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Abstract
Collagens are major constituents of connective tissues in the animal kingdom. During aging and inflammatory-related diseases, the collagen network undergoes oxidation that leads to structural and biochemical alterations within the collagen molecule. Collagen oxidation appears to be a key determinant of aging and a critical physiopathologic mechanism of numerous diseases. Further, the detection of oxidized-collagen peptides seems to be a promising approach for the diagnosis and the prognosis of inflammatory diseases. This chapter reviews the structural and biochemical changes to collagen induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and discusses recent data on the use of collagen-derived biomarkers for measuring oxidative damage.
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Kohama J, Saito K, Sakamoto H, Iwasaki Y, Ito R, Horie M, Nakazawa H. Enantiomeric Determination of Proline in Liquid Food by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kohama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Koichi Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | | | | | - Rie Ito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
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3
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HPLC of Amino Acids as Chloroformate Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(05)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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4
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Hutson PR, Crawford ME, Sorkness RL. Liquid chromatographic determination of hydroxyproline in tissue samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 791:427-30. [PMID: 12798203 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a reversed-phase assay of hydroxyproline in rat lung tissue using sarcosine for the internal standard and pre-injection reaction with both o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC). Intra-assay variability in the concentration range of 25-500 microM hydroxyproline was less than 1%. Normal rat (left) lung was found to have a hydroxyproline content of 1.08+/-0.18 mg/lung. This ability to measure minute amounts of hydroxyproline is being applied to the measure of collagen and pathological fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hutson
- UW School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222 USA.
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Tamura M, Ishikawa O. An increase of mature type skin collagen cross-link, histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine, in the sclerotic skin of morphea. J Dermatol Sci 2001; 25:83-6. [PMID: 11154869 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(00)00112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine (HHL) is a trivalent cross-link of type I collagen that is stable and has physiologic properties. In this study, we conducted a biochemical quantification of HHL in five patients with morphea. We compared the quantity of HHL contained in the lesional skin and the adjacent normal skin. The molar ratio of HHL to collagen in the sclerotic lesion was significantly higher than that of the adjacent normal skin (0.36 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.28 +/- 0.10, P<0.01). We could find no relationship between an increase of HHL content and the duration of the disease. The results indicate that an increased amount of HHL may play a certain role to inducing the sclerotic skin change characteristic of morphea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamura
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
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Bank RA, Krikken M, Beekman B, Stoop R, Maroudas A, Lafeber FP, te Koppele JM. A simplified measurement of degraded collagen in tissues: application in healthy, fibrillated and osteoarthritic cartilage. Matrix Biol 1997; 16:233-43. [PMID: 9501324 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(97)90012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intact triple helical collagen molecules are highly resistant to proteolytic enzymes, whereas degraded (unwound) collagen is easily digested. This fact was exploited to develop a simplified method for the quantification of the amount of degraded collagen in the collagen network of connective tissues. Essentially, the method involves extraction of proteoglycans with 4 M guanidinium chloride, selective digestion of degraded collagen by alpha-chymotrypsin, hydrolysis in 6 M HCl of the released fragments as well as the residual tissue, and then measurement of the amount of hydroxyproline in both pools. Since the digestion of degraded collagen by alpha-chymotrypsin and measurement of hydroxyproline is not restricted to a specific collagen type, this technique can be applied to a wide variety of connective tissues. The method was validated with articular cartilage. Levels of in situ degraded collagen were about four-fold higher in degenerated (fibrillated) cartilage than in its healthy counterpart derived from the same donor. More detailed investigations revealed that the collagen damage in degenerated cartilage is more extensive at the cartilage surface than in the region adjacent to bone. This was not the case in healthy cartilage; identical low values were obtained at the surface and close to the bone. An impaired collagen network has been hypothesized to be the reason for the swelling of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). The present paper presents the first experimental evidence to support this hypothesis: more damage to the collagen network (i.e., more degraded collagen molecules within fibrils) is linearly related to more extensive swelling of the OA tissue in hypotonic saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bank
- TNO Prevention and Health, Division of Vascular and Connective Tissue Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kondo A, Ishikawa O, Okada K, Miyachi Y, Abe S, Kuboki Y. Measurement of histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxyproline in skin collagen by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate labeling. Anal Biochem 1997; 252:255-9. [PMID: 9344411 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel, highly sensitive method to quantify histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine (HHL), a trifunctional type of cross-link in skin collagen, was developed. HHL in skin hydrolysates labeled with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) was separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that two FMOCs were bound to two primary amino acid residues, histidine and hydroxylysine, but not to lysine residue in one HHL molecule. Hydroxyproline was simultaneously measured to express the molar ratio of HHL to collagen. The detection range of HHL was from 1 to 10 pmol and that of hydroxyproline from 1 to 50 pmol. A 6-mm punch-biopsied human skin sample contained 0.40 to 0.69 mol of HHL per one molecule of collagen. This sensitive method is useful as it is rapid and can be used to examine the aging process or the change of HHL content in skin collagens of various pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kondo
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Sormiachi K, Ikeda M, Akimoto K, Niwa A. Rapid determination of dabsylated hydroxyproline from cultured cells by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 664:435-9. [PMID: 7780599 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00489-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was modified for the determination of hydroxyproline in cultured cells derived from rat liver. First, the primary amino group in the cell hydrolysate was blocked with o-phthalaldehyde, then the secondary amino group was derivatized with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride (dabsyl chloride). The dabsylated sample was treated with ethyl acetate to obtain a simple chromatographic elution profile of the cell hydrolysate. Dabsylhydroxyproline and proline were separated from other compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography in the gradient elution mode, and eluted at 4.71 and 8.00 min, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of hydroxyproline contained in cultured cells, the result being 25.4 +/- 3.6 pmol/microgram.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sormiachi
