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Zhao P, Ji Y, Yang H, Meng X, Liu B. Soy Protein Isolate-Chitosan Nanoparticle-Stabilized Pickering Emulsions: Stability and In Vitro Digestion for DHA. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:546. [PMID: 37888481 PMCID: PMC10608249 DOI: 10.3390/md21100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the stability and oral delivery of DHA-encapsulated Pickering emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate-chitosan (SPI-CS) nanoparticles (SPI-CS Pickering emulsions) under various conditions and in the simulated gastrointestinal (GIT) model. The stability of DHA was characterized by the retention rate under storage, ionic strength, and thermal conditions. The oral delivery efficiency was characterized by the retention and release rate of DHA in the GIT model and cell viability and uptake in the Caco-2 model. The results showed that the content of DHA was above 90% in various conditions. The retention rate of DHA in Pickering emulsions containing various nanoparticle concentrations (1.5 and 3.5%) decreased to 80%, while passing through the mouth to the stomach, and DHA was released 26% in 1.5% Pickering emulsions, which was faster than that of 3.5% in the small intestine. After digestion, DHA Pickering emulsions proved to be nontoxic and effectively absorbed by cells. These findings helped to develop a novel delivery system for DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China; (P.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (X.M.)
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2
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Sawyer L. β-Lactoglobulin and Glycodelin: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Front Physiol 2021; 12:678080. [PMID: 34093238 PMCID: PMC8173191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The two lipocalins, β-lactoglobulin (βLg) and glycodelin (Gd), are possibly the most closely related members of the large and widely distributed lipocalin family, yet their functions appear to be substantially different. Indeed, the function of β-lactoglobulin, a major component of ruminant milk, is still unclear although neonatal nutrition is clearly important. On the other hand, glycodelin has several specific functions in reproduction conferred through distinct, tissue specific glycosylation of the polypeptide backbone. It is also associated with some cancer outcomes. The glycodelin gene, PAEP, reflecting one of its names, progestagen-associated endometrial protein, is expressed in many though not all primates, but the name has now also been adopted for the β-lactoglobulin gene (HGNC, www.genenames.org). After a general overview of the two proteins in the context of the lipocalin family, this review considers the properties of each in the light of their physiological functional significance, supplementing earlier reviews to include studies from the past decade. While the biological function of glycodelin is reasonably well defined, that of β-lactoglobulin remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Sawyer
- School of Biological Sciences, IQB3, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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3
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Gori M, Altomare A, Cocca S, Solida E, Ribolsi M, Carotti S, Rainer A, Francesconi M, Morini S, Cicala M, Pier Luca Guarino M. Palmitic Acid Affects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Permeability In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050417. [PMID: 32414055 PMCID: PMC7278681 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain saturated fatty acid, might activate innate immune cells. PA plays a role in chronic liver disease, diabetes and Crohn’s disease, all of which are associated with impaired intestinal permeability. We investigated the effect of PA, at physiological postprandial intestinal concentrations, on gut epithelium as compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ethanol, using an in vitro gut model, the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 grown on transwell inserts. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated; epithelial barrier integrity was investigated by measuring the paracellular flux of fluorescein, and through RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) mRNAs and proteins, respectively. In PA-exposed Caco-2 monolayers, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were not detected. A significant increase in fluorescein flux was observed in PA-treated monolayers, after 90 min and up to 360 min, whereas with LPS and ethanol, this was only observed at later time-points. Gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis showed TJ and AJ alterations only in PA-exposed monolayers. In conclusion, PA affected intestinal permeability without inducing cytotoxicity or oxidative stress. This effect seemed to be faster and stronger than those with LPS and ethanol. Thus, we hypothesized that PA, besides having an immunomodulatory effect, might play a role in inflammatory and functional intestinal disorders in which the intestinal permeability is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Gori
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel: +39-062-2541-9108
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Silvia Cocca
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Eleonora Solida
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Simone Carotti
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Francesconi
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Morini
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
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4
