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Snow DD, Chakraborty P, Uralbekov B, Satybaldiev B, Sallach JB, Thornton Hampton LM, Jeffries M, Kolok AS, Bartelt-Hunt SB. Legacy and current pesticide residues in Syr Darya, Kazakhstan: Contamination status, seasonal variation and preliminary ecological risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116141. [PMID: 32784075 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Syr Darya is one of two major rivers in Central Asia supplying critical fresh water to the Aral Sea. In spite of the river's importance and agriculturally-intensive history, few studies have provided a modern evaluation of and the occurrence of pesticide residues potential effects to aquatic life. The primary goal of this investigation was to determine seasonal variations in ambient concentrations of modern and legacy pesticides in bottom sediment and water of the Syr Darya in Kazakhstan (KZ) downstream from an agriculturally-intensive watershed in Uzbekistan. Grab samples and passive samplers were used at five remote sampling stations during June 2015 to provide a baseline for ecotoxicological evaluation. Results were compared with samples collected during and after the agricultural growing season. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were used in June and calibrated for time-weighted average concentrations of current use pesticides. Among legacy chlorinated pesticides measured in grab samples from the river, lindane (γ-HCH) was detected most frequently with the highest concentrations occurring during June. For all the sampling events, residues of lindane (γ-HCH) ranged from 0.014 to 0.24 μg/L detected in water samples, are among the highest concentrations reported for rivers globally. Concentrations of γ-HCH, p,p'-DDE and dieldrin were highest in October when dieldrin concentrations approached 0.4 μg/L. Sources of legacy pesticides may be either illicit upstream use or evidence of previous atmospheric contamination of glacial meltwater. Chronic exposure to these residues may lead to ecological risk to lower order organisms in both the sediment and water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Snow
- Water Sciences Laboratory, 202 Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| | - P Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - B Uralbekov
- Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - B Satybaldiev
- Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - J B Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - L M Thornton Hampton
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, and University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
| | - M Jeffries
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - A S Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| | - S B Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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Ali JM, Montecinos A, Schulze TT, Allmon LG, Kallenbach AT, Watson GF, Davis PH, Snow DD, Bertin A, Gouin N, Kolok AS. Assessment of Gene Expression Biomarkers in the Chilean Pencil Catfish, Trichomycterus areolatus, from the Choapa River Basin, Coquimbo Chile. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:137-148. [PMID: 31646361 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe changes in the gene expression in the Chilean catfish, Trichomycterus areolatus, based on their geographic location within the Choapa River. Genes of choice included those that are biomarkers of exposure to metals, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption. Male and female T. areolatus were sampled from four sites in January 2015 differently impacted by human activities. In males, but not females, hepatic gene expression of heat shock protein (HSP70) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) were significantly elevated at the site adjacent to the small city of Salamanca, relative to the other sites. In females, hepatic HSP70, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and the estrogen responsive genes, vitellogenin (VTG) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), were significantly lower at the site located furthest downstream. A similar downstream pattern of lower expression levels also was found in ovarian tissue for the genes, HSP70 and ERα. Gill gene expression showed a unique pattern in females as levels of metallothionein were elevated at the site furthest downstream. While analytical chemistry of water samples provided limited evidence of agrichemical contamination, the gene expression data are consistent with an exposure to agrichemicals and metals. T. areolatus may be a valuable sentinel organism and its use as a bioindicator species in some rivers within Chile can provide considerable insight, particularly in situations analytical chemistry is limited by environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Angela Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - Thomas T Schulze
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0040, USA
| | - Luke G Allmon
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0040, USA
| | - Alex T Kallenbach
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0040, USA
| | - Gabrielle F Watson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0040, USA
| | - Paul H Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0040, USA
| | - Daniel D Snow
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0844, USA
| | - Angéline Bertin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - Nicolas Gouin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3002, Moscow, ID, 83844-3002, USA.
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Gouin N, Bertin A, Espinosa MI, Snow DD, Ali JM, Kolok AS. Pesticide contamination drives adaptive genetic variation in the endemic mayfly Andesiops torrens within a semi-arid agricultural watershed of Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113099. [PMID: 31600702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agrichemical contamination can provoke evolutionary responses in freshwater populations. It is a particularly relevant issue in semi-arid regions due to the sensitivity of endemic species to pollutants and to interactions with temperature stress. This paper investigates the presence of pesticides in rivers within a semi-arid agricultural watershed of Chile, testing for their effects on population genetic characteristics of the endemic mayfly Andesiops torrens (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Pesticides were detected in sediment samples in ten out of the 30 sites analyzed throughout the upper part of the Limarí watershed. To study the evolutionary impact of such contamination on A. torrens, we used a genome-wide approach and analyzed 2056 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in 551 individuals from all sites. Genetic differentiation was weak between populations, suggesting high gene flow across the study area. While we did not find evidence of pesticide effects on genetic diversity nor on population differentiation, the allele frequency of three outlier SNP loci correlated significantly with pesticide occurrence. Interrogation of genomic resources indicates that two of these SNPs are located within functional genes that encode for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 and Dumpy, both potentially involved in insect cuticle resistance processes. Such genomic signatures of local adaptation are indicative of past adverse effects of pesticide exposure on the locally adapted populations. Our results reveal that A. torrens is sensitive to pesticide exposure, but that a high gene flow may confer resilience to contamination. This research supports the contention that A. torrens is an ideal model organism to study evolutionary responses induced by pesticides on non-target, endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gouin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile; Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados Zonas en Áridas, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Angéline Bertin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Mara I Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0844, United States.
| | - Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3002, United States.
