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Oh SB, Kim JA, Park S, Lee JY. Associative Interactions among Zinc, Apolipoprotein E, and Amyloid-β in the Amyloid Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030802. [PMID: 31991844 PMCID: PMC7037199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc and apolipoprotein E (apoE) are reportedly involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. To investigate the associative interaction among zinc, apoE, and amyloid-β (Aβ) and its role in amyloid pathogenesis, we performed various biochemical and immunoreactive analyses using brain tissues of Tg2576 mice and synthetic Aβ and apoE peptides. On amyloid plaques or in brain lysates of Tg2576 mice, apoE and Aβ immunoreactivities increased after zinc chelation and were restored by its subsequent replacement. Zinc depletion dissociated apoE/Aβ complexes or larger-molecular sizes of Aβ oligomers/aggregates into smaller-molecular sizes of apoE and/or Aβ monomers/complexes. In the presence of zinc, synthetic apoE and/or Aβ peptides aggregated into larger-molecular sizes of oligomers or complexes. Endogenous proteases or plasmin in brain lysates degraded apoE and/or Aβ complexes, and their proteolytic activity increased with zinc depletion. These biochemical findings suggest that zinc associates with apoE and Aβ to encourage the formation of apoE/Aβ complexes or large aggregates, raising the deposition of zinc-rich amyloid plaques. In turn, the presence of abundant zinc around and within apoE/Aβ complexes may block the access or activity of Aβ-degrading antibodies or proteases. These results support the plausibility of chelation strategy aiming at reducing amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Bi Oh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (S.B.O.); (J.A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Jung Ah Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (S.B.O.); (J.A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - SuJi Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (S.B.O.); (J.A.K.); (S.P.)
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (S.B.O.); (J.A.K.); (S.P.)
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3010-4143; Fax: +82-2-3010-4680
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Chan HH, Leslie BA, Stafford AR, Roberts RS, Al-Aswad NN, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. By Increasing the Affinity of Heparin for Fibrin, Zn2+ Promotes the Formation of a Ternary Heparin–Thrombin–Fibrin Complex That Protects Thrombin from Inhibition by Antithrombin. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7964-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bi301046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard H. Chan
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beverly A. Leslie
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan R. Stafford
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin S. Roberts
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadine N. Al-Aswad
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James C. Fredenburgh
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I. Weitz
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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γ-Chain Dysfibrinogenemias: Molecular Structure-Function Relationships of Naturally Occurring Mutations in the γ Chain of Human Fibrinogen. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.7.2195.2195_2195_2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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γ-Chain Dysfibrinogenemias: Molecular Structure-Function Relationships of Naturally Occurring Mutations in the γ Chain of Human Fibrinogen. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.7.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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A congenitally abnormal fibrinogen (Vlissingen) with a 6-base deletion in the gamma-chain gene, causing defective calcium binding and impaired fibrin polymerization. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Smith EB, Keen GA, Grant A, Stirk C. Fate of fibrinogen in human arterial intima. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (DALLAS, TEX.) 1990; 10:263-75. [PMID: 2317160 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.10.2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen and fibrinogen/fibrin-related antigen (total FRA) was measured in human normal intima and different types of atherosclerotic lesions and mural thrombi. The amount showed marked variation between groups of tissue samples, but within each group there was a significant correlation between levels of total FRA and low density lipoprotein (LDL), suggesting that some common factor must influence their influx or retention. The total FRA were analyzed by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with antisera to whole fibrinogen and fragments D and E, and fibrinopeptide A (FPA). All intimal samples (but not thrombi) contained fragment X, the first product of plasmin digestion of fibrinogen, but fragment Y was present in only half the samples, and no core-fragment E containing FPA was detected in any sample, suggesting that fibrinogenolysis is limited. By contrast, all samples contained fragment E, which was negative for FPA, so presumably derived from fibrin; they also contained fragments D-dimer and DY, which are characteristic degradation products of cross-linked fibrin. There were no differences between samples obtained during reconstructive vascular surgery and samples obtained at autopsy, so the patterns appear to represent the steady state. This implies that within the intima there is continuous formation of cross-linked fibrin and continuous fibrinolysis, both processes generating fragments that may have atherogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Smith
- University of Aberdeen, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Foresterhill, Scotland
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Barsigian C, Fellin FM, Jain A, Martinez J. Dissociation of fibrinogen and fibronectin binding from transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking at the hepatocyte surface. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Mary A, Achyuthan KE, Greenberg CS. The binding of divalent metal ions to platelet factor XIII modulates its proteolysis by trypsin and thrombin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 261:112-21. [PMID: 2893589 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of divalent metal ions on the proteolytic cleavage and activation of platelet Factor XIII by thrombin and trypsin. In the absence of metal ions (5 mM EDTA), trypsin and thrombin rapidly degraded platelet Factor XIII (80 kDa) to low-molecular-mass peptides (50-19 kDa) with simultaneous loss of transglutaminase activity. Divalent metal ions protected Factor XIII from proteolytic inactivation with an order of efficacy of Ca2+ greater than Zn2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Mn2+. Calcium (2 mM) increased by 10- to 1000-fold the trypsin and thrombin concentrations required to degrade Factor XIII to a 19-kDa peptide. Factor XIIIa formed by thrombin in the presence of 5 mM EDTA had one-half the specific activity of Factor XIIIa formed in the presence of calcium. Factor XIII was cleaved by trypsin in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+ to a 51 +/- 3-kDa fragment that had 60% of the original Factor XIIIa activity. A similar tryptic peptide formed in the presence of 5 mM EDTA did not have transglutaminase activity. In the presence of 5 mM Mg2+, thrombin cleaved Factor XIII to a major 51 +/- 3-kDa fragment that had 60% of the Factor XIIIa activity. Mn2+ (0.1-5 mM) limited trypsin and thrombin proteolysis. The resulting digest containing a population of Factor XIII fragments (50-14 kDa) expressed 50-60% transglutaminase activity of Factor XIIIa. Factor XIII was fully activated by both trypsin and thrombin in the presence of 5 mM Zn2+, resulting in two fragments of 76 and 72 kDa. We conclude that the binding of divalent metal ions to platelet Factor XIII induces conformational changes in the protein that alter its susceptibility to proteolysis and influence the expression of transglutaminase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mary
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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