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Bart NK, Fatkin D, Gunton J, Hare JL, Korczyk D, Kwok F, Lam K, Russell D, Sidiqi H, Sutton T, Gibbs SDJ, Mollee P, Thomas L. 2024 Australia-New Zealand Expert Consensus Statement on Cardiac Amyloidosis. Heart Lung Circ 2024; 33:420-442. [PMID: 38570258 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, early diagnosis of and new treatments for cardiac amyloidosis (CA) have emerged that hold promise for early intervention. These include non-invasive diagnostic tests and disease modifying therapies. Recently, CA has been one of the first types of cardiomyopathy to be treated with gene editing techniques. Although these therapies are not yet widely available to patients in Australia and New Zealand, this may change in the near future. Given the rapid pace with which this field is evolving, it is important to view these advances within the Australian and New Zealand context. This Consensus Statement aims to update the Australian and New Zealand general physician and cardiologist with regards to the diagnosis, investigations, and management of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Bart
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, and The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia. http://www.twitter.com/drnikkibart
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, and The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Gunton
- Department of Cardiology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James L Hare
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, and Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Dariusz Korczyk
- Department of Cardiology, The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Fiona Kwok
- Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kaitlyn Lam
- Department of Cardiology, Western Australia Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Russell
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Hasib Sidiqi
- Department of Haematology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Sutton
- Te Whatu Ora Counties Manukau, Auckland; and Department of Cardiology, Auckland, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Simon D J Gibbs
- Department of Haematology, Eastern Health; Epworth Freemasons; and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter Mollee
- Queensland Amyloidosis Centre, The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane; and, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Liza Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney; Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney; and, South West Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Slivnick JA, Singulane C, Sun D, Eshun D, Narang A, Mazzone S, Addetia K, Patel AR, Zareba KM, Smart S, Kwon JW, Husain A, Cody B, Scheetz S, Asch FM, Goyal A, Sarswat N, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. Preservation of Circumferential and Radial Left Ventricular Function as a Mitigating Mechanism for Impaired Longitudinal Strain in Early Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2023; 36:1290-1301. [PMID: 37574149 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is frequently preserved, despite commonly reduced global longitudinal strain (GLS). We hypothesized that nonlongitudinal contraction may initially serve as a mitigating mechanism to maintain cardiac output and studied the relationship between global circumferential (GCS) and radial (GRS) strain with LVEF and extracellular volume (ECV), a marker of amyloid burden. METHODS Patients with CA who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR; n = 140, 70.7 ± 11.5 years, 66% male) or echocardiography (n = 67, 71 ± 13 years, 66% male) and normal controls (CMR, n = 20; echocardiography, n = 45) were retrospectively identified, and GCS, GLS, and GRS were quantified using feature-tracking CMR or speckle-tracking echocardiography and compared between CA patients with preserved and reduced LVEF (CAHFpEF, CAHFrEF) and controls. The prevalence of impaired strain (magnitudes <2.5th percentile of the controls) was compared between CAHFpEF and CAHFrEF and between ECV quartiles. RESULTS While echocardiography-derived GLS was impaired in both CAHFpEF (-13.4% ± 3.1%, P < .003) and CAHFrEF (-9.1% ± 3.2%, P < .003), compared with controls (-20.8% ± 2.4%), GCS was more impaired in CAHFrEF compared with both controls (-15.6% ± 5.0% vs -32.3% ± 3.3%, P < .003) and CAHFpEF (-30.4% ± 5.7%, P < .003) and did not differ between CAHFpEF and controls (P = .24). The prevalence of abnormal CMR-derived GCS (P < .0001) and GRS (P < .0001) but not GLS (P = .054) varied significantly across ECV quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Among CA patients with preserved LVEF, preserved GCS and GRS, despite near-universally impaired GLS, may be explained by an initial predominantly subendocardial involvement, where mostly longitudinal fibers are located. If confirmed in future studies, these findings may facilitate identification of patients with early stages of CA, when treatments may be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Slivnick
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cristiane Singulane
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deyu Sun
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Derek Eshun
- Division of Cardiology, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Akhil Narang
- Division of Cardiology, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven Mazzone
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karima Addetia
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amit R Patel
- Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Karolina M Zareba
- Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Suzanne Smart
- Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jung Woo Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aliya Husain
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brittany Cody
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seth Scheetz
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Federico M Asch
- Division of Cardiology, Medstar Health, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Akash Goyal
- Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nitasha Sarswat
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victor Mor-Avi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roberto M Lang
- Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) occurs when the insoluble fibrils formed by misfolded precursor proteins deposit in cardiac tissues. The early clinical manifestations of CA are not evident, but it is easy to progress to refractory heart failure with an inferior prognosis. Echocardiography is the most commonly adopted non-invasive modality of imaging to visualize cardiac structures and functions, and the preferred modality in the evaluation of patients with cardiac symptoms and suspected CA, which plays a vital role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and long-term management of CA. The present review summarizes the echocardiographic manifestations of CA, new echocardiographic techniques, and the application of multi-parametric echocardiographic models in CA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiyue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenfeng He
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Baghaee M, Mohammadi M, Moradi A, Ghadirzadeh E, Karimi H, Ghorbani P, Rajabnia M, Forootan M. Unusual presentation of transthyretin (ATTR) cardiac amyloidosis: A case report of pruritus as a possible initial symptom and challenging diagnosis. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7883. [PMID: 37675414 PMCID: PMC10477467 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message This case emphasizes the significance of cardiac amyloidosis as a potential diagnosis in individuals manifesting with lesion-free pruritus and normal liver tests. Abstract Amyloidosis is a complex disorder in which misfolded proteins accumulate in various organs of the body. Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) can lead to heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, sudden cardiac death, and deposition of proteins in coronary arteries. Diagnosing CA can be difficult, as the cardiac manifestations of amyloidosis can be similar to more prevalent etiologies. In addition, the accumulation of proteins in soft tissues, including the skin, can cause pruritus. In this paper, we present a 70-year-old man with generalized pruritus and no skin lesions, later diagnosed as CA after detecting ascites fluid. This case underscores the importance of considering amyloidosis in patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms, particularly those affecting the skin, and highlights the need for increased awareness of this disease among clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massood Baghaee
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Mahsa Mohammadi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Amir Moradi
- Atherosclerosis Research CenterJundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Erfan Ghadirzadeh
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Hanie Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Parastoo Ghorbani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Mohsen Rajabnia
- Non‐Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
| | - Mojgan Forootan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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5
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Imdad U. Amyloidosis of the Heart: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e35264. [PMID: 36968873 PMCID: PMC10035605 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive, infiltrative cardiomyopathy, whose types are based on various infiltrating amyloids, namely, light chains in primary amyloidosis, mutated transthyretin proteins in hereditary amyloidosis, and wild-type transthyretin proteins in senile amyloidosis. While cardiac amyloidosis has a non-specific presentation, the type-specific presentations may provide some clues to the diagnosis. While tissue biopsy remains the gold standard, other newer non-invasive methods can aid in the diagnostic approach for suspected cardiac amyloidosis. Various medications used to treat heart failure may lead to adverse outcomes in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. More research is needed to understand the adequate management and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis.