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Examination of Nutrient Sources and Transport in a Catchment with an Audubon Certified Golf Course. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water bodies in the East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD), California, United States, provide aesthetic value and critical ecosystem services, but are often adversely affected by the activities and infrastructure of the intensely urban environment that surrounds the parks. EBRPD leases a golf course (Tilden Golf Course (TGC)) in Tilden Regional Park, one of its most popular parks located in the Berkeley Hills, which was certified as an Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary in 2013. Nonetheless, application of nutrients and pesticides (fungicides, plant growth regulators and herbicides) are commonly used to maintain turf systems and may be transported via surface runoff or through subsurface drainage to surface waters, leading to the concern that golf courses are a major contributor to water pollution. We studied the possible contribution of nutrients (NO3-N and PO4-P) and pesticides transported via storm-generated surface runoff and via groundwater from TGC to the primary drainage in the watershed, Wildcat Creek. Lake Anza, a popular open water swimming lake, is located downstream from TGC and experiences occasional nutrient-driven algal blooms that have caused swim beach closures. Measured NO3-N and PO4-P in the stream, at times, exceeded concentration limits of 1 mg/L (as N) and 0.05 mg/L (as P), respectively, considered protective of aquatic ecosystems by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (1986). We found that phosphorous likely has a dominant natural source, but nitrogen is primarily derived from a golf course fertilizer source and its concentration increases in the stream during runoff events, while other soluble species decrease. Analyses of pesticides in water reveal the presence of Azoxystrobin in stream water at the golf course, but with concentrations well below the regulatory limit. These results indicate that all other pesticides applied on TGC are not likely transported to the stream, suggesting future reactive transport research must treat contaminant species independently based on their specific transport behaviors.
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Barrios RE, Gaonkar O, Snow D, Li Y, Li X, Bartelt-Hunt SL. Enhanced biodegradation of atrazine at high infiltration rates in agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:999-1010. [PMID: 31115391 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00594j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the persistence and transport of atrazine at high infiltration rates expected from higher intensity precipitation associated with climate change scenarios in the midwestern U.S. The transport and transformation of atrazine was monitored in column experiments at high infiltration rates (64-119 mm d-1) associated with increased precipitation intensity. The optimum linear sorption and the lumped Monod biokinetic parameters were determined by inverting observed break-through curves (BTCs) using the advection-dispersion-sorption-degradation model. Batch microcosm studies were also conducted to examine the effect of moisture content (5%, 15% and 25%) on atrazine degradation and support the column results. BTCs from both soil types with continuous atrazine input showed a characteristic pattern of a pulse input i.e. lag phase prior to rapid atrazine degradation. The rate of atrazine leaching at higher infiltration rates was not fast enough to counteract the effect of enhanced degradation. Higher infiltration rates enriched the distribution of hydroxyatrazine in the soil profile for sandy loam, but their effect was minimal in loam soil. The pattern of degradation obtained in batch microcosms agreed with the column results. In both soils, mean half-life of atrazine was lower (4-8 days) at high soil moisture contents. Under future climate change scenarios, where more intense precipitation is likely to result in higher infiltration rates and increased soil moisture, the potential for groundwater pollution from atrazine may be reduced, especially in areas with a long history of atrazine application to soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renys E Barrios
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
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Ali JM, Knight LA, D'Souza DL, Kolok AS. Comparing the effects of atrazine and an environmentally relevant mixture on estrogen-responsive gene expression in the northern leopard frog and the fathead minnow. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1182-1188. [PMID: 29314190 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Nebraska, fish are exposed to herbicides in agricultural runoff. The study objectives were to determine 1) if fathead minnows and northern leopard frogs exposed to atrazine experience alterations in gene expression, and 2) whether these changes are elicited by a simulated herbicide mixture. Following a 7-d exposure to atrazine, female minnows were defeminized, whereas male frogs were feminized. The mixture did not elicit statistically significant effects in either species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1182-1188. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lindsey A Knight
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Del L D'Souza
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Ali JM, D'Souza DL, Schwarz K, Allmon LG, Singh RP, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Kolok AS. Response and recovery of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following early life exposure to water and sediment found within agricultural runoff from the Elkhorn River, Nebraska, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1371-1381. [PMID: 29054649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural runoff is a non-point source of chemical contaminants that are seasonally detected in surface water and sediments. Agrichemicals found within seasonal runoff can elicit endocrine disrupting effects in organisms as adults, juveniles and larvae. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine if exposure to water, sediment or the water-sediment combination collected from an agricultural runoff event was responsible for changes in endocrine-responsive gene expression and development in fathead minnow larvae, and (2) whether such early life exposure leads to adverse effects as adults. Larvae were exposed during the first month post-hatch to water and sediment collected from the Elkhorn River and then allowed to depurate in filtered water until reaching sexual maturity, exemplifying a best-case recovery scenario. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the water and sediment samples detected 12 pesticides including atrazine, acetochlor, metolachlor and dimethenamid. In minnow larvae, exposure to river water upregulated androgen receptor gene expression whereas exposure to the sediment downregulated estrogen receptor α expression. Adult males previously exposed to both water and sediment were feminized through the induction of an ovipositor structure whereas no impacts were observed in other reproductive or sex characteristic endpoints for either sex based on exposure history. Results from this study indicate that both water and sediments found in agricultural runoff elicit responses from minnow larvae, and larvae can recover following early life exposure under a best-case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Del L D'Souza
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Kendall Schwarz
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Luke G Allmon
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States
| | - Rajeev P Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, United States
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States; Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States; Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3002, United States.
