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Tojo H, Tabeta H, Gunji S, Hirai MY, David P, Javot H, Ferjani A. Roles of type II H +-PPases and PPsPase1/PECP2 in early developmental stages and PPi homeostasis of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1031426. [PMID: 36778688 PMCID: PMC9911876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1031426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of intracellular pyrophosphate (PPi) level is crucial for proper morphogenesis across all taxonomic kingdoms. PPi is released as a byproduct from ~200 metabolic reactions, then hydrolyzed by either membrane-bound (H+-PPase) or soluble pyrophosphatases (PPases). In Arabidopsis, the loss of the vacuolar H+-PPase/FUGU5, a key enzyme in PPi homeostasis, results in delayed growth and a number of developmental defects, pointing to the importance of PPi homeostasis in plant morphogenesis. The Arabidopsis genome encodes several PPases in addition to FUGU5, such as PPsPase1/PECP2, VHP2;1 and VHP2;2, although their significance regarding PPi homeostasis remains elusive. Here, to assess their contribution, phenotypic analyses of cotyledon aspect ratio, palisade tissue cellular phenotypes, adaxial side pavement cell complexity, stomatal distribution, and etiolated seedling length were performed, provided that they were altered due to excess PPi in a fugu5 mutant background. Overall, our analyses revealed that the above five traits were unaffected in ppspase1/pecp2, vhp2;1 and vhp2;2 loss-of-function mutants, as well as in fugu5 mutant lines constitutively overexpressing PPsPase1/PECP2. Furthermore, metabolomics revealed that ppspase1/pecp2, vhp2;1 and vhp2;2 etiolated seedlings exhibited metabolic profiles comparable to the wild type. Together, these results indicate that the contribution of PPsPase1/PECP2, VHP2;1 and VHP2;2 to PPi levels is negligible in comparison to FUGU5 in the early stages of seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tojo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Y. Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pascale David
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Hélène Javot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
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Gao Y, Jiao Y, Zhang H, Lu W, Liu Y, Han H, Gong X, Li L, Shuang S, Dong C. One-step synthesis of a dual-emitting carbon dot-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for the visual assay of Pb2+ and PPi and development of a paper sensor. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5502-5509. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an easy and effective ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for the selective detection of Pb2+ and pyrophosphate (PPi) was developed based on label-free carbon dots (CDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Gao
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Yuan Jiao
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Hui Han
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Lei Li
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Department Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
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Liu T, He L, Valiente M, López-Mesas M. Fast determination of bioactive phytic acid and pyrophosphate in walnuts using microwave accelerated extraction. Food Chem 2016; 221:771-775. [PMID: 27979271 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds phytic acid (IP6) and pyrophosphate (PPi) are minor components of walnuts with the ability of being inhibitors of urolithiasis, among others. Since simultaneous analysis of IP6 and PPi have known drawbacks, a new method to determine their content in walnuts has been developed with emphasis on their extraction from walnuts by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Acid content of extracting solvent, extraction time and temperature were optimized. After extraction, compounds were purified by selective adsorption/desorption on an anion exchange solid phase extraction and analyzed by inductive coupled plasma/mass spectrometry. A mixture of H2SO4 and HCl as solvent to extract both, IP6 and PPi, provided results slightly higher than those determined by conventional extraction with no statistical difference. The possible hydrolysis of phytic acid by MAE was analyzed. Compared with the conventional acid extraction method, significant improvement is achieved by the MAE method reducing extraction time from 3h to 10min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain; Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Bejing 100176, China.
| | - Liu He
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain.
| | - Montserrat López-Mesas
- Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain.
