angiography and conservative groups, respectively (45% risk reduction, 95% CI 27-59%, p=0.0002). There were no differences between the groups with respect to initial hospital costs or length of stay. Long-term follow-up at a median of 21 months revealed no significant differences in the endpoints of late revascularization, recurrent myocardial infarction, or all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Early triage angiography in patients with acute coronary syndromes who are not eligible for thrombolytics reduced the composite of recurrent ischemic events or death and shortened the time to definitive revascularization during the index hospitalization. Despite more frequent early revascularization after triage angiography, we found no long-term benefit in cardiac outcomes compared with conservative medical therapy with revascularization prompted by recurrent ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A McCullough
- Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Routine Coronary Arteriography Following Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Unsettled Controversy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998; 5:183-189. [PMID: 10767114 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008872424033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death in industrialized countries, the management of patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction varies significantly. The issue of routine arteriography and revascularization following thrombolytic therapy remains controversial despite substantial evidence associating infarct-related artery patency with improved cardiac function and survival. Randomized trials of routine intervention after myocardial infarction have generally failed to demonstrate advantages of this invasive approach but methodological problems limit their application to current practice. High-risk patients should be referred for arteriography. While awaiting definitive trials addressing the influence of routine arteriography on patient survival and its cost effectiveness, the management of other patient groups must be individualized.
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Galati A, Bigi R, Coletta C, Fiorentini C, Ricci R, Occhi G, Sestili A, Rulli F, Aspromonte N, Fera MS, Greco G, Guagnozzi G, Ceci V. Multicenter trial on prognostic value of inducible ischemia, assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography and exercise electrocardiography test, in patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction, treated with thrombolytic therapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIAC IMAGING 1998; 14:155-62. [PMID: 9813751 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006061101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombolysis has reduced early and longterm mortality by about 20%; sometimes, however, there is a re-occlusion of the infarct related artery or an unsuccessful thrombolysis. In these situations, there is a possible increase in detrimental events in the follow-up. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to compare the prognostic value of dobutamine echocardiography (DET) and ECG exercise test (EET) in pts submitted to thrombolysis. METHODS One hundred and fifty-one pts, with acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction, were enrolled. The pts were able to perform EET and had a sufficient echocardiographic window; 58 had anterior myocardial infarction (38%), 79 had inferior (52%), 2 had lateral (1%), 12 had non-Q (8%). EET was performed with an initial load of 25 Watt, and thereafter, 25 W every two minutes. DET was performed with step-wise infusion every three minutes (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mcg/kg/min.). If the target heart rate was not reached, a further dose of 40 mcg/kg/min. together with atropine 0.25-1 mg was administered, in the absence of signs and symptoms of ischemia. RESULTS During a mean (+/- SD) follow-up period of 8 +/- 4.5 months (range 1-23), 16 spontaneous events happened (4 deaths, 5 non-fatal re-infarctions, 7 unstable angina). One-hundred and three EET (68%) were negative for ongoing ischaemia, while 48 were positive, 79 DET (52%) were negative for ongoing ischaemia and 72 were positive (48%). Statistical results: DET and EET had a sensitivity of 41% and 54%, a specificity of 57% and 74%, a positive predictive value of 7% and 14%, a negative predictive value of 91% and 95%, an accuracy of 56% and 73%. Kaplan-Maier survival curves demonstrated that patients with Peak Wall motion > 1.8 and EET score > 3, had the higher risk of spontaneous events. CONCLUSION A few spontaneous events happened in the follow-up. These data demonstrate that patients treated with thrombolysis are not at high risk of spontaneous events. DET and EET, therefore, have had a high negative predictive value. For this reason, we can conclude that pts with negative tests can be considered at low risk and do not need any further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galati
- Cardiology Department, S. Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Favaloro
- Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery of the Favaloro Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Petretta M, Cuocolo A, Bonaduce D, Nicolai E, Vicario ML, Salvatore M. Prognostic value of coronary angiography in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction and evidence of viable myocardium on thallium reinjection imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 1997; 4:387-95. [PMID: 9362015 DOI: 10.1016/s1071-3581(97)90030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the independent and incremental prognostic value of cardiac catheterization and coronary angiographic data over thallium reinjection after stress redistribution imaging in patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-nine patients with a first myocardial infarction (> 8 weeks) and left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 40% underwent thallium-201 reinjection after stress redistribution tomographic imaging and cardiac catheterization. During follow-up (mean 26 months) 11 cardiac events (8 cardiac deaths and 3 nonfatal myocardial infarctions) occurred. On Cox regression analysis independent predictors of cardiac events were the sum of reversible and moderately irreversible defects at thallium reinjection (chi 2, 16.4, p < 0.005) and the number of reversible defects at stress redistribution (chi 2, 5.1, p < 0.05). Moreover, thallium reinjection imaging improved the prognostic power of clinical, exercise, and stress redistribution data (p < 0.01). The inclusion of left ventricular ejection fraction produced a borderline improvement (p = 0.06), whereas the number of vessels with coronary disease did not. In contrast, in patients at high risk such as those with at least 25% of viable myocardium at reinjection, the number of diseased vessels provided additional prognostic information (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction, left ventricular ejection fraction, but not the number of diseased vessels, provides additional prognostic information to thallium imaging. Therefore coronary angiography seems unnecessary in these patients, unless a significative amount of viable myocardium is detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petretta
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, and Heart Surgery, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
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Barbagelata A, Califf RM, Sgarbossa EB, Goodman SG, Stebbins AL, Granger CB, Suarez LD, Borruel M, Gates K, Starr S, Wagner GS. Thrombolysis and Q wave versus non-Q wave first acute myocardial infarction: a GUSTO-I substudy. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Arteries Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29:770-7. [PMID: 9091523 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(96)00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the outcomes of patients with a first myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation, with and without the development of abnormal Q waves after thrombolysis. BACKGROUND Prethrombolytic era studies report conflicting short-versus long-term mortality in the overall non-Q wave population, probably related to its heterogeneity. METHODS Patients with no electrocardiographic (ECG) confounding factors or evidence of previous infarction were included. Q wave infarction was defined as a Q wave duration > or = 30 ms in lead aVF; R wave > or = 40 ms in lead V1; any Q wave or R wave < or = 10 ms and < or = 0.1 mV in lead V2; or Q wave > or = 40 ms in at least two of the following leads: I, aVL, V4, V5 or V6. In-hospital clinical events and mortality at 30 days and 1 year were assessed. RESULTS No Q waves developed in 4,601 (21.3%) of the 21,570 patients. This group comprised more women and had a lower Killip class, lower weight and less anterior baseline ST elevation. The non-Q wave group had less in-hospital cardiogenic shock (2.1% vs. 3.3%, p < 0.0001), less heart failure (8.5% vs. 13.9%, p < 0.0001) and a trend toward less stroke (0.7% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.07) but an increased use of angioplasty (28% vs. 24%, p = 0.0001). The unadjusted mortality rate in the non-Q wave group was lower at 30 days (0.9% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.0001) and 1 year (2.7% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.0001), as was the adjusted 30-day mortality rate (4.8% vs. 5.3%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with no ECG confounding factors or evidence of previous infarction who do not develop Q waves after thrombolysis have a better 30-day and 1-year prognosis than patients with a Q wave infarction.
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Azpitarte Almagro J, Arós Borau F, Cabadés O'Callaghan A, López Bescós L, Valls Grima F. [Role of noninvasive examinations in the management of ischemic cardiopathy. V. Noninvasive examinations in the management of patients with chronic ischemic cardiopathy]. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50:145-56. [PMID: 9132874 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(97)73197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years the has been an enormous development in noninvasive testing in the field of clinical cardiology. In fact, excellent monographs on each one of these techniques have been published elsewhere, but fewer publications exist that treat the topic of their indications and use in an integrated way, except for in the most common clinical situations. In this paper, the treatment of patients who present chest pain, stable and unstable angina is discussed, including the study of postinfarction patients. Furthermore, the role of noninvasive tests in the detection of coronary heart disease in women and in patients with left bundle branch block is thoroughly analyzed; as well as their usefulness after surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization and in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
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Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Braniff BA, Brooks NH, Califf RM, Hillis LD, Hiratzka LF, Rapaport E, Riegel BJ, Russell RO, Smith EE, Weaver WD. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28:1328-428. [PMID: 8890834 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(96)00392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Ryan
- American College of Cardiology, Educational Services, Bethesda, MD 20814-1699, USA
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23