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Ali JM, Farhat YA, Kolok AS. Biological Impacts in Fathead Minnow Larvae Following a 7-Day Exposure to Agricultural Runoff: A Microcosm Study. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:432-437. [PMID: 26932228 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of agricultural runoff on growth and development in fathead minnow larvae. Identifying these impacts in the field is difficult due to the complexity of pulsatile events and the challenge of maintaining larval fish under environmental conditions. This paper presents evidence of sublethal impacts on minnow larvae, maintained in microcosms, following a 7-day exposure to agricultural runoff. Fathead minnow larvae (5-12 dph) were exposed to agricultural runoff in the Elkhorn River, NE, USA. At 28 dph, 16 days after the field exposure, river exposed larvae showed reductions in body mass and length compared to controls. Female larvae exposed to river water also showed a reduction in the expression of cyp19a compared to controls. Further research will be necessary to separate the impact of agrichemicals from that of other stressors, such as suspended sediment and daily oscillation in water temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yasmine A Farhat
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, NE, 68182-0040, USA
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, NE, 68182-0040, USA.
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Zhang Y, Krysl RG, Ali JM, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Kolok AS. Impact of Sediment on Agrichemical Fate and Bioavailability to Adult Female Fathead Minnows: A Field Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9037-9047. [PMID: 26151375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation induced runoff is an important pathway for agrichemicals to enter surface water systems and expose aquatic organisms to endocrine-disrupting compounds such as pesticides and steroid hormones. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution of agrichemicals between dissolved and sediment-bound phases during spring pulses of agrichemicals and to evaluate the role of suspended sediment in agrichemical bioavailability to aquatic organisms. To accomplish these objectives, suspended sediment and water samples were collected every 3 days from a field site along the Elkhorn River, located at the downstream end of a heavily agricultural watershed, and were screened for 21 pesticides and 21 steroids. Adult female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed in field mesocosms to river water containing varying sediment loads. Changes in organism hepatic gene expression of two estrogen-responsive genes, vitellogenin (VTG) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), as well as the androgen receptor (AR) were analyzed during periods of both low and high river discharge. Trends in agrichemical concentrations of both the dissolved and sediment phases as a function of time show that, while sediment may act as both a source and a sink for agrichemicals following precipitation events, the overall driver for molecular defeminization in this system is direct exposure to the sediment-associated compounds. This study suggests that endocrine disrupting effects observed in organisms in turbid water could be attributed to direct exposure of contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- †Department of Civil Engineering, Peter Kiewit Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0178, United States
| | - Ryan G Krysl
- ‡Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0040, United States
| | - Jonathan M Ali
- §Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, United States
| | - Daniel D Snow
- ∥School of Natural Resources and Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0844, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- †Department of Civil Engineering, Peter Kiewit Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0178, United States
| | - Alan S Kolok
- ‡Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0040, United States
- §Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, United States
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Ali JM, Kolok AS. On-site, serial exposure of female fathead minnows to the Elkhorn River, Nebraska, USA, spring agrichemical pulse. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1354-1361. [PMID: 25663000 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the Midwestern United States, waterways such as the Elkhorn River experience an annual spring pulse of runoff that carries sediments, nutrients, and organic compounds downstream. The objective of the present study was to elucidate relationships between contaminant load in Elkhorn River water and biological impacts on female fathead minnows throughout the entire spring agrichemical pulse. Fish were maintained in on-site outdoor microcosms at the Elkhorn River Research Station. The start of the spring pulse was determined using commercially available atrazine strips that detected atrazine when concentrations exceeded 3 ppb. Once the pulse began, 5 serial 7-d exposures were conducted. Concentrations of atrazine, its metabolites, and 5 other herbicides were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Agrichemicals peaked during the first and second weeks of the pulse, with a smaller peak occurring during week 4, but the peaks were not directly associated with runoff events (as estimated from river discharge). Elevated agrichemical concentrations were associated with biological impacts, but not solely responsible. In the present study, differences in the abiotic environment were found to play a significant role in the defeminization of exposed female fathead minnows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Watershed Network, Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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KNIGHT LINDSEYA, CHRISTENSON MATTHEWK, TREASE ANDREWJ, DAVIS PAULH, KOLOK ALANS. The spring runoff in Nebraska's (USA) Elkhorn River watershed and its impact on two sentinel organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1544-1551. [PMID: 23504772 PMCID: PMC3683351 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine 1) if temporal variability influenced the toxicity of Elkhorn River, Nebraska, USA, water, and 2) if the toxic effect was consistent between 2 sentinel organisms, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). During spring 2012, atrazine indicator strips were used to document the occurrence of agrichemical pulses in the Elkhorn River. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed for 14 d during both a pulse and a postpulse period as indicated by the atrazine strips. Pesticide concentrations detected in the POCIS extracts ranged from 1.6-fold to 281-fold higher during the pulse period compared to the postpulse period. Fish and frog bioassays were conducted for 7 d, and hepatic mRNA expression of vitellogenin (VTG) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Compared with lab water controls, fish exposed to water collected during an agrichemical pulse experienced significant reductions in VTG and ERα, whereas exposed female frogs did not. Male leopard frogs, in contrast, experienced significant increases in the expression of ERα, whereas pulse-exposed male minnows did not. The significant effects observed following agrichemical pulse exposure demonstrate that episodic agrichemical runoff adversely impacts sentinel organisms, and that the adverse impacts observed depend on the sex and species of the sentinel organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- LINDSEY A. KNIGHT
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - ANDREW J. TREASE
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - PAUL H. DAVIS
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - ALAN S. KOLOK
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Chen S, Lin D, Jiang Z, Zhao J, Gao B, Mei X, Ning J, She D. Synthesis of C-13-labeled atrazine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:305-6. [PMID: 24285376 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is a long-lasting herbicide that has been shown to affect hormone levels in amphibians. Using the C-13 labeled atrazine to detect its residue is effective and essential. This study presents three steps for the synthesis of [(13) C3 ]atrazine, which starts from [(13) C]urea, and results in the incorporation of C-13 atoms at the 1, 3 and 5 positions of the S-triazine ring of atrazine. The method prepares the product in an overall yield of 57.6% and chemical purity of 98.6%, for use as an internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institution of Plant Protection-Pesticide, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sellin Jeffries MK, Abbott KI, Cowman T, Kolok AS. Occurrence and endocrine effects of agrichemicals in a small Nebraska, USA, watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2253-2260. [PMID: 21732415 DOI: 10.1002/etc.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Bow Creek watershed (Nebraska, USA) is dominated by the production of beef cattle and row crops; therefore, surface waters are likely to receive runoff containing steroid hormones and pesticides. The goal of the present study was to determine the occurrence and endocrine effects of agrichemicals in this watershed. To accomplish this, four sites within the watershed-Pearl, Bow, and East Bow Creeks and a site at the confluence with the Missouri River-were selected. In June of 2008, polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed at each site, whereas in June of 2009, water and sediment samples were collected. Caged fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were deployed at all of the selected sites in both years. Analysis of these samples revealed that steroid hormones were not present; however, pesticides were present in POCIS extracts and water samples. In general, the amount of pesticides was higher in POCIS retrieved from Pearl and Bow Creeks than in POCIS from East Bow Creek and the confluence. This variation between sites appeared to be related to row crop density, as row crop land cover surrounding the Pearl and Bow Creek sites was higher than that surrounding the East Bow and confluence sites. To determine the endocrine effects of agrichemicals within this watershed, the hepatic mRNA expression of vitellogenin and estrogen receptor α (ERα), as well as the gonadal expression of P450 aromatase A, was determined for the caged minnows. Females deployed at East Bow Creek and the confluence experienced decreases in the expression of ERα, suggesting that these females had been defeminized; however, this defeminization could not be attributed to any of the pesticides detected at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo K Sellin Jeffries
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Damon-Powell T, Brown DL, Prasai G, Schwarz M, Kolok AS. Quantitative evaluation of laboratory uptake rates for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and steroid hormones using POCIS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:1412-20. [PMID: 21381085 DOI: 10.1002/etc.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are useful in monitoring for a wide range of chemicals in aquatic systems; however, a lack of available uptake rate data for compounds of environmental interest is one limitation in the application of these samplers to environmental studies. In this study, laboratory calibration experiments were conducted with POCIS for 65 compounds at 25°C under flowing conditions to determine chemical-specific uptake rates (R(s)). Experimental uptake rates measured in this study ranged from 0.034 to 1.33 L/d, and uptake rates were determined for 36 compounds with no previously reported values. Experimentally determined uptake rates were applied to data obtained from POCIS samplers deployed downstream of three wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharges and in four surface waters influenced by agricultural runoff. Time-weighted average concentrations for atrazine and metolachlor determined using uptake rates generated in this study compare well with results from composited grab sampling previously conducted in agricultural watersheds in Nebraska, USA.