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Yang H, Li R, Ma F, Wei Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, He X, Zeng H, Yan J, Wang DW, Wang H. An echo score raises the suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis in Chinese with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:4280-4290. [PMID: 36128643 PMCID: PMC9773758 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) has been realized as an important cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We aim to provide insights into its prevalence in Chinese HFpEF patients, which is not known to date, using increased wall thickness (IWT) score by echocardiography. METHODS Consecutive patients with HFpEF (EF ≥ 40%) and IWT (≥12 mm) were prospectively screened. Echocardiography was performed, and the IWT score incorporated relative wall thickness, E/e' ratio, longitudinal strains, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and septal apical-to-base ratio was calculated. ATTR-CA was defined as score ≥8 in the absence of serum and urine free light chain. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-four HFpEF patients from January 2019 to December 2021 were enrolled, of which 65.2% were males and the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 66 (IQR 57, 73) years. Thirty-three patients (5.3%, 95% CI 3.5-7.0%) were with score ≥8, and 33.3% were females. They were younger (58 vs. 69 years, P < 0.001), had higher NT-proBNP (6525.0 vs. 1741.5 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and troponin I (105.2 vs. 27.7 pg/mL, P = 0.001) level, and lower LVEF (47% vs. 57%, P < 0.001) compared with the patients with score <5. In the internal cohort (82 patients) who had undergone scintigraphy, the IWT score ≥8 was shown to have a sensitivity of 85.7% (95% CI 56.2-97.5%) and a specificity of 92.6% (95% CI 83.0-97.3%) for diagnosing CA, and the IWT score <5 had great accuracy in excluding CA with the negative predictive value of 100%, supporting the clinical usefulness of the IWT score to guide further dedicated testing for ATTR-CA. CONCLUSIONS The IWT score by echocardiography was an excellent tool for screening ATTR-CA in HFpEF. In Chinese HFpEF patients associated with a hypertrophic phenotype, the proportion of highly suspected ATTR-CA as detected by IWT score ≥8 was 5.3%, lower than the reported prevalence of ATTR-CA in non-Asian patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fei Ma
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yujian Liu
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xingwei He
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hesong Zeng
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiangtao Yan
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji HospitalTongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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7
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Di Bella G, Cappelli F, Licordari R, Piaggi P, Campisi M, Bellavia D, Minutoli F, Gentile L, Russo M, de Gregorio C, Perfetto F, Mazzeo A, Falletta C, Clemenza F, Vita G, Carerj S, Aquaro GD. Prevalence and diagnostic value of extra-left ventricle echocardiographic findings in transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid 2022; 29:197-204. [PMID: 35465808 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2022.2064739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is cardiomyopathy with a hypertrophic phenotype characterised by diffuse deposition of anomalous fibrillar proteins in the extracellular matrix. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence and diagnostic value of extra left ventricle echocardiographic findings in patients with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophic phenotype and amyloid deposition. METHODS A group of 146 patients with LV thickness ≥15 mm were enrolled: 70 patients who received a definite diagnosis of sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM group) and 76 patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (CA group). Echocardiographic analysis of crista terminalis (CriT), atrio-ventricular plane (AVP), mitro-aortic lamina (MAL), anterior ascending aortic wall, interatrial septum (IAS), Eustachian valve (EusV) and coumadin ridge (CouR) was performed in all patients, and these structures were compared among the two groups. RESULTS CA group showed significantly higher dimensions of CriT, IAS, CouR, AVP, MAL and IAS compared to the HCM group. The logistic analysis showed that LV EF, LV septal thickness, CriT presence, CriT area, MAL and IAS were all predictors of CA in univariate analyses. The stepwise multivariate analysis showed independent predictors of CA: CriT area, MAL and LVEF. According to areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves the best cut-off values to determine CA were identified (IAS > 9 mm, MAL > 7 mm, CriT > 9 mm2). Among these 3 independent predictors, IAS > 9 mm had the best specificity (96%) and positive predictive value (93%) in identifying CA. CONCLUSIONS evidence of extra left ventricle sites of amyloid deposition is a frequent finding in CA. In the context of hypertrophic phenocopies, an increased thickness of IAS, and/or CT and/or MAL should suggest a diagnosis of transthyretin CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Di Bella
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- Tuscan Regional Amyloid Center, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Licordari
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariapaola Campisi
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Diego Bellavia
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardio-Thoracic Department, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Minutoli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Massimo Russo
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cesare de Gregorio
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Perfetto
- Tuscan Regional Amyloid Center, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Calogero Falletta
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardio-Thoracic Department, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Clemenza
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardio-Thoracic Department, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vita
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Rare Cardiac Disease Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Scheel PJ, Mukherjee M, Hays AG, Vaishnav J. Multimodality Imaging in the Evaluation and Prognostication of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:787618. [PMID: 35402557 PMCID: PMC8989413 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.787618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy resulting from deposition of misfolded immunoglobulin light chains (AL-CA) or transthyretin (ATTR-CA) proteins in the myocardium. Survival varies between the different subtypes of amyloidosis and degree of cardiac involvement, but accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure initiation of therapeutic interventions that may slow or potentially prevent morbidity and mortality in these patients. As there are now effective treatment options for CA, identifying underlying disease pathogenesis is crucial and can be guided by multimodality imaging techniques such as echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear scanning modalities. However, as use of cardiac imaging is becoming more widespread, understanding optimal applications and potential shortcomings is increasingly important. Additionally, certain imaging modalities can provide prognostic information and may affect treatment planning. In patients whom imaging remains non-diagnostic, tissue biopsy, specifically endomyocardial biopsy, continues to play an essential role and can facilitate accurate and timely diagnosis such that appropriate treatment can be started. In this review, we examine the multimodality imaging approach to the diagnosis of CA with particular emphasis on the prognostic utility and limitations of each imaging modality. We also discuss how imaging can guide the decision to pursue tissue biopsy for timely diagnosis of CA.
