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Cavada BS, Pinto-Junior VR, Oliveira MV, Osterne VJS, Lossio CF, Nascimento KS. A review of Vicieae lectins studies: End of the book or a story in the writing? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1104-1123. [PMID: 33895178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vicieae tribe, Leguminosae family (Fabaceae), has been extensively studied. In particular, the study of lectins. The purification, physicochemical and structural characterizations of the various purified lectins and the analysis of their relevant biological activities are ongoing. In this review, several works already published about Vicieae lectins are addressed. Initially, we presented the purification protocols and the physicochemical aspects, such as specificity for carbohydrates, optimal activity in the face of variations in temperature and pH, as well metals-dependence. Following, structural characterization studies are highlighted and, finally, various biological activities already reported are summarized. Studies on lectins in almost all genera (Lathyrus, Lens, Pisum and Vicia) are considered, with the exception of Vavilovia which studies of lectins have not yet been reported. Like other leguminous lectins, Vicieae lectins present heterogeneous profiles of agglutination profiles for erythrocytes and other cells of the immune system, and glycoproteins. Most Vicieae lectins consist of two subunits, α and β, products of a single precursor protein derived from a single gene. The differences between the isoforms result from varying degrees of proteolytic processing. Along with the identification of these molecules and their characteristics, biological activities become very relevant and robust for both basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benildo Sousa Cavada
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Vanir Reis Pinto-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Messias Vital Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Jose Silva Osterne
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Mazzoleni A, Mallet JM, Rovero P, Papini AM. Glycoreplica peptides to investigate molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated physiological versus pathological conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:44-53. [PMID: 30594643 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the role of saccharides and glycoconjugates in mechanisms of immune-mediated physiological and pathological conditions is a hot topic. In fact, in many autoimmune diseases cross-reactivity between sugar moieties exposed on exogenous pathogens and self-molecules has long been hinted. Several peptides have been reported as mimetics of glycans specifically interacting with sugar-binding antibodies. The seek for these glycoreplica peptides is instrumental in characterizing antigen mimicry pathways and their involvement in triggering autoimmunity. Therefore, peptides mimicking glycan-protein interactions are valuable molecular tools to overcome the difficulties of oligosaccharide preparations. The clinical impact of peptide-based probes for autoimmune diseases diagnosis and follow-up is emerging only recently as just the tip of the iceberg of an overlooked potential. Here we provide a brief overview of the relevance of the structural and functional aspects of peptide probes and their mimicry effect in autoimmunity mechanisms for promising applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mazzoleni
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Maurice Mallet
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceuticals, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Platform of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab@UCP and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, Université Paris-Seine, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise CEDEX, France.
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Boden S, Reise F, Kania J, Lindhorst TK, Hartmann L. Sequence-Defined Introduction of Hydrophobic Motifs and Effects in Lectin Binding of Precision Glycomacromolecules. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800425. [PMID: 30707496 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of an increasingly hydrophobic backbone of multivalent glycomimetics based on sequence-defined oligo(amidoamines) on their resulting affinity toward bacterial lectins. Glycomacromolecules are obtained by stepwise assembly of tailor-made building blocks on solid support, using both hydrophobic aliphatic and aromatic building blocks to enable a gradual change in hydrophobicity of the backbone. Their binding behavior toward model lectin Concanavalin A (ConA) is evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showing higher affinities for glycomacromolecules with higher content of hydrophobic and aromatic moieties in the backbone. Finally, glycomacromolecules are tested in a bacterial adhesion inhibition study against Escherichia coli where more hydrophobic backbones yield higher inhibitory potentials most likely due to additional secondary interactions with hydrophobic regions of the protein receptor as well as a change in conformation exposing carbohydrate ligands for increased binding. Overall, the results highlight the influence and thereby importance of the polymer backbone itself on the resulting properties of polymeric biomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Boden
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Reise
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jessica Kania