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Sellin MK, Snow DD, Kolok AS. Reductions in hepatic vitellogenin and estrogen receptor alpha expression by sediments from an agriculturally impacted waterway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 96:103-108. [PMID: 19880200 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported alterations in the endocrine function of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) collected and deployed in the Elkhorn River. The goal of the current study was to determine whether sediment from the Elkhorn River watershed could act as a source of endocrine-active compounds. To accomplish this, four aquaria containing sexually mature fathead minnows and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were established. The aquaria contained either: (1) laboratory water only, (2) Elkhorn River water only, (3) laboratory water and Elkhorn River sediment or (4) Elkhorn River water and Elkhorn River sediment. Steroid hormones were not detected in the extracts of POCIS or sediment. Pesticides were detected in POCIS extracts from tanks containing Elkhorn River water, but were not detected in the extracts of sediment or POCIS suspended in the tank containing laboratory water and Elkhorn River sediment suggesting that sediments do not act as a significant source of the 14 steroid hormones or 24 pesticides that were analyzed for in the current study. The hepatic mRNA expression of vitellogenin (vtg) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in fathead minnows from each group was assessed. Female minnows exposed simultaneously to sediment and water collected from the Elkhorn River experienced defeminization as indicated by significant reductions in both vtg and ERalpha expression. Significant reductions in vtg mRNA expression were also observed in females exposed to laboratory water and Elkhorn River sediment, but not in females exposed to Elkhorn River water only. This finding suggests that exposures to sediments, rather than water, collected from the Elkhorn River lead to the defeminization of females. However, the compound(s) responsible for this effect have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo K Sellin
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA.
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Papadopoulos N, Gikas E, Zalidis G, Tsarbopoulos A. Simultaneous Determination of Herbicide Terbuthylazine and Its Major Hydroxy and Dealkylated Metabolites in Typha latifolia L. Wetland Plant Using SPE and HPLC-DAD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903320566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- a Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
- b Laboratory of Applied Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evagelos Gikas
- a Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
| | - Georgios Zalidis
- b Laboratory of Applied Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- a Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
- c Department of Pharmacy , Laboratory of Instrumental Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Patras , Panepistimiopolis, Greece
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Gao Y, Zeng Y, Zheng L, Li L. Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Aqueous Samples Using Solidification of a Floating Drop for Liquid-Phase Microextraction with Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902993837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Multiresidue analysis of atrazine, diuron and their degradation products in sewage sludge by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:345-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Papadopoulos N, Gikas E, Zalidis G, Tsarbopoulos A. Simultaneous determination of terbuthylazine and its major hydroxy and dealkylated metabolites in wetland water samples using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:7270-7. [PMID: 17676755 DOI: 10.1021/jf0706777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was developed and validated aiming at the simultaneous determination of terbuthylazine (TER) and its five major metabolites, desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-terbuthylazine, and desethyl-terbuthylazine. Although s-triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes, there is limited information on the environmental impact of TER degradation products. The proposed method includes a solid-phase extraction procedure (using MCX cartridges) with adequate recovery efficiency (70-80%). The statistical evaluation of the method reveals good linearity, accuracy, and precision for the compounds determined, with RSD values less than 14.6%, while the detection limit was found to be 0.05 microg L(-1) for DIHA and 0.01 microg L(-1) for the other substances. This method can be employed in biodegradation studies of TER and its metabolites in water samples from constructed wetlands, thus assisting the evaluation of their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Othonos 100 Street, 145 62 Kifissia, Greece