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Mori V, Amici A, Mazzola F, Di Stefano M, Conforti L, Magni G, Ruggieri S, Raffaelli N, Orsomando G. Metabolic profiling of alternative NAD biosynthetic routes in mouse tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113939. [PMID: 25423279 PMCID: PMC4244216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD plays essential redox and non-redox roles in cell biology. In mammals, its de novo and recycling biosynthetic pathways encompass two independent branches, the "amidated" and "deamidated" routes. Here we focused on the indispensable enzymes gating these two routes, i.e. nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), which in mammals comprises three distinct isozymes, and NAD synthetase (NADS). First, we measured the in vitro activity of the enzymes, and the levels of all their substrates and products in a number of tissues from the C57BL/6 mouse. Second, from these data, we derived in vivo estimates of enzymes'rates and quantitative contributions to NAD homeostasis. The NMNAT activity, mainly represented by nuclear NMNAT1, appears to be high and nonrate-limiting in all examined tissues, except in blood. The NADS activity, however, appears rate-limiting in lung and skeletal muscle, where its undetectable levels parallel a relative accumulation of the enzyme's substrate NaAD (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide). In all tissues, the amidated NAD route was predominant, displaying highest rates in liver and kidney, and lowest in blood. In contrast, the minor deamidated route showed higher relative proportions in blood and small intestine, and higher absolute values in liver and small intestine. Such results provide the first comprehensive picture of the balance of the two alternative NAD biosynthetic routes in different mammalian tissues under physiological conditions. This fills a gap in the current knowledge of NAD biosynthesis, and provides a crucial information for the study of NAD metabolism and its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Mori
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Adolfo Amici
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Mazzola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Di Stefano
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Conforti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio Magni
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Silverio Ruggieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Telegina TA, Kolesnikov MP, Vechtomova YL, Buglak AA, Kritsky MS. Abiotic photophosphorylation model based on abiogenic flavin and pteridine pigments. J Mol Evol 2013; 76:332-42. [PMID: 23689512 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-013-9562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A model for abiotic photophosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate by orthophosphate with the formation of adenosine triphosphate was studied. The model was based on the photochemical activity of the abiogenic conjugates of pigments with the polymeric material formed after thermolysis of amino acid mixtures. The pigments formed showed different fluorescence parameters depending on the composition of the mixture of amino acid precursors. Thermolysis of the mixture of glutamic acid, glycine, and lysine (8:3:1) resulted in a predominant formation of a pigment fraction which had the fluorescence maximum at 525 nm and the excitation band maxima at 260, 375, and 450 nm and was identified as flavin. When glycine in the initial mixture was replaced with alanine, a product formed whose fluorescence parameters were typical to pteridines (excitation maximum at 350 nm, emission maximum at 440 nm). When irradiated with the quasi-monochromatic light (over the range 325-525 nm), microspheres in which flavin pigments were prevailing showed a maximum photophosphorylating activity at 375 and 450 nm, and pteridine-containing chromoproteinoid microspheres were most active at 350 nm. The positions and the relative height of maxima in the action spectra correlate with those in the excitation spectra of the pigments, which point to the involvement of abiogenic flavins and pteridines in photophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisiya A Telegina
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33-2, Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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Zhao XJ, Huang CZ. Selective fluorometric detection of pyrophosphate and stringent alarmone with copper(II)–2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine complex. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 30:282-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Shao N, Wang H, Gao X, Yang R, Chan W. Spiropyran-Based Fluorescent Anion Probe and Its Application for Urinary Pyrophosphate Detection. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4628-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1008089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - XiaDi Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - RongHua Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - WingHong Chan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Muñoz JA, López-Mesas M, Valiente M. Minimum handling method for the analysis of phosphorous inhibitors of urolithiasis (pyrophosphate and phytic acid) in urine by SPE-ICP techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 658:204-8. [PMID: 20103096 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrophosphate (PPi) and phytic acid (IP6) are natural phosphorous compounds with growing interest in the biomedical field due to their ability as potential inhibitors of urolithiasis among others. Existing methodologies for their evaluation show inconveniences mainly associated with sample treatment, matrix interferences and lack of resolution. The objective of the present work is the validation of a new method to determine both inhibitors in urine samples selectively and its application to the diagnosis of lithiasic patients. After