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Jung MH, Chang S, Han EJ, Youn JC. Multimodal Imaging and Biomarkers in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:627. [PMID: 35328180 PMCID: PMC8946926 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a progressive infiltrative disease instigated by the extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils in various organs such as the heart, kidney, and peripheral nerves. Cardiac amyloid deposits cause restrictive cardiomyopathy, leading to a poor prognosis in systemic amyloidosis. The most common etiologies of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) are immunoglobulin light chain deposits (AL-CA) and misfolded transthyretin deposits (ATTR-CA). In recent years, many developments have been accomplished in the field of diagnosis and treatment of CA. At present, ATTR-CA can be noninvasively diagnosed if the following two conditions are fulfilled in the setting of typical echocardiographic/cardiac MRI findings: (1) grade 2 or 3 myocardial uptake in bone scintigraphy confirmed by SPECT and (2) absence of monoclonal protein confirmed by serum-free light chain assay, and serum/urine protein electrophoresis with immunofixation test. Effective therapies are evolving in both types of CA (tafamidis for ATTR-CA and immunologic treatments for AL-CA). Thus, early suspicion and prompt diagnosis are crucial for achieving better outcomes. In this review, we have summarized the role of multimodal imaging (e.g., echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and bone scintigraphy) and biomarkers (e.g., troponin, BNP) in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyang Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Suyon Chang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Eun Ji Han
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Jong-Chan Youn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Catholic Research Institute for Intractable Cardiovascular Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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10
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Porcari A, Bussani R, Merlo M, Varrà GG, Pagura L, Rozze D, Sinagra G. Incidence and Characterization of Concealed Cardiac Amyloidosis Among Unselected Elderly Patients Undergoing Post-mortem Examination. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:749523. [PMID: 34888361 PMCID: PMC8649842 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.749523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is unknown. Aims and Methods: We sought to (a) determine the prevalence of CA in unselected patients ≥75 years undergoing autopsy, (b) characterize cardiological profiles of CA and non-CA patients by providing clinical-histological correlations, and (c) compare their cardiological profiles. After dedicated staining, the localization (interstitial or vascular) and the distribution (non-diffuse or diffuse) of amyloid deposition were analyzed. Cardiological data at last evaluation were retrospectively assessed for the presence of CA red-flags. Results: CA (50% light chains, 50% transthyretin) was found in 43% (n = 24/56) of the autopsied hearts. Atria were involved in 96% of cases. Amyloid localized both at the perivascular and interstitial levels (95.5 and 85%, respectively) with a slightly predominant non-diffuse distribution (58% of cases). Compared to the other patients, CA patients had a more frequent history of heart failure (HF) (79 vs. 47%, p = 0.014), advanced NYHA functional class (III-IV 25 vs. 6%, p = 0.047), atrial fibrillation (68 vs. 36%, p = 0.019), discrepancy between QRS voltage and left ventricular (LV) thickness (70 vs. 12%, p < 0.001), thicker LV walls (15 vs. 11 mm, p < 0.001), enlarged left atrium (49 vs. 42 mm, p = 0.019) and restrictive filling pattern (56 vs. 19%, p = 0.020). The presence of right ventricular amyloidosis seemed to identify hearts with a higher amyloid burden. Among the CA patients, >30% had ≥3 echocardiographic red-flags of disease. Conclusion: CA can be found in 43% of autopsied hearts from patients ≥75 years old, especially in patients with HF, LV hypertrophy and atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldostefano Porcari
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Cardiothoracic Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Merlo
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Guerino Giuseppe Varrà
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Linda Pagura
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Rozze
- Cardiothoracic Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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11
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Moura B, Aimo A, Al-Mohammad A, Flammer A, Barberis V, Bayes-Genis A, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Fontes-Carvalho R, Grapsa J, Hülsmann M, Ibrahim N, Knackstedt C, Januzzi JL, Lapinskas T, Sarrias A, Matskeplishvili S, Meijers WC, Messroghli D, Mueller C, Pavo N, Simonavičius J, Teske AJ, van Kimmenade R, Seferovic P, Coats AJS, Emdin M, Richards AM. Integration of imaging and circulating biomarkers in heart failure: a consensus document by the Biomarkers and Imaging Study Groups of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23:1577-1596. [PMID: 34482622 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating biomarkers and imaging techniques provide independent and complementary information to guide management of heart failure (HF). This consensus document by the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) presents current evidence-based indications relevant to integration of imaging techniques and biomarkers in HF. The document first focuses on application of circulating biomarkers together with imaging findings, in the broad domains of screening, diagnosis, risk stratification, guidance of treatment and monitoring, and then discusses specific challenging settings. In each section we crystallize clinically relevant recommendations and identify directions for future research. The target readership of this document includes cardiologists, internal medicine specialists and other clinicians dealing with HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Moura
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cardiology Department, Porto Armed Forces Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Aimo
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, and Fondazione G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Abdallah Al-Mohammad
- Medical School, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Fontes-Carvalho
- Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit (UnIC), Faculty of Medicine University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova Gaia/Espinho, Espinho, Portugal
| | - Julia Grapsa
- Department of Cardiology, Guys and St Thomas NHS Hospitals Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Hülsmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nasrien Ibrahim
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Knackstedt
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James L Januzzi
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomas Lapinskas
- Department of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Axel Sarrias
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel Messroghli
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Noemi Pavo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Justas Simonavičius
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Vilnius University Hospital Santaros klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arco J Teske
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland van Kimmenade
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petar Seferovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Michele Emdin
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, and Fondazione G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Mark Richards
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis, a form of infiltrative cardiomyopathy, is associated with poor prognosis in untreated patients. Early diagnosis is important for timely initiation of effective therapies. Despite advances in diagnostic modalities, it remains a challenging diagnosis, requiring high index of clinical suspicion. Echocardiography represents the first-line cardiac imaging modality for evaluation of heart failure and suspected cardiac amyloidosis. In this review, we discuss echocardiographic findings in cardiac amyloidosis.
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13
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Giblin GT, Cuddy SAM. Multimodality Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:134. [PMID: 34410523 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac amyloidosis is an increasingly recognized condition with a growing range of targeted therapies, but diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and multimodality imaging expertise. Early diagnosis remains key to improving quality of life and survival. This article reviews the multimodality imaging approach to the diagnosis, differentiation, and prognosis of cardiac amyloidosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in multimodality cardiac imaging have allowed for earlier diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis resulting in earlier initiation of life-saving therapy in cases of light chain amyloidosis and life-prolonging therapy in transthyretin amyloidosis. With these advances in multimodality imaging, it is important for cardiologists and cardiac imagers to be aware of the subtleties of early disease, the appropriate diagnostic approach as well as understanding the practicalities and pitfalls that are encountered with each modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard T Giblin
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Heart & Vascular Centre, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 15 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A M Cuddy
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Heart & Vascular Centre, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 15 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,CV Imaging Program, Cardiovascular Division and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
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14
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Kitaoka H, Tsutsui H, Kubo T, Ide T, Chikamori T, Fukuda K, Fujino N, Higo T, Isobe M, Kamiya C, Kato S, Kihara Y, Kinugawa K, Kinugawa S, Kogaki S, Komuro I, Hagiwara N, Ono M, Maekawa Y, Makita S, Matsui Y, Matsushima S, Sakata Y, Sawa Y, Shimizu W, Teraoka K, Tsuchihashi-Makaya M, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Watanabe M, Yoshimura M, Fukusima A, Hida S, Hikoso S, Imamura T, Ishida H, Kawai M, Kitagawa T, Kohno T, Kurisu S, Nagata Y, Nakamura M, Morita H, Takano H, Shiga T, Takei Y, Yuasa S, Yamamoto T, Watanabe T, Akasaka T, Doi Y, Kimura T, Kitakaze M, Kosuge M, Takayama M, Tomoike H. JCS/JHFS 2018 Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies. Circ J 2021; 85:1590-1689. [PMID: 34305070 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-20-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitaoka
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | | | - Toru Kubo
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University
| | | | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Noboru Fujino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Taiki Higo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Chizuko Kamiya
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Seiya Kato
- Division of Pathology, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Minoru Ono
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital
| | - Yuichiro Maekawa
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Shigeru Makita
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Yoshiro Matsui
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hanaoka Seishu Memorial Hospital
| | | | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | | | | | | | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Michihiro Yoshimura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | | | - Satoshi Hida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Shungo Hikoso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Makoto Kawai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Toshiro Kitagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Kurisu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Yoji Nagata