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Lu X, Li C, Huang Q. Combining in vitro digestion model with cell culture model: Assessment of encapsulation and delivery of curcumin in milled starch particle stabilized Pickering emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:917-924. [PMID: 31401275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the encapsulation and oral delivery efficiency of milled starch particles stabilized Pickering emulsions for lipophilic bioactive compounds, in vitro digestion model coupled with Caco-2 cells models were used. Physicochemical and biological properties of curcumin encapsulated Pickering emulsions were analyzed regarding to emulsion structure, curcumin retention, in vitro digestion, in vitro anti-proliferate ability and cellular uptake. Milled starch particles stabilized Pickering emulsion system was able to protect curcumin against harsh gastric conditions. Around 80% of the encapsulated curcumin was retained after 2 h of simulated gastric digestion. By being encapsulated in Pickering emulsion, the bioaccessibility of curcumin was increased from 11% for curcumin in bulk oil phase to 28% under simulated intestinal digestion process. The resulting curcumin-loaded micelle phase from digested emulsion exhibited significant anti-cancer ability and enhanced cellular uptake. This research provides an exploratory study on the possible future application of milled starch particles stabilized Pickering emulsions as nutraceutical delivery vehicles in the creation of novel functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Lu
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chao Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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5
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Zang J, Li C, Zhou K, Dong H, Chen B, Wang F, Zhao G. Nanomolar Hg 2+ Detection Using β-Lactoglobulin-Stabilized Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters in Beverage and Biological Media. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10275-10283. [PMID: 27680745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Owing to diverse functionalities and metal binding abilities, proteins have been proven to be promising ligands in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (Au NCs). In this work, we explored β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), a protein byproduct generated during cheese processing, as a biotemplate for fabrication of Au NCs by a facile and green method for the first time. The as-prepared Au NCs are water soluble and highly fluorescent and exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity for Hg2+ detection in aqueous solution. Interestingly, we found that the fluorescence of these Au NCs is stable either in a variety of complex matrixes or over a broad pH range (5.0-13.0) and therefore can be explored as a cell and animal imaging agent. More importantly, we demonstrated that the β-lactoglobulin-stabilized Au NCs (β-Lg-Au NCs) could serve as a sensor for the detection and quantification of Hg2+ in beverages, urine, and serum with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Zang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Haisheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , No. 26, Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , No. 26, Beiqing Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
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6
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Li Y, Wu Z, He W, Qin C, Yao J, Zhou J, Yin L. Globular Protein-Coated Paclitaxel Nanosuspensions: Interaction Mechanism, Direct Cytosolic Delivery, and Significant Improvement in Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1485-500. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhannan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lifang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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7
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Aditya N, Yang H, Kim S, Ko S. Fabrication of amorphous curcumin nanosuspensions using β-lactoglobulin to enhance solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 127:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Mensi A, Borel P, Goncalves A, Nowicki M, Gleize B, Roi S, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Reboul E. β-lactoglobulin as a vector for β-carotene food fortification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5916-5924. [PMID: 24857546 DOI: 10.1021/jf501683s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Food fortification is a strategy to overcome vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of the bovine milk protein β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), a potential retinoid carrier, in vitamin A absorption. In vivo experiments were conducted by force-feeding mice with retinol or β-carotene associated with either β-Lg or oil-in-water emulsion, with subsequent determination of both vitamin A intestinal mucosa and plasma contents. Caco-2 cells were then used to investigate the mechanisms of vitamin A uptake when delivered by either β-Lg or mixed micelles. We showed that β-Lg was as efficient as emulsion to promote β-carotene, but not retinol, absorption in mice. Similar results were obtained in vitro. Interestingly, an inhibitor of the Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I significantly decreased the uptake of micellar β-carotene but not that of β-carotene bound to β-Lg. Overall, we showed that β-Lg would be a good vector for β-carotene food fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Mensi
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, UR 1268 , F-44316 Nantes, France
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9
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Bovine β-lactoglobulin/fatty acid complexes: binding, structural, and biological properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 94:409-426. [PMID: 25110551 PMCID: PMC4121524 DOI: 10.1007/s13594-014-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-binding properties of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) are well documented, but the subsequent biological functions are still unclear. Focusing on fatty acids/β-lg complexes, the structure-function relationships are reviewed in the light of the structural state of the protein (native versus non-native aggregated proteins). After a brief description of β-lg native structure, the review takes an interest in the binding properties of native β-lg (localization of binding sites, stoichiometry, and affinity) and the way the interaction affects the biological properties of the protein and the ligand. The binding properties of non-native aggregated forms of β-lg that are classically generated during industrial processing are also related. Structural changes modify the stoichiometry and the affinity of β-lg for fatty acids and consequently the biological functions of the complex. Finally, the fatty acid-binding properties of other whey proteins (α-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin) and some biological properties of the complexes are also addressed. These proteins affect β-lg/fatty acids complex in whey given their competition with β-lg for fatty acids.