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Newby LK, Califf RM, Guerci A, Weaver WD, Col J, Horgan JH, Mark DB, Stebbins A, Van de Werf F, Gore JM, Topol EJ. Early discharge in the thrombolytic era: an analysis of criteria for uncomplicated infarction from the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27:625-32. [PMID: 8606274 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to readdress the definition of uncomplicated myocardial infarction and to apply clinical criteria for early discharge of such patients in the thrombolytic era. BACKGROUND Previous studies proposed early hospital discharge at day 7 to 10 after acute myocardial infarction. The potential for earlier discharge of patients with uncomplicated infarction after thrombolysis remains undemonstrated. METHODS We defined "uncomplicated infarction" a priori as the absence of death, reinfarction, ischemia, stroke, shock, heart failure (Killip class > 1), bypass surgery, balloon pumping, emergency catheterization or cardioversion or defibrillation in the first 4 hospital days. We applied this definition to 41,021 patients in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO-I) trial. We examined death at 30 days and 1 year and rates of in-hospital reinfarction, heart failure, recurrent ischemia, shock and stroke in the uncomplicated and complicated groups created by application of our definition. We also assessed lengths of hospital and cardiac care unit stay. RESULTS Application of our clinical criteria yielded 23,497 (57.3%) patients in the uncomplicated group at day 4 with a very low risk of death and in-hospital complications: 30-day mortality 1%, reinfarction 1.7%, heart failure 2.6%, recurrent ischemia 6.7%, shock 0.4% and stroke 0.2%. One-year mortality was 3.6%. The median hospital stay was 9 days (7, 12 [25th, 75th percentiles, respectively]), and the median cardiac care unit stay 3 days (3, 5). CONCLUSIONS Simple clinical characteristics can identify a very low risk post-myocardial infarction population by hospital day 4. Use of these criteria for early discharge planning could substantially reduce length of stay for patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Newby
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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24
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Abstract
Quality assurance and inclusion of prospective evaluation of costs of treatment in phase 3 and 4 pharmaceutical trials are becoming increasingly important. Not only high technology applications have to be investigated, but also relatively cheap but very common strategies for diagnostic work up and therapy. This may yield major savings. We are at the beginning of an era in which waste of resources may be reduced by scientific analysis with improvement in patient care and teaching achieved as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Kleber
- Med. Klinik u. Poliklinik I, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Lotan CS, Jonas M, Rozenman Y, Mosseri M, Benhorin J, Rudnik L, Hasin Y, Gotsman MS. Comparison of early invasive and conservative treatments in patients with anterior wall non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76:330-6. [PMID: 7639155 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To compare the long-term prognosis of a group of patients treated by an early invasive approach after a non-Q-wave anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with a similar group treated conservatively, data from 110 consecutive patients with non-Q-wave AMI were retrospectively obtained from 3 different hospitals: (1) a hospital with coronary angioplasty and coronary bypass facilities favoring on early invasive approach, (2) a hospital with a catheterization laboratory and no coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass facilities, and (3) a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory. Patients were divided according to the presence or absence of an early invasive approach: those who had undergone in-hospital catheterization and revascularization (n = 55) and those with a conservative approach (n = 55). The early invasive approach resulted in a significant decrease in major events. The rate of recurrent myocardial infarction was 29% in the conservative group versus 7.2% in the invasive group (p = 0.025). Survival rate curves at 3-year follow-up showed significant differences in mortality (p = 0.001), recurrent myocardial infarction (p = 0.002), recurrent angina pectoris (p = 0.001), and development of congestive heart failure (p = 0.05). Multivariate analysis disclosed the early invasive approach to be an independent predictor for decreasing the likelihood of recurrent infarction by 86% (odds ratio 0.14, confidence intervals 0.04 to 0.48, p = 0.0006), and for decreasing the likelihood of recurrent angina by 66% (odds ratio 0.34, confidence intervals 0.18 to 0.63, p < 0.005). The early invasive strategy may result in an improved outcome in the treatment of patients with non-Q-wave anterior wall AMI compared with patients treated conservatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lotan
- Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Hospital, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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26