- Division of Cardiology, Fukui CardioVascular Center
| | - Makiko Nakamura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hitoshi Takano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital
| | - Tsuyoshi Shiga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | | | - Shinsuke Yuasa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Teppei Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Takashi Akasaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University
| | | | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Masami Kosuge
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
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15
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Jurcuţ R, Onciul S, Adam R, Stan C, Coriu D, Rapezzi C, Popescu BA. Multimodality imaging in cardiac amyloidosis: a primer for cardiologists. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 21:833-844. [PMID: 32393965 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a systemic infiltrative disease, in which unstable proteins misfold, form aggregates and amyloid fibrils which can deposit in various organs: heart, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system structures, lungs, or soft tissue. Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) diagnosis requires awareness, high level of clinical suspicion and expertise in integrating clinical, electrocardiographic, and multimodality imaging data. The overall scenario is complex and no single test emerges over the others, but different techniques are useful at various stages of the diagnostic workup. After a clinical suspicion of CA is raised by various non-imaging red-flags, eligible patients should undergo complete echocardiography and multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Even though the clinical suspicion of CA is confirmed by cardiac imaging, the accurate differentiation between the two most frequent and treatable amyloid types, i.e. light chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR) requires further work-up including phosphate scintigraphy. This article reviews the latest and essential data on multimodality imaging of patients with suspected or confirmed CA in a useful and practical manner for the general and imaging cardiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Jurcuţ
- Department of Cardiology, Expert Center for Rare Genetic Cardiovascular Diseases, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu", Sos. Fundeni 258, 022322 Bucharest, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sebastian Onciul
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cardiology, Floreasca Emergency Hospital, Calea Floreasca 8, Bucharest 014461, Romania
| | - Robert Adam
- Department of Cardiology, Expert Center for Rare Genetic Cardiovascular Diseases, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu", Sos. Fundeni 258, 022322 Bucharest, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu Stan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasonography, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Sos. Fundeni 258, Bucharest 022322, Romania
| | - Daniel Coriu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Haematology, Fundeni Clinical Hospital, Sos. Fundeni 258, Bucharest 022322, Romania
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- University Cardiological Center, University of Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Bogdan A Popescu
- Department of Cardiology, Expert Center for Rare Genetic Cardiovascular Diseases, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu", Sos. Fundeni 258, 022322 Bucharest, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Nasrullah A, Javed A, Jayakrishnan TT, Brumbaugh A, Sandhu A, Hardman B. AL type cardiac amyloidosis: a devastating fatal disease. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021; 11:407-412. [PMID: 34234917 PMCID: PMC8118408 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2021.1915547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare entity with a grave prognosis. Due to the low index of suspicion secondary to non-specific symptoms, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with multi-organ involvement. Methods We report a case of systemic AL amyloidosis with predominant cardiac and renal involvement associated with multiple myeloma. Case Summary A 60-year-old male presented with progressive anasarca, orthopnea and weight gain over 8 months. On clinical examination, 3+ pitting edema was found in bilateral extremities and scrotum. Serum N-type proBNP and troponin T were elevated, and EKG showed diffuse low voltage QRS, right axis deviation, and 1st degree AV block. Echocardiography revealed granular myocardium, biventricular hypertrophy, bi-atrial dilation and apical sparing pattern on global longitudinal strain which was suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. Light chain assessment showed elevated kappa and lambda chains with kappa to lambda ratio of 16.2. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed AL type cardiac amyloidosis, and bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. He received six cycles of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone but continued to deteriorate. He experienced an episode of cardiac arrest following which he had a return of spontaneous circulation but due to poor prognosis, the family opted for pursuing comfort measures only. Conclusions Cardiac involvement in AL type amyloidosis imparts significant morbidity and mortality. The management of cardiac amyloidosis entails a multidisciplinary approach with an emphasis on cardiology and oncology. Despite the novel diagnostic modalities and treatment regimens, the outcome for AL-type cardiac amyloidosis remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Nasrullah
- Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Anam Javed
- Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Aaron Brumbaugh
- Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Ariel Sandhu
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Brent Hardman
- Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
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17
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Mora V, Roldán I, Bertolín J, Faga V, Pérez-Gil MDM, Saad A, Serrats R, Callizo R, Arbucci R, Lowenstein J. Influence of Ventricular Wringing on the Preservation of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2021; 34:767-774. [PMID: 33744403 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of myocardial wringing on ventricular function in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA). METHODS Fifteen healthy volunteers (group 1) and 34 patients with CA (17 with left ventricular ejection fractions [LVEFs] ≥ 53% [group 2] and 17 with LVEFs < 53% [group 3]) were evaluated using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. A control group of mass-matched patients (n = 20) with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and LVEFs ≥ 53% was also included. Longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain, and LV twist and torsion were calculated. Deformation index (DefI), a new parameter of wringing, calculated as twist/LS, that takes into account actions that occur simultaneously during LV systole (i.e., longitudinal shortening and twist), was evaluated. Torsional and wringing parameters were calculated according to LVEF. RESULTS Lower global values of LS and circumferential strain were observed among patients with CA (LS: group 1, -20.6 ± 2.5%; group 2, -11.6 ± 4.1%; group 3, -9.0 ± 3.1%; circumferential strain: group 1, -22.7 ± 4.9%; group 2, -14.4 ± 8.0%; group 3, -13.6 ± 3.8%; P < .001 for both). Torsion did not vary between group 2 and group 1 (2.5 ± 1.1°/cm vs 2.7 ± 0.8°/cm, P = NS). In contrast, DefI was greater in group 2 than in group 1 (-1.8 ± 0.8°/% vs -1.0 ± 0.3°/%, P < .01). Torsion and DefI were lower in group 3 (1.2 ± 0.7°/cm and -1.1 ± 0.6°/%, respectively, P < .001 for both) than in group 2. DefI was similar in patients with LV hypertrophy (-1.7 ± 0.6°/%, P = NS) and group 2. CONCLUSIONS In patients with CA, preservation of LVEF depends on greater ventricular wringing. DefI, a parameter that integrates the twist and the simultaneous longitudinal shortening of the left ventricle, is a more accurate indicator of the efficacy of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mora
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ildefonso Roldán
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Bertolín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valentina Faga
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ariel Saad
- Cardiodiagnosis Department, Medical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Serrats
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Callizo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosina Arbucci
- Cardiodiagnosis Department, Medical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Lowenstein
- Cardiodiagnosis Department, Medical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Meers JB, Townsley MM. Imaging Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Update for the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologist. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 35:1911-1916. [PMID: 33736913 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Brad Meers
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Matthew M Townsley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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19
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Sascău R, Anghel L, Clement A, Bostan M, Radu R, Stătescu C. The Importance of Multimodality Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies: An Update. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020256. [PMID: 33562254 PMCID: PMC7915769 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrative cardiomyopathies (ICMs) comprise a broad spectrum of inherited and acquired conditions (mainly amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and hemochromatosis), where the progressive buildup of abnormal substances within the myocardium results in left ventricular hypertrophy and manifests as restrictive physiology. Noninvasive multimodality imaging has gradually eliminated endomyocardial biopsy from the diagnostic workup of infiltrative cardiac deposition diseases. However, even with modern imaging techniques’ widespread availability, these pathologies persist in being largely under- or misdiagnosed. Considering the advent of novel, revolutionary pharmacotherapies for cardiac amyloidosis, the archetypal example of ICM, a standardized diagnostic approach is warranted. Therefore, this review aims to emphasize the importance of contemporary cardiac imaging in identifying specific ICM and improving outcomes via the prompt initiation of a targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Sascău
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Iași, Romania; (R.S.); (R.R.); (C.S.)
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M.Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania
| | - Larisa Anghel
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Iași, Romania; (R.S.); (R.R.); (C.S.)
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M.Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (A.C.); (M.B.); Tel.: +40-0232-211834 (L.A.); +40-0232-211834 (A.C.); +40-0232-211834 (M.B.)
| | - Alexandra Clement
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M.Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (A.C.); (M.B.); Tel.: +40-0232-211834 (L.A.); +40-0232-211834 (A.C.); +40-0232-211834 (M.B.)
| | - Mădălina Bostan
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Iași, Romania; (R.S.); (R.R.); (C.S.)
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M.Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (A.C.); (M.B.); Tel.: +40-0232-211834 (L.A.); +40-0232-211834 (A.C.); +40-0232-211834 (M.B.)
| | - Rodica Radu
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Iași, Romania; (R.S.); (R.R.); (C.S.)
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M.Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania
| | - Cristian Stătescu
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Iași, Romania; (R.S.); (R.R.); (C.S.)