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Baier M, Giesler M, Hartmann L. Split-and-Combine Approach Towards Branched Precision Glycomacromolecules and Their Lectin Binding Behavior. Chemistry 2018; 24:1619-1630. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Baier
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf; Universitaetsstraße 1 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Markus Giesler
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf; Universitaetsstraße 1 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf; Universitaetsstraße 1 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
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Zheng C, Yin S, Yang Y, Yu Y, Xie X. CD24 aggravates acute liver injury in autoimmune hepatitis by promoting IFN-γ production by CD4 + T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:260-271. [PMID: 28065940 PMCID: PMC5843612 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell-mediated immune response is implicated in many clinical hepatic injuries, such as autoimmune hepatitis and acute virus hepatitis. CD24 is widely expressed by different immune cells and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. However, the role of CD24 in T-cell-mediated liver injury has not been elucidated until now. Here we showed that CD24 deficiency protects mice from concanavalin A (ConA)-induced fulminant liver injury by reducing serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels. CD24 expression by hepatic T cells was markedly increased following ConA challenge. Moreover, decreased IFN-γ production by hepatic CD4+ T cells in CD24-deficient mice was detected, which was correlated with downregulated phosphorylation of STAT1 in hepatic tissue. In vitro experiments also supported the conclusion that CD24 deficiency impaired IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells following ConA, CD3/CD28 and phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin stimulation. Our study suggests that CD24 deficiency confers hepatoprotection by decreasing CD4+ T-cell-dependent IFN-γ production in vivo, which suggests that CD24 might be a potential target molecule for reducing clinical hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Zheng
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Clinical Division of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shulei Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohua Xie
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Clinical Division of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Synthesis and binding affinity analysis of positional thiol analogs of mannopyranose for the elucidation of sulfur in different position. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Novoa A, Machida T, Barluenga S, Imberty A, Winssinger N. PNA-encoded synthesis (PES) of a 10 000-member hetero-glycoconjugate library and microarray analysis of diverse lectins. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2058-65. [PMID: 25158314 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Identification of selective and synthetically tractable ligands to glycan-binding proteins is important in glycoscience. Carbohydrate arrays have had a tremendous impact on profiling glycan-binding proteins and as analytical tools. We report a highly miniaturized synthetic format to access nucleic-acid-encoded hetero-glycoconjugate libraries with an unprecedented diversity in the combinations of glycans, linkers, and capping groups. Novel information about plant and bacterial lectin specificity was obtained by microarray profiling, and we show that a ligand identified on the array can be converted to a high-affinity soluble ligand by straightforward chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Novoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4 (Switzerland)
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Carbohydrate Binding and Unfolding of Spatholobus parviflorus Lectin: Fluorescence and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopic Study. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:80-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Johansson EM, Crusz SA, Kolomiets E, Buts L, Kadam RU, Cacciarini M, Bartels KM, Diggle SP, Cámara M, Williams P, Loris R, Nativi C, Rosenau F, Jaeger KE, Darbre T, Reymond JL. Inhibition and Dispersion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms by Glycopeptide Dendrimers Targeting the Fucose-Specific Lectin LecB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:1249-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oh E, Lee D, Kim YP, Cha SY, Oh DB, Kang HA, Kim J, Kim HS. Nanoparticle-based energy transfer for rapid and simple detection of protein glycosylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7959-63. [PMID: 17080470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkeu Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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Oh E, Lee D, Kim YP, Cha SY, Oh DB, Kang HA, Kim J, Kim HS. Nanoparticle-Based Energy Transfer for Rapid and Simple Detection of Protein Glycosylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim SH, Goto M, Akaike T. Specific binding of glucose-derivatized polymers to the asialoglycoprotein receptor of mouse primary hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:35312-9. [PMID: 11390372 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009749200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we designed a novel amphiphilic poly-(p-N-vinylbenzyl-D-glucuronamide) (PV6Gna) modified at the 6-OH position of glucose for hepatocyte recognition to address the mechanism of the interaction between mouse primary hepatocytes and the PV6Gna. PV6Gna bound to lectins specific for