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Morvan X, Mouvet C, Baran N, Gutierrez A. Pesticides in the groundwater of a spring draining a sandy aquifer: temporal variability of concentrations and fluxes. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2006; 87:176-90. [PMID: 16857293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A 250 ha agricultural catchment has been characterized with respect to its hydrogeology and groundwater contamination by pesticides from October 1999 to August 2004. Five years after the ending of atrazine (At) application, used since the sixties, At and deethylatrazine (DEA) are still systematically quantified at the outlet of the watershed with concentrations from 0.07 to 0.43 microg l(-1) for At, and between 0.14 and 1.16 microg l(-1) for DEA. Isoproturon and chlortoluron are detected in only one (0.3 microg l(-1)) and two (0.7 and 2.0 microg l(-1)) of the 124 semi-monthly samples, respectively. DEA concentrations can be very different between two samples with a 15-day time step. The annual mean exported fluxes of cumulated At and DEA are stable, which indicates a long time transfer in the unsaturated or saturated zone with a progressive leaching of the stock of At and DEA probably accumulated in the soil and the vadose zone. These fluxes, between 0.90% and 2.82% of the annual mean dose of At applied before 1999, similar to those calculated in several studies at the bottom of the root zone, could be explained by low adsorption and degradation properties of At and DEA in the unsaturated and saturated zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Morvan
- BRGM, Water division, 3 Ave. C. Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orleans cedex 2, France
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21
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Cai Z, Wang D, Ma W. Gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry applied for the analysis of triazine herbicides in environmental waters by an isotope dilution technique. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Ma WT, Fu KK, Cai Z, Jiang GB. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applied for the analysis of triazine herbicides in environmental waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:1627-32. [PMID: 12867196 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The excess use of triazine herbicides in agriculture causes severe contamination to the environment especially for ground water. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze simazine, atrazine (ATR), cyanazine, as well as the degradation products of ATR such as deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in environmental water samples. These compounds were baseline separated by the established GC method. The water samples were pre-concentrated by solid-phase-extraction (SPE) and analyzed by ion trap MS at sub- to low-ppt levels. Recovery of ATR by the SPE pre-concentration using a C18 cartridge was determined as 90.5 +/- 3.5%. Detection limit of the method using selected ion monitoring technique for ATR was 1.7 ppt when one liter water was analyzed. The relative analytical error for ATR fortified water samples at 200 ppt was -12.5% (n=12) with triple analysis and the relative standard deviation was 3.2%. Trace levels of ATR at 3.9 and 9.7 ppt were determined in water samples collected from a reservoir and a river in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Spalding RF, Exner ME, Snow DD, Cassada DA, Burbach ME, Monson SJ. Herbicides in ground water beneath Nebraska's Management Systems Evaluation Area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2003; 32:92-99. [PMID: 12549547 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2003.9200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Profiles of ground water pesticide concentrations beneath the Nebraska Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) describe the effect of 20 yr of pesticide usage on ground water in the central Platte Valley of Nebraska. During the 6-yr (1991-1996) study, 14 pesticides and their transformation products were detected in 7848 ground water samples from the unconfined water table aquifer. Triazine and acetamide herbicides applied on the site and their transformation products had the highest frequencies of detection. Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,-diamine] concentrations decreased with depth and ground water age determined with 3H/3He dating techniques. Assuming equivalent atrazine input during the past 20 yr, the measured average changes in concentration with depth (age) suggest an estimated half-life of >10 yr. Hydrolysis of atrazine and deethylatrazine (DEA; 2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) to hydroxyatrazine [6-hydroxy-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] appeared to be the major degradation route. Aqueous hydroxyatrazine concentrations are governed by sorption on the saturated sediments. Atrazine was detected in the confined Ogallala aquifer in ultra-trace concentrations (0.003 microg L(-1)); however, the possibility of introduction during reverse circulation drilling of these deep wells cannot be eliminated. In fall 1997 sampling, metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] was detected in 57% of the 230 samples. Metolachlor oxanilic acid [(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) amino]oxo-acetic acid] was detected in most samples. In ground water profiles, concentrations of metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid [2-[(ethyl-6-methylphenyl)(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)amino]-2-oxo-ethanesulfonic acid] exceeded those of deethylatrazine. Alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] was detected in <1% of the samples; however, alachlor ethane sulfonic acid [2-[(2,6-diethylphenyl)(methoxymethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid] was present in most samples (63%) and was an indicator of past alachlor use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy F Spalding
- Dep. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA.