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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9
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Ikeda M, Sorimachi K, Akimoto K, Okazaki M, Sunagawa M, Niwa A. Analysis of hydroxyproline in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography after dabsyl-chloride derivatization. Amino Acids 1995; 8:401-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00806559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1994] [Accepted: 11/02/1994] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Teerlink T. Derivatization of posttranslationally modified amino acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 659:185-207. [PMID: 7820276 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
After a brief overview of posttranslational modifications of protein amino acids, the use of various derivatizing reagents for amino acid analysis is discussed. Derivatization and chromatographic separation of hydroxyproline, methylhistidine, and phosphorylated amino acids are discussed in detail to illustrate some of the strategies that can be applied to the analysis of posttranslationally modified amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Teerlink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Gardi C, Calzoni P, Marcolongo P, Cavarra E, Vanni L, Lungarella G. Collagen breakdown products and lung collagen metabolism: an in vitro study on fibroblast cultures. Thorax 1994; 49:312-8. [PMID: 8202899 PMCID: PMC475362 DOI: 10.1136/thx.49.4.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In fibrotic diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis there is evidence suggesting enhanced synthesis and degradation of lung connective tissue components, including collagen. It has therefore been hypothesised that products of collagen degradation may have a role in the promotion of collagen deposition. In support of this hypothesis, it has recently been shown that intravenous injection of lung collagen degradation products in experimental animals stimulated collagen synthesis leading to increased collagen deposition and diffuse interstitial lung disease. METHODS Rabbit and human fibroblast cultures from lung and skin were used as an in vitro model to study the responses of these cells to rabbit collagen degradation products. The effects of an acute exposure to collagen degradation products on synthesis of collagen and noncollagenous protein have been studied in confluent cultures by [3H]-proline incorporation. The effects of collagen degradation products on fibroblast proliferation and production of genetic types of collagen have also been investigated. RESULTS The acute exposure of rabbit lung fibroblast cultures to collagen degradation products significantly increased collagen synthesis without affecting non-collagenous protein synthesis. This effect was dose related, specific for lung fibroblasts, and species specific. Collagen degradation products altered the rate of synthesis of genetic types of collagen with a consequent decrease of type III/I+III collagen ratio (0.26 (0.04) treated with collagen degradation products; 0.45 (0.02) controls). These effects occurred without the intervention of serum factors. In addition, collagen degradation products neither affected fibroblast proliferation nor selected specific clones emphasising one type of collagen. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that collagen degradation products can influence lung collagen metabolism by stimulating collagen synthesis. The regulation of collagen mass by collagen degradation products may be of importance in lung collagen homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gardi
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Siena, Italy
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Chan KC, Janini GM, Muschik GM, Issaq HJ. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of hydroxyproline and other secondary amino acids in biological samples with laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 622:269-73. [PMID: 8150876 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80276-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used for the rapid and sensitive detection of hydroxyproline in serum and hydrolyzed urine that were pre-column derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC). The application of the combined o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)/FMOC derivatization in MEKC for the selective detection of secondary amino acids in biological samples is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Chan
- PRI/DynCorp, NCI Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702
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Ikeda M, Sorimachi K, Akimoto K, Yasumura Y. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of hydroxyproline and proline from collagen by derivatization with dabsyl chloride. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 621:133-8. [PMID: 8294534 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80088-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of hydroxyproline and proline has been developed. The method is based on the derivatization of the secondary amino group with dabsyl-chloride after blocking of the primary amino group with o-phthalaldehyde. Dabsyl-hydroxyproline and dabsyl-proline were separated from other amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography in the gradient elution mode, and eluted at 10.27 and 16.02 min, respectively. The correlations between the peak areas of dabsyl-hydroxyproline and dabsyl-proline were linear in the range from 20-200 pmol, with equations y = 1.10x - 0.80 (r = 0.999) and y = 1.12x - 0.52 (r = 0.999), respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of rat tail collagen, and the contents of hydroxyproline and proline were 1.55 +/- 0.04 and 2.03 +/- 0.04 nmol/micrograms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikeda
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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14
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Abstract
The presence of hydroxyproline, and the determination of the ratio of the secondary amino acids proline to hydroxyproline, in amino acid hydrolysates specifically identifies collagen and collagen peptides. o-Phthalaldehyde, and then 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate, were used to carry out sequential prederivatization of amino acid hydrolysates in an in-line high-performance liquid chromatography sample loop. After derivatization, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a C-18 ODS Hypersil cartridge column was used to resolve the hydroxyproline and proline from all primary amino acids, with resolution and detection of hydroxyproline and proline within 2.0 and 2.8 min, respectively, at concentrations in the range of picomoles per microliter of derivatized amino acid. The assay has a turnaround time of 10.75 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Nathans
- Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri 64134-0627
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Miller EJ, Narkates AJ, Niemann MA. Amino acid analysis of collagen hydrolysates by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatives. Anal Biochem 1990; 190:92-7. [PMID: 2285151 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A recently described procedure for amino acid analyses has been modified and adapted for use in quantitating the unique mixture of products commonly found in hydrolysates of the collagens. The method involves precolumn derivatization of hydrolysates with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-CL), chromatographic separation of the derivatives and excess reagent on a reverse-phase column, and quantitation based on the fluorescent properties of the derivatives. The method takes advantage of the ease with which stable derivatives are formed with the FMOC reagent. Using a ternary gradient system, a complete amino acid analysis with good resolution of all components can be performed within 35 min. The sensitivity of the method is comparable to levels attained by other derivatives and the fluorescence response of each derivative is linear over the total range of 1-800 pmol. Given these parameters, the method allows complete amino acid analyses to be performed on 100 ng of collagen corresponding to a single picomole of a collagen chain (Mr 100,000).
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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