urine purification by an off-line anion exchange solid phase extraction (SPE), based in an appropriate acidic elution gradient, the phosphorous compounds were analyzed by (31)P measurements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the purified urine extracts. Linear range and limit of detection obtained were adequate for the analysis of the physiological amounts of the compounds in urine. The method was successfully applied to human urine samples, resulting in adequate accuracy and precision and allowing for the analysis of phosphorus inhibitors of urolithiasis in urine. The method simplicity and high sample throughput leads to a clear alternative to current determinations of the mentioned species in urine. Moreover, PPi and IP6 concentrations found in patients suffering from oxalocalcic urolithiasic were significantly lower than those for healthy controls, supporting the fact that the risk for oxalocalcic urolithiasis increases when urinary phosphorus inhibitors decrease. Thus, speciation of phosphorus inhibitors of urolithiasis in urine of stone formers can be performed, which is of unquestionable value in diagnostic, treatment and monitoring of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Muñoz
- Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), UAB-Thermo Lab, Química Analítica, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Simonet BM, Grases F, March JG. Enzymatic determination of pyrophosphate in urine by flow methods. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:1029-32. [PMID: 12880087 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two flow methods for the enzymatic determination of pyrophosphate are described that are used to diminish the consumption of reagents. One method is based on the use of an open-close circuit with manual injection using a syringe. The other is a sequential injection method. The analytical features of both methods are: a linear range of 0.4 - 20 mg L(-1), an LOD of 0.38 mg L(-1), and a CV of 2.0% for the sequential injection method, and a linear range of 0.3 - 15 mg L(-1), an LOD of 0.29 mg L(-1), and CV of 2.2% for the open-close circuit method. The methods were applied to the determination of pyrophosphate in urine. The pyrophosphate concentration determined in urine samples varied from 1.26 to 6.67 mg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomé M Simonet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, E 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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March JG, Simonet BM, Grases F. Determination of pyrophosphate in renal calculi and urine by means of an enzymatic method. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 314:187-94. [PMID: 11718694 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An enzymatic method for the determination of pyrophosphate which has been applied to renal calculi is described. The method involves the preconcentration of pyrophosphate using anionic exchange resin and development of the enzymatic reactions with the pyrophosphate retained on the resin. The study of calculi treatment according to calculi composition is also reported. The pyrophosphate content was dependent on the calculi composition. The highest amount of pyrophosphate was found in hydroxyapatite calculi (of the order of 10 microg/g), struvite and oxalate calculi showed a lower amount (the order was 2.5 and 4.5 microg/g, respectively) and was not detected in uric acid and cystine stones. The method was also successfully applied to the determination of pyrophosphate in human urine. For urinary pyrophosphate determination, a modification based on a clean-up of urine using activated carbon has been proposed. Pyrophosphate in human urine was of the order of 4 mg l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- J G March
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Campus de la UIB, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Yoza N, Onoue S, Kuwahara Y. Catalytic Ability of Alkaline Phosphatase to Promote P-O-P Bond Hydrolyses of Inorganic Diphosphate and Triphosphate. CHEM LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1997.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Yoza N, Nakashima S, Nakazato T. Enzyme-Catalyzed P-F Bond Hydrolysis of Monofluorophosphate as a Simple Model of Sarin Detoxification. CHEM LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1997.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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YOZA N, SEI T, AKAZAKI I. ENZYME-CATALYZED CONVERSION OF PYROPHOSPHATE TO ORTHOPHOSPHATE: KINETIC CHARACTERIZATION BY FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS AND P-31 NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.3363/prb1992.5.0_167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa YOZA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University
| | - Toshinori SEI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University
| | - Izumi AKAZAKI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University
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High-performance liquid chromatographic characterization of monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate and hexafluorophosphate. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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pH-dependence of 31P-NMR spectroscopic parameters of monofluorophosphate, phosphate, hypophosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate and their dimers and trimers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00325563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Yoza N, Ueda N, Tokushige N, Miyajima T, Baba Y, Tsuhako M, Tateda A. High-performance liquid chromatographic and 31P NMR spectroscopic evidence for novel analogue of triphosphate formed by phosphonylation of orthophosphate with diphosphonate. Inorganica Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)86840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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