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Lima DMCG, Costa TPC, Emri T, Pócsi I, Pupin B, Rangel DEN. Fungal tolerance to Congo red, a cell wall integrity stress, as a promising indicator of ecological niche. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:646-657. [PMID: 34281658 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differential sensitivities to the cell wall stress caused by Congo red (CR) have been observed in many fungal species. In this study, the tolerances and sensitivities to CR was studied with an assorted collection of fungal species from three phylogenetic classes: Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes, three orders, and eight families. These grouped into different ecological niches, such as insect pathogens, plant pathogens, saprotrophs, and mycoparasitics. The saprotroph Aspergillus niger and the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride stood out as the most resistant species to cell wall stress caused by CR, followed by the plant pathogenic fungi, a mycoparasite, and other saprotrophs. The insect pathogens had low tolerance to CR. The insect pathogens Metarhizium acridum and Cordyceps fumosorosea were the most sensitive to CR. In conclusion, Congo red tolerance may reflect ecological niche, accordingly, the tolerances of the fungal species to Congo red were closely aligned with their ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Breno Pupin
- Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Especiais - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Feofilova EP, Usov AI, Mysyakina IS, Kochkina GA. Trehalose: Chemical structure, biological functions, and practical application. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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A simple method for obtaining reusable reactors containing immobilized trehalase: Characterization of a crude trehalase preparation immobilized on chitin particles. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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González-Hernández JC, Jiménez-Estrada M, Peña A. Comparative analysis of trehalose production by Debaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae under saline stress. Extremophiles 2004; 9:7-16. [PMID: 15338455 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-004-0415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The comparative analysis of growth, intracellular content of Na+ and K+, and the production of trehalose in the halophilic Debaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were determined under saline stress. The yeast species were studied based on their ability to grow in the absence or presence of 0.6 or 1.0 M NaCl and KCl. D. hansenii strains grew better and accumulated more Na+ than S. cerevisiae under saline stress (0.6 and 1.0 M of NaCl), compared to S. cerevisiae strains under similar conditions. By two methods, we found that D. hansenii showed a higher production of trehalose, compared to S. cerevisiae; S. cerevisiae active dry yeast contained more trehalose than a regular commercial strain (S. cerevisiae La Azteca) under all conditions, except when the cells were grown in the presence of 1.0 M NaCl. In our experiments, it was found that D. hansenii accumulates more glycerol than trehalose under saline stress (2.0 and 3.0 M salts). However, under moderate NaCl stress, the cells accumulated more trehalose than glycerol. We suggest that the elevated production of trehalose in D. hansenii plays a role as reserve carbohydrate, as reported for other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C González-Hernández
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 70-242, 04510 México DF, México.
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Paiva CL, Panek AD. Biotechnological applications of the disaccharide trehalose. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 1998; 2:293-314. [PMID: 9704101 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)70015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose is a disaccharide present in a variety of anhydrobiotic organisms which have the ability to promptly resume their metabolism after addition of water. It has been successfully used as a nontoxic cryoprotectant of enzymes, membranes, vaccines, animal and plant cells and organs for surgical transplants. It has been predicted that trehalose can also be used as an ingredient for dried and processed food. Therefore, the recent biotechnological applications of trehalose have imposed the standardization of methods for its production, as well as for its specific quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Paiva
- Instituto Biomédico, CCBS, Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Meyer zu Düttingdorf HD, Bachmann B, Buchholz M, Leuchtenberger W. Determination of trehalose by flow injection analysis using immobilized trehalase. Anal Biochem 1997; 253:8-12. [PMID: 9356134 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of trehalose by flow injection analysis (FIA) is described. The basic principle is the hydrolysis of the disaccharide trehalose into its monomer d-glucose by trehalase, a periplasmic enzyme of Escherichia coli. d-glucose is quantified spectrophotometrically after reaction with hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Trehalase is prepared by osmotic shock from a recombinant E. coli strain and precipitated with ammonium sulfate. The enzyme is immobilized on VA-Epoxy Biosynth from Riedel-de-Haën. The immobilization rate is about 60%. The FIA signals show a nonlinear dependence on the trehalose concentration. The resulting curve corresponds to a second-order polynomial that serves as a calibration function for test samples. Immobilized trehalase was used during a period of 4 months without any loss of suitability. Several samples of fermentation broth were tested. The results are verified by HPLC. Within an interval of 2 to 10 g/L trehalose the recovery is about 100-120% with a precision of 7% (coefficient of variation).