glucose but not galactose as did other glucose-derivatized polymers. However, hepatocyte adhesion onto the PV6Gna surface was inhibited in the presence of galactose and its analogues but not in the presence of glucose and its analogues. We also showed that hepatocyte adhesion to the PV6Gna surface was inhibited dose dependently by asialofetuin (ASF). Interactions between soluble PV6Gna and hepatocytes were inhibited by GalNAc, ASF, and EGTA in flow cytometry analysis using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated PV6Gna. Hepatocyte adhesion to the PV6Gna surface was inhibited more effectively by GalNAc than by methyl beta-D-galactose. In flow cytometry analysis and cell adhesion assay, ASF competed for the inhibition of interaction between PV6Gna and hepatocytes 0.5-4 x 10(5)-fold more effectively than did GalNAc. These results demonstrate involvement of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) in the interaction between PV6Gna and hepatocytes. Furthermore, to clarify the mechanism of the interaction between glycopolymers modified at the 6-OH position of glucose and the hepatocyte, we prepared a gel particle containing 6-O-methacryloyl-d-glucose (PMglc) synthesized by an enzymatic method. ASGPRs could be detected using Western blot analysis following precipitation with PMglc in hepatocyte cell lysate. The precipitation of ASGPRs was inhibited in the presence of galactose, ASF, PV6Gna, and EGTA. The precipitation was inhibited more effectively by GalNAc than by methyl beta-d-galactose. ASGPRs were rarely precipitated by PMglc in the cell lysate that had been treated with ASF-conjugated Sepharose. Taken together, we suggest that mouse primary hepatocytes adhere to the PV6Gna surface mediated by ASGPRs, which specifically interacted with the glycopolymers modified at the C-6 position of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE Concanavalin A (Con A) has been used in the development of sol-gel phase-reversible hydrogels for modulated insulin delivery. The usefulness of Con A has suffered from its poor aqueous solubility and stability. The goal of this study was to modify Con A with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and examine the water solubility and stability of the PEGylated Con A. METHODS Con A was PEGylated using monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) p-nitrophenol carbonates, and the extent of PEGylation was determined by the fluorescamine method. The stability of the PEGylated Con A was examined by measuring the time-dependent absorbance at 630 nm. The binding affinities of glucose and allyl glucose to native- and PEGylated-Con A were measured by the equilibrium dialysis method. RESULTS The total number of PEG molecules that can be grafted to Con A was 10. As the number of grafted PEG chains per each Con A was increased up to 5, the binding affinity of glucose was gradually increased and reached the maximum. The solubility and stability of PEGylated Con A were improved significantly over those of native Con A. The binding affinity of allyl glucose to Con A was not changed much by PEGylation. When the extent of PEGylation was excessive (i.e., the number of grafted PEG chains per each Con A was larger than 5), however, the binding affinities of both glucose and allyl glucose were decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS PEGylation of Con A resulted in improved aqueous solubility and stability of Con A. The binding affinity of glucose increased and reached the maximum when the extent of PEGylation was 50%. Advantages of PEGylated Con A over native Con A are improved aqueous solubility, enhanced long-term stability, and higher glucose sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Purdue University, Department of Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Abstract
The legume lectins are a large family of homologous carbohydrate binding proteins that are found mainly in the seeds of most legume plants. Despite their strong similarity on the level of their amino acid sequences and tertiary structures, their carbohydrate specificities and quaternary structures vary widely. In this review we will focus on the structural features of legume lectins and their complexes with carbohydrates. These will be discussed in the light of recent mutagenesis results when appropriate. Monosaccharide specificity seems to be achieved by the use of a conserved core of residues that hydrogen bond to the sugar, and a variable loop that determines the exact shape of the monosaccharide binding site. The higher affinity for particular oligosaccharides and monosaccharides containing a hydrophobic aglycon results mainly from a few distinct subsites next to the monosaccharide binding site. These subsites consist of a small number of variable residues and are found in both the mannose and galactose specificity groups. The quaternary structures of these proteins form the basis of a higher level of specificity, where the spacing between individual epitopes of multivalent carbohydrates becomes important. This results in homogeneous cross-linked lattices even in mixed precipitation systems, and is of relevance for their effects on the biological activities of cells such as mitogenic responses. Quaternary structure is also thought to play an important role in the high affinity interaction between some legume lectins and adenine and a series of adenine-derived plant hormones. The molecular basis of the variation in quaternary structure in this group of proteins is poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loris
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastruktuur, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium.