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Aguirre FV, Younis LT, Chaitman BR, Ross AM, McMahon RP, Kern MJ, Berger PB, Sopko G, Rogers WJ, Shaw L. Early and 1-year clinical outcome of patients' evolving non-Q-wave versus Q-wave myocardial infarction after thrombolysis. Results from The TIMI II Study. Circulation 1995; 91:2541-8. [PMID: 7743615 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.91.10.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few data comparing clinical outcome and potential indications for routine post-myocardial infarction cardiac catheterization and revascularization of patients who sustain a non-Q-wave versus Q-wave infarct after thrombolytic therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS A secondary analysis of 2634 patients enrolled in the TIMI II trial with a first myocardial infarction was performed to determine 6-week and 1-year cardiac event rates and identify clinical and angiographic differences between the 1867 patients (70.9%) who evolved a Q-wave infarct and the 767 patients (29.1%) who sustained a non-Q-wave infarct after treatment with intravenous thrombolytic therapy. Male sex (85.3% versus 75.6%; P < .001) and anterior wall infarcts (53.8% versus 43.7%; P < .001) were more frequent in the Q-wave versus the non-Q-wave group. During recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rTPA) infusion, a greater percentage of non-Q-wave patients (37.3% versus 23.5%; P = .001) had normalization of initial ST-segment elevation. Infarct-related artery patency (TIMI flow grade 2 or 3) (P = .02), complete infarct-related artery reperfusion (TIMI 3 flow grade) (P < .001), and the percentage of patients with a predischarge resting left ventricular ejection fraction > 55% (P < .001) were greater in the non-Q-wave group. New congestive heart failure during hospitalization developed more frequently in Q-wave patients (18.9% versus 11.6%; P < .001). After 42 days, the occurrences of reinfarction (P = .76), death (P = .76), and combined death or reinfarction (P = .43) were similar in patients assigned to the invasive or conservative postlytic management strategy, regardless of infarct type. One-year mortality was 3.4% versus 4.4% for non-Q-wave versus Q-wave infarct type, respectively (P = .25). CONCLUSIONS Angiographic and clinical differences were observed between patients who present with initial ST-segment elevation and evolve early non-Q-wave versus Q-wave myocardial infarcts after treatment with rTPA, heparin, and aspirin. Early mortality and adverse clinical cardiac events in these patients are not significantly different after a conservative compared with an invasive treatment strategy, regardless of whether the infarct type is non-Q wave or Q wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Aguirre
- St Louis University Health Sciences Center, Division of Cardiology, MO 63110, USA
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27
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Bolognese L. Risk stratification after myocardial infarction: targets and tools. Echocardiography 1995; 12:311-6. [PMID: 10150477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.1995.tb00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of thrombolytic therapy and coronary revascularization, either as acute therapy or early thereafter, has ushered in the "interventional era" of management of myocardial infarction (MI). This new scenario has at least two clear cut clinical implications. First, the cardiologist can intervene earlier to change the "natural history" of MI, not only to improve the immediate inhospital prognosis but also to prevent the development of those factors affecting the clinical outcome after discharge. Second, patients currently selected for predischarge evaluation are at lower risk for subsequent cardiac events. The critical management decision is with the majority of patients who have an uncomplicated MI. Two approaches may be applied to this large cohort to assess cardiac risk before hospital discharge. One method is the initial use of noninvasive tests reserving coronary angiography for patients with abnormal test results. The second approach comprises early cardiac catheterization in virtually all survivors. The routine use of angiography after MI does not appear to lead to an improved course compared to a more selective approach. Based on observation of an excellent 1-year outcome of patients in the conservative group of the large TIMI-2 and SWIFT trials, one could conclude that predischarge risk stratification by stress testing and clinical assessment has been empirically, albeit not experimentally, validated. On the other hand, if a noninvasive test proved to be highly predictive of subsequent cardiac events, the need for doing routine coronary angiography would in large part be obviated. Developing or refining such a test should take into account several caveats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bolognese
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale di Careggi, Firenze, Italy
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28
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Olona M, Candell-Riera J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Castell J, Barrabés JA, Domingo E, Rosselló J, Vaqué J, Soler-Soler J. Strategies for prognostic assessment of uncomplicated first myocardial infarction: 5-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25:815-22. [PMID: 7884082 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00503-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to use noninvasive studies early after infarction to assess medium-term prognosis in patients with a first uncomplicated myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND Although the use of early postinfarction assessment to gauge short-term prognosis in myocardial infarction is well established, there have been few comprehensive evaluations of noninvasive methods for assessing medium- and long-term prognosis. METHODS We prospectively studied 115 consecutive patients < 65 years old with a first acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction to evaluate the prognostic role of predischarge cardiac studies. These included submaximal exercise testing, thallium-201 scintigraphy, radionuclide exercise ventriculography, two-dimensional echocardiography, ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring and cardiac catheterization. All patients without complications were followed up > or = 5 years. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 78 patients (68%) developed complications, which were severe in 37 (32%). Exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy yielded the highest percentage (77%) for correctly classified patients. It also had the highest predictive value for complications (97%) and severe complications (92%) when it was used in association with exercise testing and radionuclide ventriculography. The addition of cardiac catheterization did not improve on the predictive power of noninvasive studies. Four decision trees (exercise testing + echocardiography, exercise testing + radionuclide ventriculography, thallium-201 + echocardiography, thallium-201 + radionuclide ventriculography) allowed stratification of all patients in a high, intermediate or low risk category. The combination of thallium-201 scintigraphy and radionuclide ventriculography yielded the best results (90% predictive value for complications if the outcome of both tests was positive), but there were no significant differences with the other models. CONCLUSIONS Any combination of a test detecting residual ischemia or functional capacity, or both (exercise testing or thallium-201 scintigraphy), and a test assessing ventricular function (echocardiography or radionuclide ventriculography) results in useful prognostic information in patients with an uncomplicated first acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olona
- Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital General Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Grines CL. Should every patient undergo cardiac catheterization after myocardial infarction? J Nucl Cardiol 1994; 1:S131-3. [PMID: 9420738 DOI: 10.1007/bf03032558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, management of patients with myocardial infarction has dramatically evolved. High-risk patients are now identified by a variety of noninvasive tests, and aggressive use of reperfusion strategies has improved clinical outcomes. Despite the benefits of reperfusion, only a few patients are eligible to receive thrombolytic therapy. Mortality rates among patients excluded from thrombolytic trials (15% to 20%) have been far greater than those eligible for treatment (3% to 10%). Because most deaths occur within the first few days of infarction, interventions designed to reduce mortality should be performed acutely. Immediate catheterization allows identification of high-risk anatomy that may benefit from surgery and allows coronary angioplasty to be performed as a reperfusion strategy (when appropriate). Furthermore, catheterization allows documentation of ejection fraction, vessel patency, number of diseased vessels, and residual stenosis, all of which have been predictive of prognosis. Conversely, frequently repeated noninvasive diagnostic tests are associated with increased cost, are generally performed in low-risk patients, and 60% to 80% of patients with myocardial infarction ultimately require catheterization anyway. It is possible that early catheterization and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty when indicated may effectively risk stratify patients (eliminating the need for noninvasive testing), may reduce morbidity and mortality, and shorten the length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Grines
- Division of Cardiology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073-6769, USA
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30
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Bayés-de-Luna A, Viñolas X, Guindo J, Bayés-Genis A. Risk stratification after myocardial infarction: role of electrical instability, ischemia, and left ventricular function. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1994; 8 Suppl 2:335-43. [PMID: 7947376 DOI: 10.1007/bf00877318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The problem of risk stratification after myocardial infarction is reviewed. There are three major complications: new ischemic events, congestive heart failure, and malignant arrhythmias and sudden death, related to the presence of residual ischemia, left ventricular dysfunction, and electrical instability. The bidirectional interactions among these three factors is analyzed. The risk is in the middle of a triangle, the three angles of which are the above-mentioned factors. All the "satellite" factors that appear from all three angles are presented. Furthermore, the most important parameters and techniques employed to detect risk, multifactorial approach of risk stratification, and changes of risk stratification in the thrombolytic era are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bayés-de-Luna
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Camm
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, England, UK
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32
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Bry JD, Belkin M, O'Donnell TF, Mackey WC, Udelson JE, Schmid CH, Safran DG. An assessment of the positive predictive value and cost-effectiveness of dipyridamole myocardial scintigraphy in patients undergoing vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19:112-21; discussion 121-4. [PMID: 8301724 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(94)70126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The approach to cardiac risk stratification of patients undergoing vascular surgery continues to be controversial. The success of algorithms that use clinical risk factors to determine cardiac risk have been inconsistent. Dipyridamole myocardial scintigraphy (DMS) has been accepted as a sensitive, noninvasive approach to risk stratification with excellent negative predictive value. Low positive predictive value (PPV) of abnormal DMS scans is a shortcoming that contributes to extensive preoperative cardiac evaluation and intervention with associated morbidity, mortality, and cost in most patients who undergo uncomplicated vascular procedures, regardless of DMS results. METHODS Over 6 years, 237 patients underwent DMS before surgical management of infrarenal aortic aneurysm, aortoiliac, or infrainguinal