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M.Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania
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20
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Seth S, Agarwal H, Ghosh T, Arava S, Ray R. Cardiac amyloidosis in India: A clinicopathological study. JOURNAL OF THE PRACTICE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_35_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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21
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Slivnick JA, Wallner AL, Vallakati A, Truong VT, Mazur W, Elamin MB, Tong MS, Raman SV, Zareba KM. Indexed left ventricular mass to QRS voltage ratio is associated with heart failure hospitalizations in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 37:1043-1051. [PMID: 33068247 PMCID: PMC7969486 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-02059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac amyloidosis (CA), amyloid infiltration results in increased left ventricular (LV) mass disproportionate to electrocardiographic (EKG) voltage. We assessed the relationship between LV mass-voltage ratio with subsequent heart failure hospitalization (HHF) and mortality in CA. Patients with confirmed CA and comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and EKG exams were included. CMR-derived LV mass was indexed to body surface area. EKG voltage was assessed using Sokolow, Cornell, and Limb-voltage criteria. The optimal LV mass-voltage ratio for predicting outcomes was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The relationship between LV mass-voltage ratio and HHF was assessed using Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusting for significant covariates. A total of 85 patients (mean 69 ± 11 years, 22% female) were included, 42 with transthyretin and 43 with light chain CA. At a median of 3.4-year follow-up, 49% of patients experienced HHF and 60% had died. In unadjusted analysis, Cornell LV mass-voltage ratio was significantly associated with HHF (HR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.09, p = 0.001) and mortality (HR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.07, p = 0.001). Using ROC curve analysis, the optimal cutoff value for Cornell LV mass-voltage ratio to predict HHF was 6.7 gm/m2/mV. After adjusting for age, NYHA class, BNP, ECV, and LVEF, a Cornell LV mass-voltage ratio > 6.7 gm/m2/mV was significantly associated with HHF (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.09-4.61; p = 0.03) but not mortality. Indexed LV mass-voltage ratio is associated with subsequent HHF and may be a useful prognostic marker in cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Slivnick
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W 12th Ave, Suite 200, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alexander L Wallner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W 12th Ave, Suite 200, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ajay Vallakati
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W 12th Ave, Suite 200, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vien T Truong
- Division of Cardiology, The Christ Hospital Health Network, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wojciech Mazur
- Division of Cardiology, The Christ Hospital Health Network, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed B Elamin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, ProMedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Matthew S Tong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W 12th Ave, Suite 200, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Subha V Raman
- Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karolina M Zareba
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W 12th Ave, Suite 200, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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22
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Sawada N, Daimon M, Abe H, Ushiku T, Kato TS, Morita H, Komuro I. An Autopsy Case of Cardiac Amyloidosis with Heterogeneous Deposition of Amyloid Protein: A Possible Mechanism for Relative Apical Sparing of Longitudinal Strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:54-56. [PMID: 32337388 PMCID: PMC7175792 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Relative apical sparing of LS is useful for diagnosis of CA. Amyloid protein was greater in the basal than apical wall in a patient with ATTR-CA. Differences in amyloid load may contribute to the apical sparing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Sawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Daimon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko S Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Dorbala S, Cuddy S, Falk RH. How to Image Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Practical Approach. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 13:1368-1383. [PMID: 31607664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is one of the most rapidly progressive forms of heart disease, with a median survival from diagnosis, if untreated, ranging from <6 months for light chain amyloidosis to 3 to 5 years for transthyretin amyloidosis. Early diagnosis and accurate typing of CA are necessary for optimal management of these patients. Emerging novel disease modifying therapies increase the urgency to diagnose CA at an early stage and identify patients who may benefit from these life-saving therapies. The goal of this review is to provide a practical approach to echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and radionuclide imaging in patients with known or suspected CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Dorbala
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; CV Imaging Program, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Sarah Cuddy
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; CV Imaging Program, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rodney H Falk
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Kimishima Y, Yoshihisa A, Kiko T, Yokokawa T, Miyata-Tatsumi M, Misaka T, Oikawa M, Kobayashi A, Takeishi Y. Utility of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide for Detecting Cardiac Involvement in Immunoglobulin Amyloidosis. Int Heart J 2019; 60:1106-1112. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.19-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kimishima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Akiomi Yoshihisa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
- Department of Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Takatoyo Kiko
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Tetsuro Yokokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | | | - Tomofumi Misaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
- Department of Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Masayoshi Oikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
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25
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Perry R, Selvanayagam JB. Echocardiography in Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy. Heart Lung Circ 2019; 28:1365-1375. [PMID: 31109889 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) wall thickening can occur due to both physiological and pathological processes. Some LV wall thickening is caused by infiltrative cardiac deposition diseases - rare disorders from both inherited and acquired conditions, with varying systemic manifestations. They portend a poor prognosis and are generally not reversible except in rare circumstances when early diagnosis and treatment may alter the outcome (e.g., Fabry disease). Cardiac involvement is variable and depends on the degree of infiltration and type of infiltrate. These changes often lead to the development of abnormalities in both the relaxation and contractile function of the heart ultimately resulting in heart failure. Echocardiography is generally the first investigation of choice as it is easily available and gives valuable information about the thickness of the ventricular walls as well as systolic and diastolic function. It is also able to identify unique, characteristic features of the disease as well as detecting any haemodynamic sequelae. This review looks at the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and prognosis of infiltrative cardiac deposition diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Perry
- College of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiac Imaging Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joseph B Selvanayagam
- College of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiac Imaging Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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26
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Role of echocardiography in assessing cardiac amyloidoses: a systematic review. J Echocardiogr 2019; 17:64-75. [PMID: 30741395 DOI: 10.1007/s12574-019-00420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a manifestation of one of several systemic amyloidoses, and is characterized by increased left-ventricular (LV) wall thickness and normal or decreased LV cavity size. Congestive heart failure in cardiac amyloidosis is characterized by a predominant diastolic LV dysfunction, and systolic dysfunction occurs only in late-stage disease. Echocardiography is a noninvasive, reproducible method for assessing cardiac morphology and function in cardiac amyloidosis, and some echocardiographic indices are prognostic for amyloidoses. This review describes the advances in echocardiography and its role in the diagnosis and management of cardiac amyloidoses. Our review suggests that LV longitudinal function and the cyclic variation of myocardial integrated backscatter may be the best predictors of adverse outcomes. In the future, new echocardiographic techniques, such as fully automated echocardiogram interpretation, should provide further useful information for assessing cardiac function and prognosis in cardiac amyloidosis patients.
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27
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Ishaq S, Lin F, Martins J, Huggett R. Unexpected manifestation of cardiac amyloidosis. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-222852. [PMID: 30077977 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This report discusses an unusual case of cardiac amyloidosis. We report a patient who presented with unexplained ascites on a background of stable hypertension and mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction, cardiovascular complaints commonly associated with age. Due to the unspecific nature of his cardiovascular symptoms, it took 2 years of recurrent, unresolved ascites, numerous investigations, shifting differential diagnoses and significant cardiovascular deterioration before cardiac amyloidosis was recognised, by which the disease was at end stage. This case emphasises the need for more discriminating clinical features in the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis and advocates unexplained, recurrent ascites as a possible candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauid Ishaq
- Department of Gastroenterology and Cardiology, Dudley group of Hospital, Dudley, UK.,Health and science department, Birmingham City University, Birmingham
| | - Fei Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Cardiology, Dudley group of Hospital, Dudley, UK
| | - Joe Martins
- Department of Cardiology, Dudley Group of Hospital, NHS Trust, Dudley
| | - Robert Huggett
- Department of Cardiology, Dudley Group of Hospital, NHS Trust, Dudley
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28
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Abstract
The heart, like any organ in the body, is susceptible to amyloid deposition. Although more than 30 types of protein can cause amyloidosis, only two types commonly deposit in the ventricular myocardium: amyloid light chain and amyloid transthyretin. Amyloid cardiomyopathy is usually a major determinant of patient outcomes, and the diagnosis of heart involvement can be often relatively under-diagnosed, owing to nonspecific presenting symptoms and signs at a subclinical stage. The diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is usually performed by endomyocardial biopsy; however, the invasive nature and related high-risk complications restrict its wide use in clinical settings. Recently, with the advent of innovative techniques used for evaluating cardiac amyloidosis, noninvasive methods become increasingly important, especially in earlier diagnosis, distinguishing typing, risk prediction and response to treatment. Here, we will review recent developments in the noninvasive methods used in the assessment of cardiac amyloidosis, focused on the laboratory biomarkers and imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Quan Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China.