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10
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Reitsma M, Westerhout J, Wichers HJ, Wortelboer HM, Verhoeckx KCM. Protein transport across the small intestine in food allergy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:194-205. [PMID: 24395537 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of the imminent deficiency of protein sources for human consumption in the near future, new protein sources need to be identified. However, safety issues such as the risk of allergenicity are often a bottleneck, due to the absence of predictive, validated and accepted methods for risk assessment. The current strategy to assess the allergenic potential of proteins focuses mainly on homology, stability and cross-reactivity, although other factors such as intestinal transport might be of added value too. In this review, we present an overview of the knowledge of protein transport across the intestinal wall and the methods currently being used to measure this. A literature study reveals that protein transport in sensitised persons occurs para-cellularly with the involvement of mast cells, and trans-cellularly via enterocytes, while in non-sensitised persons micro-fold cells and enterocytes are considered most important. However, there is a lack of comparable systematic studies on transport of allergenic proteins. Knowledge of the multiple protein transport pathways and which model system can be useful to study these processes may be of added value in the risk assessment of food allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Reitsma
- TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands; Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
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11
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Le Maux S, Brodkorb A, Croguennec T, Hennessy AA, Bouhallab S, Giblin L. β-Lactoglobulin-linoleate complexes: In vitro digestion and the role of protein in fatty acid uptake. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4258-68. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Intracellular fate of retinyl acetate-loaded submicron delivery systems by in vitro intestinal epithelial cells: A comparison between whey protein-stabilised submicron droplets and micelles stabilised with polysorbate 80. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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14
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Loch JI, Polit A, Bonarek P, Olszewska D, Kurpiewska K, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Lewiński K. Structural and thermodynamic studies of binding saturated fatty acids to bovine β-lactoglobulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1095-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Fluckinger M, Merschak P, Hermann M, Haertlé T, Redl B. Lipocalin-interacting-membrane-receptor (LIMR) mediates cellular internalization of β-lactoglobulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:342-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Riihimäki L, Galkin A, Finel M, Heikura J, Valkonen K, Virtanen V, Laaksonen R, Slotte JP, Vuorela P. Transport properties of bovine and reindeer β-lactoglobulin in the Caco-2 cell model. Int J Pharm 2008; 347:1-8. [PMID: 17658229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beta-lactoglobulin (betaLG) is a protein that binds ligands like fatty acids and retinol into the hydrophobic pocket. Our purpose was to study bovine and reindeer betaLG as transporter molecules and compare their transport properties across Caco-2 cell membrane. The reindeer betaLG has more valuable binder characteristics than bovine betaLG because it has only one genetic phenotype and it seems to exhibit better immunological properties. The permeation of betaLG in Caco-2 cells was evaluated by immunoblotting, and the permeation of the model substances retinol, palmitic acid and cholesterol with and without betaLG was determined using [(3)H]-labelled ligands. Both bovine and reindeer betaLG were able to pass across a Caco-2 cell monolayer similarly. Unbound and betaLG-bound [(3)H]retinol and [(3)H]palmitic acid were equally transported across the Caco-2 cell layer, whereas [(3)H]cholesterol could not pass across Caco-2 cells with or without betaLG at any of the studied circumstances. Thus, the bovine and reindeer milk betaLG is not a suitable protein to enhance transport of ligands across the Caco-2 cell membrane, used for predicting intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riihimäki
- Drug Discovery and Development Technology Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Gabor F, Schwarzbauer A, Wirth M. Lectin-mediated drug delivery: binding and uptake of BSA-WGA conjugates using the Caco-2 model. Int J Pharm 2002; 237:227-39. [PMID: 11955820 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether the dietary lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) can facilitate binding and uptake of protein drugs due to its cytoadhesive and cytoinvasive properties, conjugates were prepared by covalent coupling of fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin (F-BSA) to WGA using divinylsulfone for crosslinking. Increasing the molar ratio of F-BSA/WGA resulted in 2.6-8.7 times higher Caco-2 binding as compared with glycyl-F-BSA. About 75% of F-BSA-WGA were bound specifically to Caco-2 cells according to inhibition studies in presence of the complementary carbohydrate. The Caco-2 association of F-BSA-WGA was temperature-dependent indicating active uptake of membrane bound conjugate, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy. The conjugate accumulated within lysosomal compartments followed by proteolytic degradation of F-BSA-WGA 1-4 h after conjugate loading as observed by equilibrating the intracellular pH with monensin. Finally low molecular weight degradation products of the proteinaceous prodrug appear in the extracellular medium. Contrary to Caco-2 single cells, a minor part of the conjugate is degraded by brush border proteases already 30 min after exposure to Caco-2 monolayers. But most of the conjugate is taken up into differentiated cells and processed as in single cells. Though the enzymic barrier remains to be surmounted, WGA-mediated drug delivery is a promising strategy for peroral delivery of even high molecular weight drugs to overcome the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Gabor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, The University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Sawyer L, Kontopidis G. The core lipocalin, bovine beta-lactoglobulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1482:136-48. [PMID: 11058756 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The lipocalin family became established shortly after the structural similarity was noted between plasma retinol binding protein and the bovine milk protein, beta-lactoglobulin. During the past 60 years, beta-lactoglobulin has been studied by essentially every biochemical technique available and so there is a huge literature upon its properties. Despite all of these studies, no specific biological function has been ascribed definitively to the protein, although several possibilities have been suggested. During the processing of milk on an industrial scale, the unpredictable nature of the process has been put down to the presence of beta-lactoglobulin and certainly the whey protein has been implicated in the initiation of aggregation that leads to the fouling of heat exchangers. This short review of the properties of the protein will concentrate mainly on studies carried out under essentially physiological conditions and will review briefly some of the possible functions for the protein that have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sawyer
- The Structural Biochemistry Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Mayfield University of Edinburgh, Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.