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Mislovicová D, Vikartovská A, Gemeiner P. The glycosylated enzyme-binding assay for the study of the interaction of free and immobilized lectins with carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1997; 35:37-48. [PMID: 9310866 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(97)00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylated enzymes (invertase and glucose oxidase) were used as the competitive markers for a simple and rapid determination of the lectin-saccharide interactions. The method, based on the formation of the conjugate of an appropriate glycoenzyme with the specific carbohydrate-binding lectins and the inhibition of the conjugate formation with a monosaccharide, was described. This method was used to estimate the relative carbohydrate specificity of Concanavalin A for monosaccharides derived from D-mannose. The inhibition effect of the saccharides on the formation of Concanavalin A-glycosylated enzyme precipitate was compared with their influence on the enzyme sorption on conjugate Concanavalin A-bead cellulose support. The amount of the interacting enzyme was estimated either indirectly from its concentration in a supernatant that was determined spectrophotometrically (Con A was in a free or immobilized form) or directly in the immobilized form linked to Con A-sorbent using the flow microcalorimetric method. The results obtained, using different methods, agreed in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mislovicová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Hincha DK, Sieg F, Köth H, Schmitt JM, Bakaltcheva I. Chapter 4 Freeze-thaw damage to thylakoid membranes: Specific protection by sugars and proteins. ADVANCES IN LOW-TEMPERATURE BIOLOGY VOLUME 3 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1873-9792(96)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Loris R, Casset F, Bouckaert J, Pletinckx J, Dao-Thi MH, Poortmans F, Imberty A, Perez S, Wyns L. The monosaccharide binding site of lentil lectin: an X-ray and molecular modelling study. Glycoconj J 1994; 11:507-17. [PMID: 7696853 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structure of lentil lectin in complex with alpha-D-glucopyranose has been determined by molecular replacement and refined to an R-value of 0.20 at 3.0 A resolution. The glucose interacts with the protein in a manner similar to that found in the mannose complexes of concanavalin A, pea lectin and isolectin I from Lathyrus ochrus. The complex is stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds involving the carbohydrate oxygens O6, O4, O3 and O5. In addition, the alpha-D-glucopyranose residue makes van der Waals contacts with the protein, involving the phenyl ring of Phe123 beta. The overall structure of lentil lectin, at this resolution, does not differ significantly from the highly refined structures of the uncomplexed lectin. Molecular docking studies were performed with mannose and its 2-O and 3-O-m-nitro-benzyl derivatives to explain their high affinity binding. The interactions of the modelled mannose with lentil lectin agree well with those observed experimentally for the protein-carbohydrate complex. The highly flexible Me-2-O-(m-nitro-benzyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and Me-3-O-(m-nitro-benzyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside become conformationally restricted upon binding to lentil lectin. For best orientations of the two substrates in the combining site, the loss of entropy is accompanied by the formation of a strong hydrogen bond between the nitro group and one amino acid, Gly97 beta and Asn125 beta, respectively, along with the establishment of van der Waals interactions between the benzyl group and the aromatic amino acids Tyr100 beta and Trp128 beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loris
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium
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