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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor acids and bases. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:559-644. [PMID: 32233033 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous acids and bases influence indoor air quality. The most abundant of these species are CO2 (acidic) and NH3 (basic), both emitted by building occupants. Other prominent inorganic acids are HNO3 , HONO, SO2 , H2 SO4 , HCl, and HOCl. Prominent organic acids include formic, acetic, and lactic; nicotine is a noteworthy organic base. Sources of N-, S-, and Cl-containing acids can include ventilation from outdoors, indoor combustion, consumer product use, and chemical reactions. Organic acids are commonly more abundant indoors than outdoors, with indoor sources including occupants, wood, and cooking. Beyond NH3 and nicotine, other noteworthy bases include inorganic and organic amines. Acids and bases partition indoors among the gas-phase, airborne particles, bulk water, and surfaces; relevant thermodynamic parameters governing the partitioning are the acid-dissociation constant (Ka ), Henry's law constant (KH ), and the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa ). Condensed-phase water strongly influences the fate of indoor acids and bases and is also a medium for chemical interactions. Indoor surfaces can be large reservoirs of acids and bases. This extensive review of the state of knowledge establishes a foundation for future inquiry to better understand how acids and bases influence the suitability of indoor environments for occupants, cultural artifacts, and sensitive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Zeng W, Li J. Spatio-temporal distribution of ammonia (NH 3) emissions in agricultural fields across North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8129-8141. [PMID: 31897989 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is one of the main polluted gases in the atmosphere, and its emission has markedly increased in recent years. In China, NH3 is mainly emitted from agricultural fields. Using city-wide data on NH3 emissions in agricultural fields, the spatio-temporal emission of NH3 was estimated for North China. This included emissions from nitrogen fertilizers, field straws, background soil, nitrogen-fixing plants, human feces, and livestock/poultry manure. Based on the results, the range of NH3 emission in agricultural lands was 1623.0-1801.5 Gg/year. The rate of increase in NH3 emission in the period 2003-2015 was 0.74% per year, which was relatively stable. The leading sources of NH3 emission included the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and the continuous expansion of livestock and poultry industries scale, accounting respectively for 44.9% and 43.9% NH3 emission in the study area, respectively. Hebei and Shandong provinces contributed the highest NH3 emission in North China. The contribution rate of NH3 emission in each province varied with sources, agricultural development, and population density. Based on the 1 km × 1 km grid resolution map for NH3 emission, the range and average of emission were 9.72-10.13 kg/ha and 9.95 kg/ha, respectively. High emissions were in the southeast of Hebei province and most of Shandong province. For these regions, there is a need for changes in policies relating to the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and the management methods of livestock production in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Schulz H, Beck W, Lausch A. Atmospheric depositions affect the growth patterns of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.)-a long-term cause-effect monitoring study using biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:159. [PMID: 30762135 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recording the causes, effects, and effect mechanisms of vegetation health is crucial to understand process-pattern interactions in ecosystem processes. NOX and SOX in the form of air pollution are both triggers and sources of vegetation health that can have an effect on the local or the global level and whose impacts need to be monitored. In this study, the growth patterns in Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied in the context of changing atmospheric depositions in the lowlands of north-eastern Germany. Under the influence of atmospheric sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) depositions, pine stands showed temporal variations in their normal growth behavior. In such cases, the patterns of normal growth can be suppressed or accelerated. Pine stands which were influenced by high S deposition up until 1990 changed from suppressed growth to accelerated growth by decreasing S, but increasing N depositions between 1990 and 2003. The cause of these changes in pine growth patterns was imbalances in S and N nutrition, in particular, enrichments of sulfate, non-protein nitrogen or arginine, and finally, also imbalances and deficiencies in phosphorus, glucose, and adenosine triphosphate in the needles. Our long-term monitoring study shows that biochemical markers (traits) are crucial bioindicators for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of tree vitality and growth patterns in Scots pines. Furthermore, we were able to show that NOX and SOX depositions need to be monitored locally to be able to assess the local effects of biomolecular markers on the growth patterns in Scots pine stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Schulz
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 6120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Beck
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fischeries, Institute for Forest Ecology Inventory, Alfred-Möller-Strasse 1, 16225, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Angela Lausch
- Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Geography, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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Sutton MA, Erisman JW, Dentener F, Möller D. Ammonia in the environment: from ancient times to the present. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:583-604. [PMID: 18499318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on atmospheric ammonia has made good progress in quantifying sources/sinks and environmental impacts. This paper reviews the achievements and places them in their historical context. It considers the role of ammonia in the development of agricultural science and air chemistry, showing how these arose out of foundations in 18th century chemistry and medieval alchemy, and then identifies the original environmental sources from which the ancients obtained ammonia. Ammonia is revealed as a compound of key human interest through the centuries, with a central role played by sal ammoniac in alchemy and the emergence of modern science. The review highlights how recent environmental research has emphasized volatilization sources of ammonia. Conversely, the historical records emphasize the role of high-temperature sources, including dung burning, coal burning, naturally burning coal seams and volcanoes. Present estimates of ammonia emissions from these sources are based on few measurements, which should be a future priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sutton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland EH260QB, UK.