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29
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The eyes are the window to the heart: one case of cardiac amyloidosis with eyelid swelling as the initial symptom. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2018; 14:712-714. [PMID: 29321803 PMCID: PMC5756746 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transthyretin (TTR)-related cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive infiltrative cardiomyopathy that mimics hypertensive, hypertrophic heart disease and may go undiagnosed. Transthyretin-derived amyloidosis accounts for 18% of all cases of cardiac amyloidosis. Thus, the study's purpose is to provide a comprehensive review of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. RECENT FINDINGS Wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) protein causes cardiac amyloidosis sporadically, with 25 to 36% of the population older than 80 years of age are at risk to develop a slowly progressive, infiltrative amyloid cardiomyopathy secondary to ATTRwt. In contrast, hereditary amyloidosis (ATTRm) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease associated with more than 100 point mutations in the transthyretin gene and has a tendency to affect the heart and nervous system. Up to 4% of African-Americans carry the Val122Ile mutation in the transthyretin gene, the most prevalent cause of hereditary cardiac amyloidosis in the USA. Identifying transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis requires increased awareness of the prevalence, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tools available for discrimination of this progressive form of cardiomyopathy associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. While there are no FDA-approved medical treatments, investigation is underway on agents to reduce circulating mutated transthyretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anit K Mankad
- Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Keyur B Shah
- The Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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31
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Shah KB, Mankad AK, Castano A, Akinboboye OO, Duncan PB, Fergus IV, Maurer MS. Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis in Black Americans. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 9:e002558. [PMID: 27188913 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.115.002558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive infiltrative cardiomyopathy that mimics hypertensive and hypertrophic heart disease and often goes undiagnosed. In the United States, the hereditary form disproportionately afflicts black Americans, who when compared with whites with wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis, a phenotypically similar condition, present with more advanced disease despite having a noninvasive method for early identification (genetic testing). Although reasons for this are unclear, this begs to consider the inadequate access to care, societal factors, or a biological basis. In an effort to improve awareness and explore unique characteristics, we review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and therapeutic strategies for transthyretin amyloidosis and highlight diagnostic pitfalls and clinical pearls for identifying patients with amyloid heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur B Shah
- From the Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (K.B.S., A.K.M., P.B.D.); Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (A.K.M.); Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.C., M.S.M.); Queens Heart Institute, Rosedale, NY (O.O.A.); Cardiac Health Management Network, Chester, VA (P.B.D.); and Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (I.V.F.).
| | - Anit K Mankad
- From the Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (K.B.S., A.K.M., P.B.D.); Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (A.K.M.); Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.C., M.S.M.); Queens Heart Institute, Rosedale, NY (O.O.A.); Cardiac Health Management Network, Chester, VA (P.B.D.); and Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (I.V.F.)
| | - Adam Castano
- From the Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (K.B.S., A.K.M., P.B.D.); Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (A.K.M.); Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.C., M.S.M.); Queens Heart Institute, Rosedale, NY (O.O.A.); Cardiac Health Management Network, Chester, VA (P.B.D.); and Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (I.V.F.)
| | - Olakunle O Akinboboye
- From the Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (K.B.S., A.K.M., P.B.D.); Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (A.K.M.); Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.C., M.S.M.); Queens Heart Institute, Rosedale, NY (O.O.A.); Cardiac Health Management Network, Chester, VA (P.B.D.); and Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (I.V.F.)
| | - Phillip B Duncan
- From the Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (K.B.S., A.K.M., P.B.D.); Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (A.K.M.); Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.C., M.S.M.); Queens Heart Institute, Rosedale, NY (O.O.A.); Cardiac Health Management Network, Chester, VA (P.B.D.); and Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (I.V.F.)
| | - Icilma V Fergus
- From the Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (K.B.S., A.K.M., P.B.D.); Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (A.K.M.); Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.C., M.S.M.); Queens Heart Institute, Rosedale, NY (O.O.A.); Cardiac Health Management Network, Chester, VA (P.B.D.); and Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (I.V.F.)
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- From the Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (K.B.S., A.K.M., P.B.D.); Division of Cardiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (A.K.M.); Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (A.C., M.S.M.); Queens Heart Institute, Rosedale, NY (O.O.A.); Cardiac Health Management Network, Chester, VA (P.B.D.); and Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (I.V.F.)
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32
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Misumi Y, Ueda M, Yamashita T, Masuda T, Kinoshita Y, Tasaki M, Nagase T, Ando Y. Novel screening for transthyretin amyloidosis by using fat ultrasonography. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:604-608. [PMID: 28271559 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the possibility of using a noninvasive screening method for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis by means of abdominal fat ultrasonography. Quantitative analysis of ultrasound B-mode images demonstrated a significant increase in mean echogenicity and a loss of the normal structure of the layers of fat tissue in patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (n = 19). The ultrasound features of the fat tissue and the degree of amyloid deposition seen histopathologically showed a significant correlation. These results suggest that abdominal fat ultrasonography may be a valuable method for screening for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Ann Neurol 2017;81:604-608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Misumi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
| | - Teruaki Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
| | - Yumiko Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
| | - Masayoshi Tasaki
- Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
| | - Terumasa Nagase
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto
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33
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Mankad AK, Sesay I, Shah KB. Light-chain cardiac amyloidosis. Curr Probl Cancer 2017; 41:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Varvarousis D, Polytarchou K, Daskalopoulos N, Mantas I. Senile cardiac amyloidosis: Clinical manifestations and non-invasive diagnostic approach. Hellenic J Cardiol 2017; 58:60-64. [PMID: 28163147 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kali Polytarchou
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Athens "Evagelismos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Chalkida, Chalkida, Greece
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35
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Buxbaum JN, Ruberg FL. Transthyretin V122I (pV142I)* cardiac amyloidosis: an age-dependent autosomal dominant cardiomyopathy too common to be overlooked as a cause of significant heart disease in elderly African Americans. Genet Med 2017; 19:733-742. [PMID: 28102864 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of a valine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 122 (TTR V122I; pV142I) in the transthyretin (TTR)-derived fibrils extracted from the heart of a patient with late-onset cardiac amyloidosis, it has become clear that the amyloidogenic mutation and the disease occur almost exclusively in individuals of identifiable African descent. In the United States, the amyloidogenic allele frequency is 0.0173 and is carried by 3.5% of community-dwelling African Americans. Genotyping across Africa indicates that the origin of the allele is in the West African countries that were the major source of the slave trade to North America. At autopsy, the allele was found to be associated with cardiac TTR amyloid deposition in all the carriers after age 65 years; however, the clinical penetrance varies, resulting in substantial heart disease in some carriers and few symptoms in others. The allele has been found in 10% of African Americans older than age 65 with severe congestive heart failure. At this time there are potential forms of therapy in clinical trials. The combination of a highly accurate genetic test and the potential for specific therapy demands a greater awareness of this autosomal dominant, age-dependent cardiac disease in the cardiology community.Genet Med advance online publication 19 January 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Frederick L Ruberg
- Amyloidosis Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Barge-Caballero G, Couto-Mallón D, Barge-Caballero E, Paniagua-Martín MJ, Barriales-Villa R, Pombo-Otero J, Debén-Ariznavarreta G, Vázquez-Rodríguez JM, Crespo-Leiro MG. ¿Cómo enfrentarse a una sospecha clínica de amiloidosis cardíaca? Un enfoque práctico para el diagnóstico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carcor.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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37
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Silbiger JJ. Abnormalities of the Mitral Apparatus in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic, Pathophysiologic, and Surgical Insights. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:622-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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38