occlusive disease. The value of multiple clinical factors and DMS were assessed retrospectively for the prediction of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI), heart-related death, or preoperative selection for myocardial revascularization. Only congestive heart failure and two or more reversible defects on DMS were statistically significant on logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The PPV of DMS was 19% for all patients with reversible defects, 12% for patients with one reversible defect, and 36.7% for patients with two or more reversible defects. The rates of cardiac death and MI were 1.3% and 5.9%, respectively. Perioperative echocardiography revealed unchanged postinfarction ejection fraction in most patients who experienced MI. Cost-effectiveness of DMS screening was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The costs per MI and cardiac death averted suggest a decline in cost-effectiveness of screening with DMS over time, assuming improving cardioprotective strategies of patient care. Clinical risk factors were minimally useful in the prediction of perioperative MI, heart-related death, or need for myocardial revascularization. The PPV of DMS is low, and the majority of MIs may be clinically insignificant. The cost-effectiveness of cardiac screening with DMS may not be justifiable given current trends of health care reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bry
- Department of Surgery, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111
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33
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Abstract
NSVT is common in normal persons and in patients with a variety of heart diseases. When present in patients with coronary artery disease, particularly after a recent myocardial infarction, it is associated with an increased risk of sudden and nonsudden cardiac death. However, its prognostic significance in patients with nonischemic heart disease, with the possible exception of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, remains controversial. In patients with coronary artery disease, certain diagnostic tools (e.g., determination of left ventricular function. PVS) help to identify low- and high-risk patients who may or may not benefit from antiarrhythmic treatment. There is no consensus at this point as to the best approach for identifying and treating high-risk patients. Ongoing clinical trials should provide important information on the roles of signal-averaged ECGs and PVS in the management of patients with NSVT and coronary artery disease. In the meantime, treatment should be individualized for each patient. beta-Blockers should probably be the first line of therapy to control symptoms. Asymptomatic potentially high-risk patients (i.e., those with LVEF < 40%) should be referred for enrollment in randomized controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pires
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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34
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Chaitman BR, McMahon RP, Terrin M, Younis LT, Shaw LJ, Weiner DA, Frederick MM, Knatterud GL, Sopko G, Braunwald E. Impact of treatment strategy on predischarge exercise test in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II Trial. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71:131-8. [PMID: 8421972 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90727-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Predischarge supine bicycle ergometry was used to assess persistent myocardial ischemia in postinfarction patients who received thrombolytic therapy and were randomized to an invasive versus conservative strategy in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II trial. The frequency of ischemic responses in both strategies, and the 1-year prognostic importance of the different exercise test outcomes were examined. At 14 days, the percentage of patients with any adverse outcome (including death, presence of exercise-induced ST-segment depression, or inability to perform the exercise test) was 33.7% of 1,681 randomly assigned to the invasive strategy compared with 34.6% of 1,658 randomly assigned to the conservative strategy (p = 0.57). The 1-year mortality was greater in patients who did not perform the predischarge exercise test (7.7%) than in those who did (1.8%) (p < 0.001); the former were older, and a greater proportion were women, had a more frequent history of myocardial infarction, and more extensive coronary artery disease (p < 0.01 for each comparison). The 1-year mortality in patients with exercise-induced ST-segment depression or chest pain was only 1.4% (3 of 22) among those randomly assigned to the conservative strategy where coronary angiography and revascularization were recommended if the test result was abnormal (relative risk compared with those without ST-segment depression or chest pain 0.6; 99% confidence interval 0.1 to 2.9).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Chaitman
- TIMI Coordinating Center, Maryland Medical Research Institute, Inc., Baltimore 21210
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35
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Tschida VH, Dickson RD, Sharkey TJ. Uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. Methods of nonlytic management. Postgrad Med 1991; 90:71-2, 77-9, 82. [PMID: 1682903 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1991.11701101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapy for acute myocardial infarction has its most compelling effect when the patient is seen early in the course of illness. In this article, the authors discuss the status of nonlytic medications during the acute phase of Q-wave infarction and also examine the role of risk modification and stratification in long-term survival of the patient.
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