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Ma WT, Cai Z, Jiang GB. Determination of atrazine, deethylatrazine and simazine in water at parts-per-trillion levels using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2707-2712. [PMID: 14673817 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Methods for trace analysis of atrazine and simazine in water have been developed by using stable-isotope dilution with detection by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. D(5)-Atrazine was used as the internal standard for the determination of atrazine and deethylatrazine, while (13)C(3)-simazine was used for simazine analysis. Water samples were fortified with known amounts of the internal standards and submitted to solid-phase extraction with a C(18) bonded-silica cartridge. A gas chromatograph coupled with an ion-trap mass spectrometer was used to analyze the water sample extracts. Method detection limits were 38 parts-per-trillion (ppt) for atrazine and deethylatrazine and 75 ppt for simazine. The accuracy of the method, represented by relative analytical errors, was less than 15%, and the method precision was less than 5% (relative standard deviation, n = 9). The method was successfully applied to analyze surface water samples collected from a reservoir and a river at ppt levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Spalding RF, Watts DG, Snow DD, Cassada DA, Exner ME, Schepers JS. Herbicide loading to shallow ground water beneath Nebraska's Management Systems Evaluation Area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2003; 32:84-91. [PMID: 12549546 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2003.8400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Better management practices can counter deterioration of ground water quality. From 1991 through 1996 the influence of improved irrigation practices on ground water pesticide contamination was assessed at the Nebraska Management Systems Evaluation Area. Three 13.4-ha corn (Zea mays L.) fields were studied: a conventional furrow-irrigated field, a surge-irrigated field and a center pivot-irrigated field, and a center pivot-irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) field. The corn fields received one identical banded application of Bicep (atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,-diamine] + metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamidel) annually; the alfalfa field was untreated. Ground water samples were collected three times annually from 16 depths of 31 multilevel samplers. Six years of sample data indicated that a greater than 50% reduction in irrigation water on the corn management fields lowered average atrazine concentrations in the upper 1.5 m of the aquifer downgradient of the corn fields from approximately 5.5 to <0.5 microg L(-1). Increases in deethylatrazine (DEA; 2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) to atrazine molar ratios indicated that reducing water applications enhanced microbial degradation of atrazine in soil zones. The occurrence of peak herbicide loading in ground water was unpredictable but usually was associated with heavy precipitation within days of herbicide application. Focused recharge of storm runoff that ponded in the surge-irrigated field drainage ditch, in the upgradient road ditch, and at the downgradient end of the conventionally irrigated field was a major mechanism for vertical transport. Sprinkler irrigation technology limited areas for focused recharge and promoted significantly more soil microbial degradation of atrazine than furrow irrigation techniques and, thereby, improved ground water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy F Spalding
- Dep. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA.
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Megersa N, Chimuka L, Solomon T, Jönsson JÅ. Automated liquid membrane extraction and trace enrichment of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in environmental and biological samples. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010801)24:7<567::aid-jssc567>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Chapter 2 Separation, clean-up and recoveries of persistent trace organic contaminants from soils, sediment and biological matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Chapter 8 Coupled-column LC (LC/LC) in environmental trace analysis of polar pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tolosa I, Douy B, Carvalho FP. Comparison of the performance of graphitized carbon black and poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) cartridges for the determination of pesticides and industrial phosphates in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 1999; 864:121-36. [PMID: 10630877 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of polar and nonpolar organophosphorus compounds, triazines and their metabolites, molinate and chlorothalonil in 1 l water samples was investigated using off-line solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus and flame photometric detection. The ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene copolymer (LiChrolut EN) and the commercial graphitized carbon black (GCB) of Envi-Carb were tested as solid-phase sorbents. The matrix effect was studied by extracting the compounds spiked in water samples of different types (Milli-Q, tap, salted tap water, river and sea water). The polymeric sorbent LiChrolut EN allowed the determination at low ng/l of all 40 compounds tested, except the very polar atrazine-desethyl-deisopropyl (DDA). Recoveries of compounds from the Envi-Carb sorbent are comparable to those obtained for LiChrolut EN with the exception of chlorothalonil and the more hydrophobic organophosphorus compounds (coumaphos, leptophos), which were strongly sorbed in the Envi-Carb cartridges. Envi-Carb, however, enabled the determination of DDA with a limit of detection of 14 ng/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tolosa
- International Atomic Energy Agency-Marine Environment Laboratory, Monaco, Monaco.
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30
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Loos R, Niessner R. Analysis of atrazine, terbutylazine and their N-dealkylated chloro and hydroxy metabolites by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 1999; 835:217-29. [PMID: 10220922 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with the styrene-divinylbenzene adsorbent LiChrolut EN was investigated for the extraction of the s-triazine herbicides atrazine and terbutylazine, their polar N-dealkylated degradation products deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and deethylterbutylazine (DET) and for the hydrophilic hydroxytriazine degradation products (HTDPs) hydroxyatrazine (HA), hydroxyterbutylazine (HT), deethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHA), deisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DIHA) and deethyldeisopropylhydroxyatrazine (ameline). The optimum pH value for the extraction of the HTDPs from fortified tap water at 2 micrograms/l is 3.0. Recovery values with 200 mg LiChrolut EN are > 80% for HA, HT, DEHA and 30% for DIHA from 200 ml spiked tap and river water. Atrazine, terbutylazine, DEA, DIA and DET are quantitatively extracted by LiChrolut EN. The chlorotriazines are analyzed by GC-MS and the HTDPs by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) with an acetate buffer at pH 4.6 or a sodium borate-sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer at pH 9.3. The combined method of SPE enrichment and CE analysis allows the determination of HTDPs in the low microgram/l range.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loos
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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31