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Meyer zu Düttingdorf
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, 30559, Germany.
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Nwaka S, Holzer H. Molecular biology of trehalose and the trehalases in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 58:197-237. [PMID: 9308367 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present state of knowledge of the role of trehalose and trehalose hydrolysis catalyzed by trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is reviewed. Trehalose is believed to function as a storage carbohydrate because its concentration is high during nutrient limitations and in resting cells. It is also believed to function as a stress metabolite because its concentration increases during certain adverse environmental conditions, such as heat and toxic chemicals. The exact way trehalose may perform the stress function is not understood, and conditions exist under which trehalose accumulation and tolerance to certain stress situations cannot be correlated. Three trehalases have been described in S. cerevisiae: 1) the cytosolic neutral trehalase encoded by the NTH1 gene, and regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation process, nutrients, and temperature; 2) the vacuolar acid trehalase encoded by the ATH1 gene, and regulated by nutrients; and 3) a putative trehalase Nth1p encoded by the NTH2 gene (homolog of the NTH1 gene) and regulated by nutrients and temperature. The neutral trehalase is responsible for intracellular hydrolysis of trehalose, in contrast to the acid trehalase, which is responsible for utilization of extracellular trehalose. The role of the putative trehalase Nth2p in trehalose metabolism is not known. The NTH1 and NTH2 genes are required for recovery of cells after heat shock at 50 degrees C, consistent with their heat inducibility and sequence similarity. Other stressors, such as toxic chemicals, also induce the expression of these genes. We therefore propose that the NTH1 and NTH2 genes have stress-related function and the gene products may be called stress proteins. Whether the stress function of the trehalase genes is linked to trehalose is not clear, and possible mechanisms of stress protective function of the trehalases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nwaka
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Germany
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Ferreira JC, Paschoalin VM, Panek AD, Trugo LC. Comparison of three different methods for trehalose determination in yeast extracts. Food Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(96)00330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Ferreira JC, Thevelein JM, Hohmann S, Paschoalin VM, Trugo LC, Panek AD. Trehalose accumulation in mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deleted in the UDPG-dependent trehalose synthase-phosphatase complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1335:40-50. [PMID: 9133641 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase converts uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose and glucose 6-phosphate to trehalose 6-phosphate which is dephosphorylated by trehalose 6-phosphatase to trehalose. These two steps take place within a complex consisting of three proteins: trehalose-6-phosphate synthase encoded by the GGS1/TPS1 (= FDP1, = BYP1, = CIF1) gene, trehalose 6-phosphatase encoded by the TPS2 gene and by a third protein encoded by both the TSL1 and TPS3 genes. Using three different methods for trehalose determination, we observed trehalose accumulation in ggs1/tps1delta, tps2delta and tsl1delta mutants, and in the double mutants ggs1/tps1delta/tps2delta and also in ggs1/tps1delta deleted mutants suppressed for growth on glucose. All these mutants harbor MAL genes. Trehalose synthesis in these mutants is probably performed by the adenosine-5'-diphosphoglucose-dependent trehalose synthase, (ADPG-dependent trehalose synthase) which was detected in all strains tested. It is noteworthy that trehalose accumulation in these mutants was detected only in cells grown on weakly repressive carbon sources such as maltose and galactose or during the transition phase from fermentable to non-fermentable growth on glucose. alpha-Glucosidase activity was always present in high amounts. We also describe an adenosine-diphosphoglucosepyrophosphorylase (ADPG-pyrophosphorylase) activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which increased concomitantly with the accumulation of trehalose during the transition phase from fermentable to non-fermentable growth in MAL-constitutive (MAL2-8c) strains. The same was observed when MAL-induced (MAL1) strains were compared during growth on glucose and maltose. These results led us to conclude that maltose-induced trehalose accumulation is independent of the UDPG-dependent trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase complex; that the ADPG-dependent trehalose synthase is responsible for maltose-induced trehalose accumulation probably by forming a complex with a specific trehalose-6-phosphatase activity and that ADPG synthesis is activated during trehalose accumulation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federaldo Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bachinski N, Martins AS, Paschoalin VMF, Panek AD, Paiva CLA. Trehalase immobilization on aminopropyl glass for analytical use. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997; 54:33-9. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970405)54:1<33::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schoor A, Hagemann M, Erdmann N. Non-radiometric assay for glucosylglycerol-synthesizing enzymes involved in the cyanobacterial salt adaptation. J Microbiol Methods 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(96)00940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Quantification of trehalose in biological samples with a conidial trehalase from the thermophilic fungus Humicola grisea var. thermoidea. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:17-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00357555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/01/1993] [Accepted: 06/02/1993] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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de Araujo PS, Panek AD. The interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae trehalase with membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1148:303-7. [PMID: 8504124 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90143-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membranes isolated from cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae previously submitted to a heat-shock showed a 10-fold increase in membrane-bound trehalase activity. Trehalase was purified to a high specific activity and was shown to be inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate and by the addition of a neutral phospholipid-like surfactant. Purified trehalase binds spontaneously to egg phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles, when in its active, phosphorylated form. When the enzyme was treated with alkaline phosphatase no binding was observed. The significance of this reversible binding for the control of trehalose metabolism in yeast cells is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S de Araujo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Kienle I, Burgert M, Holzer H. Assay of trehalose with acid trehalase purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1993; 9:607-11. [PMID: 8346677 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzymatic end-point assay of trehalose using acid trehalase from yeast is described. After quantitative hydrolysis of trehalose by acid trehalase, the resulting glucose is assayed with the commercially available glucose oxidase/peroxidase dye system. Pre-existing glucose is determined in a control reaction from which acid trehalase is omitted. When intact cells are analysed for trehalose, pre-existing glucose can be washed out with ice-cold water without reducing the trehalose content of the cells. A convenient method for extraction of trehalose from intact yeast cells is heating for 20 min at 95 degrees C followed by centrifugation. The specificity of the assay is determined by the specificity of the acid trehalase preparation used. As described previously (Mittenbühler, K. and Holzer, H., 1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8537-8543; Mittenbühler, K., 1988, Thesis, University of Freiburg), the following sugars and sugar derivatives do not form glucose when incubated with purified acid trehalase: sucrose, cellobiose, mellobiose, raffinose, maltose, lactose, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, galactose. The application of the new trehalose assay to yeast cells grown to different growth stages and at various temperatures is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kienle
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Germany
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Panek AD, Panek AC. Metabolism and thermotolerance function of trehalose in Saccharomyces: a current perspective. J Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(90)90109-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paschoalin VM, Silva JT, Panek AD. Identification of an ADPG-dependent trehalose synthase in Saccharomyces. Curr Genet 1989; 16:81-7. [PMID: 2532070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphoglucose is not the sole donor for trehalose synthesis in yeast cells: an ADPG-dependent trehalose synthase, has been identified in mutant strains with undetectable UDPG-dependent trehalose-6-P synthase activity. Genetic and chromatographic studies indicate that the two activities correspond to different proteins. The apparent Km for the nucleotide is similar for both enzymes, and Mg2+ is also required for both activities; however, a striking difference was observed with respect to ATP.Mg activation. This newly determined enzymatic activity in Saccharomyces clarifies previous contradictory results with mutant strains that are able to accumulate trehalose during growth yet whose UDPG-dependent trehalose synthase activity is undetectable in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Paschoalin
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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