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WITTER E. Use of CaCl2 to decrease ammonia volatilization after application of fresh and anaerobic chicken slurry to soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Anderson N, Strader R, Davidson C. Airborne reduced nitrogen: ammonia emissions from agriculture and other sources. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2003; 29:277-86. [PMID: 12676214 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a basic gas and one of the most abundant nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere. When emitted, ammonia reacts with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur to form particles, typically in the fine particle size range. Roughly half of the PM(2.5) mass in eastern United States is ammonium sulfate, according to the US EPA. Results from recent studies of PM(2.5) show that these fine particles are typically deposited deep in the lungs and may lead to increased morbidity and/or mortality. Also, these particles are in the size range that will degrade visibility. Ammonia emission inventories are usually constructed by multiplying an activity level by an experimentally determined emission factor for each source category. Typical sources of ammonia include livestock, fertilizer, soils, forest fires and slash burning, industry, vehicles, the oceans, humans, pets, wild animals, and waste disposal and recycling activities. Livestock is the largest source category in the United States, with waste from livestock responsible for about 3x10(9) kg of ammonia in 1995. Volatilization of ammonia from livestock waste is dependent on many parameters, and thus emission factors are difficult to predict. Despite a seasonal variation in these values, the emission factors for general livestock categories are usually annually averaged in current inventories. Activity levels for livestock are from the USDA Census of Agriculture, which does not give information about animal raising practices such as housing types and grazing times, waste handling systems, and approximate animal slurry spreading times or methods. Ammonia emissions in the United States in 1995 from sources other than livestock are much lower; for example, annual emissions are roughly 8x10(8) kg from fertilizer, 7x10(7) kg from industry, 5x10(7) kg from vehicles and 1x10(8) kg from humans. There is considerable uncertainty in the emissions from soil and vegetation, although this category may also be significant. Recommendations for future directions in ammonia research include designing experiments to improve emission factors and their resolution in all significant source categories, developing mass balance models, and refining of the livestock activity level data by eliciting judgment from experts in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Artyomov VM, Artyomov EM, Fridman SD. Ammonia uptake by plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1994; 29:221-228. [PMID: 24221345 DOI: 10.1007/bf00547988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/1991] [Revised: 07/15/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers the methodology and results of experimental determination of dry deposition and ammonia uptake by isolated plant leaves. Analytical expressions are proposed which allow a transition from rates obtained in an isolated chamber to dry ammonia deposition by standing crops leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Artyomov
- Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Glebovskaya 20b, 107258, Moscow, Russia
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Lee DS, Dollard GJ. Uncertainties in current estimates of emissions of ammonia in the United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1994; 86:267-277. [PMID: 15091618 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1993] [Accepted: 10/29/1993] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of the emissions of ammonia have previously concentrated on animal husbandry sources from agricultural systems. Animal husbandry sources still constitute the major fraction of emissions of ammonia, but we have also considered the potential magnitude of other 'minor' sources, which may include coal combustion, waste incineration, road vehicles, sewage treatment plants, fertiliser manufacture and application, vegetation senescence and crop emissions, domestic pets, and human sources. Where possible, a provisional estimate of UK emissions from each of these sources is given. It is concluded that the potential magnitude of emissions from these 'minor' sources may make a significant contribution to the total emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere. On the basis of the available data, and the application of a range of emission factors to the UK situation, an additional annual emission potential lying in the range of approximately 80-140 ktonne year(-1) over and above that from animal husbandry has been calculated. The uncertainties in the emission estimates and instances in which a better resolution of sources is required are discussed. The emission factors used for animals in various inventories are reviewed and applied to the main UK agricultural animal populations. By using this approach, estimates of emissions from these sources range between 113 and 647 ktonne year(-1), which illustrates the uncertainties involved. It is suggested that our knowledge of the sources of ammonia, and their distribution, is far from complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lee
- AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre, E5, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK, OX14 3DB
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Fangmeier A, Hadwiger-Fangmeier A, Van der Eerden L, Jäger HJ. Effects of atmospheric ammonia on vegetation--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1994; 86:43-82. [PMID: 15091648 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/1993] [Accepted: 08/16/1993] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric ammonia does not only cause acute injuries at vegetation close to the source, but significantly contributes to large scale nitrogen eutrophication and acidification of ecosystems because the amount of sources is high and after conversion to ammonium it can reach remote areas by long-range atmospheric transport. Besides having acute toxic potential, NH(3) and NH(4)(+) (= NH(y)) may disturb vegetation by secondary metabolic changes due to increased NH(y) uptake and assimilation leading to higher susceptibility to abiotic (drought, frost) and biotic (pests) stress. Prevention of damage to natural and semi-natural ecosystems will only be achieved if NH(3) emissions are drastically reduced. In this paper, the current knowledge on NH(y) emission, deposition, and its effects on vegetation and ecosystems are reviewed. Critical levels and critical loads for nitrogen deposition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fangmeier
- Institut für Pflanzenökologie der Justu-Liebig-Universität Giebetaen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, D-35392 Giebetaen, Germany
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Lee DS, Longhurst JW. Estimates of emissions of SO2, NOx, HCl and NH3 from a densely populated region of the UK. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 79:37-44. [PMID: 15091911 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90175-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/1990] [Accepted: 09/30/1991] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of emissions of SO2, NOx, HCl and NH3 have been made for a densely populated region of the UK, the North-West of England, using data on power generation, incinerator plant capacity, fuel usage and animal and human population statistics. The spatial distributions of SO2 and NOx emissions are quite different, reflecting their different source strengths. The emissions from motor vehicles make up 52% of the NOx emissions from the North-West of England, whilst those from fossil-fuel-fired power stations make up 20%. The emissions of fossil-fuel-fired power stations make up 58% of SO2 emissions from the North-West. A large fossil-fuel-fired power station is the largest known point source for emissions of SO2, NOx and HCl. The largest contribution to NH3 emissions in the North-West is from cattle. Humans may contribute some NH3 to overall emissions but there is considerable uncertainty as to how much is emitted and what fraction of this is deposited within buildings. The uncertainties in the methodologies used are high-lighted and, where possible, recommendations are made as to how future emissions estimates might be improved. Potential reductions in emissions of SO2, NOx and HCl are discussed under basic scenarios of planned power station closures in the area and the compliance of the electricity generation industry with the European Community Directive on Large Combustion Plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lee
- Environmental Physics Department, Environmental Safety Division, AEA Environment and Energy, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0RA, UK
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Sutton M, Pitcairn C, Fowler D. The Exchange of Ammonia Between the Atmosphere and Plant Communities. ADV ECOL RES 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Indoor concentrations of ammonia and the potential contribution of humans to atmospheric budgets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hanson PJ, Lindberg SE. Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds: A review of leaf, canopy and non-foliar measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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