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Monson SJ, Ma L, Cassada DA, Spalding RF. Confirmation and method development for dechlorinated atrazine from reductive dehalogenation of atrazine with Fe0. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Effect of organic matter content in the trace analysis of triazines in various types of soils with GC-NPD. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02467719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Hernández F, Hidalgo C, Sancho JV, López FJ. Coupled-column liquid chromatography applied to the trace-level determination of triazine herbicides and some of their metabolites in water samples. Anal Chem 1998; 70:3322-8. [PMID: 11013729 DOI: 10.1021/ac980062w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a study is reported of the potential of coupled-column liquid chromatography (LC) applied to the determination of triazine residues in environmental water samples. For this purpose, two different techniques have been compared: on-line trace enrichment followed by LC (SPE-LC) and coupled-column liquid chromatography (LC-LC). First, a completely automated liquid chromatographic method based on on-line trace enrichment in a prepacked precolumn and using diode array detection has been developed for the simultaneous trace-level determination of six triazine herbicides (simazine, cyanazine, atrazine, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn) and the main atrazine metabolites (desisopropylatrazine, desethylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine). After preconcentration parameters were optimized by testing two different sorbents (C18 and PRP-1) in three cartridges with different dimensions, a sample volume of 100 mL was selected in order to achieve maximal solute preconcentration. Detection limits lower than 0.1 microgram.L-1 were obtained even for the most polar analyte (desisopropylatrazine), which presented recoveries of around 30%. The method was validated by means of recovery experiments in groundwater and surface water samples spiked with the analytes at different levels (0.2-2 micrograms.L-1). Afterward, the procedure was successfully applied in a program for monitoring of triazine residues in surface water carried out in a wet area of Castellón, Spain. Different triazine herbicides such as simazine, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn were identified and quantified. The identity of these compounds was confirmed by their absorption UV spectra and by GC/MS analysis. Finally, two rapid, sensitive, and selective procedures, previously developed in our laboratory for the trace-level determination of triazine compounds, both based on LC-LC, were compared with the former procedure. The SPE-LC approach showed a considerable improvement in the global sensitivity at the expense of a decrease in selectivity as well as in sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Experimental Sciences Department, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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Papiernik SK, Spalding RF. Atrazine, Deethylatrazine, and Deisopropylatrazine Persistence Measured in Groundwater in Situ under Low-Oxygen Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1998; 46:749-754. [PMID: 10554309 DOI: 10.1021/jf9706235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine], deethylatrazine [DEA; 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine], and deisopropylatrazine [DIA; 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine] was assessed under limited oxygen conditions using in situ microcosms. Denitrification was induced in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer to measure the potential for degradation of atrazine, DEA, and DIA under low-O(2) conditions. The dissolved oxygen content decreased from 7-8 mg/L to </=1 mg/L within 4 days and remained less, similar3 mg/L for the remainder of the 45-day experiment. Atrazine, DEA, and DIA concentrations (normalized to the bromide concentration at each sampling time to account for dilution) did not show a significant decrease with time, indicating that these compounds are relatively stable under the low-O(2) conditions induced in the aquifer. Although removal of one alkyl group has been proposed as the rate-limiting step in atrazine degradation, no transformation of either monodealkylated metabolite (DEA or DIA) was observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Papiernik
- University of Nebraska Water Sciences Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0844
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McLaughlin RA, Johnson BS. Optimizing recoveries of two chlorotriazine herbicide metabolites and 11 pesticides from aqueous samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1997; 790:161-7. [PMID: 9435119 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for solid-phase extraction of two chlorotriazine herbicide metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA), from aqueous samples. Two C18 phases in cartridge format were compared and recoveries were found to be highly sensitive to sorbent amount, sample volume and presence of parent compounds. Recoveries were significantly improved using a partially non-endcapped C18 phase compared to the normal C18 phase, particularly for DIA, apparently due to polar interactions. Combinations of sample volume and sorbent amount were tested using deionized water to determine an optimal combination of 200 ml and 1.0 g, respectively. Recoveries from a variety of river, stream, runoff and ground waters averaged 105-116% and 109-117% at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 ng/ml for DIA and DEA, respectively, with minimum detection limits of 0.05 ng/ml. Other pesticides tested also have acceptable recoveries using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A McLaughlin
- Soil Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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Herna´ndez F, Hidalgo C, Sancho J, Lo´pez F. New method for the rapid determination of triazine herbicides and some of their main metabolites in water by using coupled-column liquid chromatography and large volume injection. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Camel V. The determination of pesticide residues and metabolites using supercritical fluid extraction. Trends Analyt Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(97)00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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38
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Cai Z, Cerny RL, Spalding RF. Microbore liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of atrazine and its major hydroxylated degradate in water at parts-per-trillion levels using electrospray. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Chester
- The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - J. D. Pinkston
- The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - D. E. Raynie
- The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Eiceman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Herbert H. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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Liška I, Slobodník J. Comparison of gas and liquid chromatography for analysing polar pesticides in water samples. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Electrochemistry of s-triazine herbicides: Reduction of atrazine and terbutylazine in aqueous solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Determination of didealkylatrazine in water by graphitized carbon black extraction followed by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00508-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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