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Mereles D, Aurich M, Greiner S, Riffel J, Buss SJ, Kristen AV, Katus HA. Diagnosis of cardiac involvement in systemic amyloidosis by state-of-the-art echocardiography: where are we now? Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1179573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derliz Mereles
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Aurich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Greiner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Riffel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J. Buss
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnt V. Kristen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A. Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Damy T, Maurer MS, Rapezzi C, Planté-Bordeneuve V, Karayal ON, Mundayat R, Suhr OB, Kristen AV. Clinical, ECG and echocardiographic clues to the diagnosis of TTR-related cardiomyopathy. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000289. [PMID: 26870387 PMCID: PMC4746524 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signs of cardiac transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis (ATTR) in patients with echocardiographic increase in interventricular septal thickness (IVST) are lacking. OBJECTIVES To identify clinical and ECG/echocardiographic signs associated with increased IVST in ATTR. METHODS Analysis of patients with baseline echocardiography in the Transthyretin Amyloidosis Outcomes Survey (THAOS) registry (N=1682). Patients were categorised into IVST classes according to the American Society of Echocardiography classification adapted to gender (ie, normal, mild, moderate, severe); then into two combined IVST classes (normal-mild and moderate-severe). RESULTS 425 patients were included: 336 with a TTR mutation (m-TTR) and 89 with wild-type TTR (WT-TTR). 72% were men. Median (25th, 75th centile) age was 62 (45, 72) years. Non-Val30Met and WT-TTR were frequent in moderate (41% and 35%) and severe (50% and 33%) IVST classes. Median IVST was 15 mm (14, 16) (moderate) and 20 mm (18, 22) (severe). In the combined moderate-severe class, 85% of patients were ≥55 years of age; 81% were men; 86% had blood pressure <140 mm Hg; and 77% had increased right ventricle thickness (≥7 mm). Up to 66% of patients had cardiac sparkling. Systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction <50%), restrictive pattern and low voltage were less frequent, and observed in 49%, 18% and 33% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increased IVST, especially in men ≥55 years with normal systolic blood pressure, increase in right ventricle free wall and valve thicknesses, and sparkling, should alert practitioners to the possibility of ATTR. Absence of restrictive pattern and low voltage should not rule out the suspicion. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00628745 (clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Damy
- Amyloidosis Network, Department of Cardiology, all at CHU Henri Mondor , INSERM U955 and clinical investigation center 006, and DHU A-TVB all at Creteil , Creteil , France
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- Center for Advanced Cardiac Care, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, New York , USA
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna and S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Violaine Planté-Bordeneuve
- Amyloidosis Network, Department of Cardiology, all at CHU Henri Mondor , INSERM U955 and clinical investigation center 006, and DHU A-TVB all at Creteil , Creteil , France
| | | | | | - Ole B Suhr
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Arnt V Kristen
- Amyloidosis Center, Department of Cardiology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
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Smart FW. Unusual Cardiomyopathies: Some May Be More Usual Than Previously Thought and Simply Underdiagnosed. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2015.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Left ventricular deformation and torsion assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with mutated transthyretin-associated cardiac amyloidosis and the effect of diflunisal on myocardial function. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2015; 9:1-10. [PMID: 28785698 PMCID: PMC5497336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Mutated transthyretin-associated (ATTRm) amyloidosis with heart failure is associated with decreased longitudinal left ventricular (LV) myocardial contraction, as measured by strain Doppler echocardiography. We sought to clarify whether speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) would provide useful information in patients with ATTRm cardiac amyloidosis. Methods One hundred twenty-three consecutive patients with ATTRm amyloidosis were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 had no evidence of cardiac involvement (n = 47), group 2 had heart involvement but no congestive heart failure (CHF) and/or serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels < 100 pg/mL (n = 35), and group 3 had heart involvement and CHF and/or serum BNP levels ≥ 100 pg/mL (n = 41). All patients underwent standard 2-dimensional (2D), Doppler echo, and STE. Results By standard 2D and Doppler echo, differences in parameters were only apparent between group 3 and groups 1 and 2. Global circumferential strains by STE at each LV level and LV torsion were different between group 1 and groups 2 and 3, but not between group 2 and group 3. In contrast, global longitudinal LV strain showed significant intergroup differences (− 17.3 ± 2.3%, − 13.3 ± 2.3%, − 9.9 ± 3.3% for groups 1 to 3, respectively, P < 0.0001). Radial strain also showed significant intergroup differences for each basal LV segment. Among 41 patients who could have been followed up after 1 year, 34 patients with diflunisal treatment had shown improvement in apical rotation and torsion without deterioration in multidirectional strains. Conclusion ATTRm cardiac amyloidosis is characterized by progressive impairment in longitudinal and basal LV radial function when global circumferential shortening and torsion remain unchanged.
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Bejar D, Colombo PC, Latif F, Yuzefpolskaya M. Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2015; 9:29-38. [PMID: 26244036 PMCID: PMC4498662 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s19706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infiltrative cardiomyopathies can result from a wide spectrum of both inherited and acquired conditions with varying systemic manifestations. They portend an adverse prognosis, with only a few exceptions (ie, glycogen storage disease), where early diagnosis can result in potentially curative treatment. The extent of cardiac abnormalities varies based on the degree of infiltration and results in increased ventricular wall thickness, chamber dilatation, and disruption of the conduction system. These changes often lead to the development of heart failure, atrioventricular (AV) block, and ventricular arrhythmia. Because these diseases are relatively rare, a high degree of clinical suspicion is important for diagnosis. Electrocardiography and echocardiography are helpful, but advanced techniques including cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and nuclear imaging are increasingly preferred. Treatment is dependent on the etiology and extent of the disease and involves medications, device therapy, and, in some cases, organ transplantation. Cardiac amyloid is the archetype of the infiltrative cardiomyopathies and is discussed in great detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bejar
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paolo C Colombo
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farhana Latif
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Kubo T, Baba Y, Hirota T, Tanioka K, Yamasaki N, Yamanaka S, Iiyama T, Kumagai N, Furuno T, Sugiura T, Kitaoka H. Differentiation of infiltrative cardiomyopathy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T: a case-control study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:53. [PMID: 26077897 PMCID: PMC4467071 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-015-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because infiltrative cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) share clinical and hemodynamic features of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and abnormal diastolic function, it is often difficult to distinguish these entities. Methods We investigated the potential role of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) for differentiation of infiltrative cardiomyopathy from HCM. Results The study group consisted of 46 consecutive patients with infiltrative cardiomyopathies or HCM in whom sarcomere protein gene mutations were identified at Kochi Medical School Hospital; of these, there were 11 patients with infiltrative cardiomyopathy (cardiac amyloidosis in 8 patients and Fabry disease in 3 patients) and 35 HCM patients. Serum hs-cTnT level was significantly higher in patients who had infiltrative cardiomyopathy than in those who had HCM (0.083 ± 0.057 ng/ml versus 0.027 ± 0.034 ng/ml, p < 0.001), whereas brain natriuretic peptide levels did not differ between the two groups. In two age-matched the 2 cohorts (patients evaluated at > 40 years at age), hs-cTnT level, maximum LV wall thickness, posterior wall thickness, peak early (E) transmitral filling velocity, peak early diastolic (Ea) velocity of tissue Doppler imaging at the lateral corner and E/Ea ratios at both the septal and lateral corners were significantly different between the two groups. As for diagnostic accuracy to differentiate the two groups by using receiver operating characteristic analysis, hs-cTnT was the highest value of area under the curve (0.939) and E/Ea (lateral) was second highest value (0.914). Conclusions Serum hs-cTnT is a helpful diagnostic indicator for accurate differentiation between infiltrative cardiomyopathy and HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kubo
- Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, 783-8505, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Baba
- Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, 783-8505, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Hirota
- Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, 783-8505, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Katsutoshi Tanioka
- Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, 783-8505, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Naohito Yamasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, 783-8505, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Yamanaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Iiyama
- Clinical Trial Center, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Naoko Kumagai
- Clinical Trial Center, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Takashi Furuno
- Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, 783-8505, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Sugiura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kitaoka
- Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, 783-8505, Kochi, Japan.
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Lambert J, Lim SP, Dwivedi G, Beanlands R, Chih S. Cardiac Imaging of Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-015-9330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a cardiomyopathy characterized by increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and normal or decreased LV cavity size. Congestive heart failure in cardiac amyloidosis is generally considered a predominantly diastolic phenomenon, with systolic dysfunction only occurring in late-stage disease. Echocardiography is a noninvasive, reproducible method of assessing cardiac features and function in cardiac amyloidosis, and some echocardiographic indices are prognostic for the amyloidoses, with M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography able to detect increased LV wall thickness. Moreover, Doppler flow measurements can incrementally assess diastolic LV dysfunction, which is characteristic of cardiac amyloidosis, and provide important prognostic information. Additionally, tissue Doppler imaging can detect subtle changes in both systolic and diastolic LV function, which cannot be detected by Doppler flow measurements, and LV longitudinal strain assessed by color tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography can provide more accurate LV functional and prognostic information than tissue Doppler imaging. This review describes the advances in echocardiography and its crucial role in the diagnosis and management of cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
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Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a condition characterised by rapidly progressive heart failure and poor prognosis. The two main subtypes, immunoglobulin light chains (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR), have been investigated extensively in recent years. Cardiac imaging has advanced with the widespread use of cardiac MRI with late gadolinium enhancement imaging and newer techniques including T1 mapping to quantify amyloid burden. Nuclear imaging has developed as a highly accurate method to confirm cardiac amyloid deposits non-invasively with very high sensitivity in ATTR amyloidosis. Despite advances in imaging, cardiac biopsy remains the gold standard diagnostic test to confirm and type amyloidosis. Hereditary ATTR amyloidosis of V122I type has been the focus of important studies in the past year, due to the high prevalence of the amyloidogenic allele in patients of African descent. Recent research concluded a significant number of Afro-Caribbean heart failure patients are likely to have undiagnosed cardiac amyloidosis. Misdiagnosis may lead to inappropriate treatment with potentially harmful 'standard' heart failure medications with no evidence base in amyloidosis. Treatment options have, until recently, been limited but cardiac amyloidosis is the focus of novel therapeutic regimes. New insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in disease have suggested exciting targets for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Dungu
- Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon University Hospital, Basildon, United Kingdom
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Liu D, Hu K, Störk S, Herrmann S, Kramer B, Cikes M, Gaudron PD, Knop S, Ertl G, Bijnens B, Weidemann F. Predictive value of assessing diastolic strain rate on survival in cardiac amyloidosis patients with preserved ejection fraction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115910. [PMID: 25542015 PMCID: PMC4277448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Since diastolic abnormalities are typical findings of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), we hypothesized that speckle-tracking-imaging (STI) derived longitudinal early diastolic strain rate (LSRdias) could predict outcome in CA patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF >50%). Background Diastolic abnormalities including altered early filling are typical findings and are related to outcome in CA patients. Reduced longitudinal systolic strain (LSsys) assessed by STI predicts increased mortality in CA patients. It remains unknown if LSRdias also related to outcome in these patients. Methods Conventional echocardiography and STI were performed in 41 CA patients with preserved LVEF (25 male; mean age 65±9 years). Global and segmental LSsys and LSRdias were obtained in six LV segments from apical 4-chamber views. Results Nineteen (46%) out of 41 CA patients died during a median of 16 months (quartiles 5–35 months) follow-up. Baseline mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE, 6±2 vs. 8±3 mm), global LSRdias and basal-septal LSRdias were significantly lower in non-survivors than in survivors (all p<0.05). NYHA class, number of non-cardiac organs involved, MAPSE, mid-septal LSsys, global LSRdias, basal-septal LSRdias and E/LSRdias were the univariable predictors of all-cause death. Multivariable analysis showed that number of non-cardiac organs involved (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–3.26, P = 0.010), global LSRdias (HR = 7.30, 95% CI 2.08–25.65, P = 0.002), and E/LSRdias (HR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.54–5.79, P = 0.001) remained independently predictive of increased mortality risk. The prognostic performance of global LSRdias was optimal at a cutoff value of 0.85 S−1 (sensitivity 68%, specificity 67%). Global LSRdias <0.85 S−1 predicted a 4-fold increased mortality in CA patients with preserved LVEF. Conclusions STI-derived early diastolic strain rate is a powerful independent predictor of survival in CA patients with preserved LVEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Kramer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maja Cikes
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb and School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Philipp Daniel Gaudron
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knop
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Ertl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bart Bijnens
- ICREA - Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Weidemann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Plitt A, Dorbala S, Albert MA, Giugliano RP. Cardiac sarcoidosis: case report, workup, and review of the literature. Cardiol Ther 2014; 2:181-97. [PMID: 25135396 PMCID: PMC4107425 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-013-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with coronary heart disease being the most common manifestation disease. While deaths attributed to coronary heart disease are falling in the developed world, the number of patients with cardiomyopathy continues to increase. In this paper, the current literature on imaging modalities for infiltrative and inflammatory cardiomyopathies is reviewed, focusing on the three most common diagnoses, namely sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and myocarditis. CASE REPORT A 43-year-old male presented with palpitations and left ventricular systolic dysfunction for a second opinion following an initial nondiagnostic workup. The employed clinical and radiologic approach that led to a definitive diagnosis and disease-specific treatment is presented here. CONCLUSION The current algorithms and the strengths and weaknesses of the various radiologic techniques in establishing a diagnosis in patients who present with new onset cardiomyopathy are reviewed. Recommendations are provided regarding the selection between echocardiography, computed tomography radionuclide imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing the various causes of cardiomyopathy.
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Pozo E, Kanwar A, Deochand R, Castellano JM, Naib T, Pazos-López P, Osman K, Cham M, Narula J, Fuster V, Sanz J. Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation of left ventricular remodelling distribution in cardiac amyloidosis. Heart 2014; 100:1688-95. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Dungu JN, Valencia O, Pinney JH, Gibbs SD, Rowczenio D, Gilbertson JA, Lachmann HJ, Wechalekar A, Gillmore JD, Whelan CJ, Hawkins PN, Anderson LJ. CMR-Based Differentiation of AL and ATTR Cardiac Amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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