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Garrett DA, Failla ML, Sarama RJ, Craft N. Accumulation and retention of micellar β-carotene and lutein by Caco-2 human intestinal cells. J Nutr Biochem 1999; 10:573-81. [PMID: 15539253 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(99)00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1999] [Accepted: 06/28/1999] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the interest in the diverse roles of dietary carotenoids in human health, little is known about the transfer of these plant pigments from foods to micelles during digestion and their subsequent transfer across the intestinal epithelium. We conducted this study to characterize the intestinal uptake of micellarized carotenoids using monolayers of differentiated Caco-2 human intestinal cells. Crystalline beta-carotene (BC) and lutein (LUT), solubilized in mixed micelles for delivery to cells, were stable in a tissue culture environment for 20 hours. Cellular accumulation of micellar BC and LUT was proportional to the media content of carotenoids at </=2 micromol/L and the length of exposure. Cellular accumulation of BC routinely exceeded LUT and was due in part to the enhanced efflux or possible metabolism of LUT. Cellular BC content increased in a curvilinear manner when cultures were incubated in micellar medium containing 2 to 27 micromol/L BC prepared from water miscible beadlets; cellular BC content was maximum when medium BC was >/=18 micromol/L. There was no indication that high levels of BC in medium or within cells adversely affected micellar LUT accumulation. These data support the use of the Caco-2 human cell line as a model for studying the intestinal uptake, absorption, and possible interactions of dietary carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Garrett
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Mansouri A, Guéant JL, Capiaumont J, Pelosi P, Nabet P, Haertlé T. Plasma membrane receptor for beta-lactoglobulin and retinol-binding protein in murine hybridomas. Biofactors 1998; 7:287-98. [PMID: 9666317 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study the binding of [125I]-BLGA (beta-lactoglobulin variant A) to the plasma membrane fraction of hybrid cells. This binding increased as a function of time with on-rate and off-rate constant at 4.47 +/- 0.18 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 and 0.17 +/- 0.07 min-1, respectively (n = 3). The saturation study showed a single binding site type corresponding to a Kd at 8.26 +/- 2.98 nM and 14.02 +/- 2.61 x 10(12) sites per mg of the plasma membrane protein (n = 3). Competitive of binding BLGA was observed with BLGA, complexed with retinol and also with RBP (retinol-binding protein). Gel filtration of [125I]-BLGA incubated with Triton X-100 solubilized membrane showed the formation of a ligand-receptor complex. Cross-linking of the tracer to plasma membrane showed a complex with a M(r) at 69 kDa, suggesting a receptor M(r) of 51 kDa, as seen by autoradiography of SDS-PAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mansouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire et Moléculaire en Nutrition, EP CHRS 616, Université H. Poincaré, Nancy, France
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Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ, Skurnik M, Conway PL. Inhibition of pathogen adhesion by β-lactoglobulin. Int Dairy J 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(97)00075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mansouri A, Haertlé T, Gérard A, Gérard H, Guéant JL. Retinol free and retinol complexed beta-lactoglobulin binding sites in bovine germ cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1357:107-14. [PMID: 9202181 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A high affinity specific binding site for bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) was identified in bovine germ cell plasma membrane enriched fractions. Binding was found to be reversible and pH-dependent with maximum binding occurring at pH 5. The on-rate and off-rate constants were 2.26 +/- 0.8 x 10(5) M(-1) min(-1) (n = 3) and 0.016 +/- 0.004 min(-1) (n = 3), respectively. Scatchard analysis showed a single class of binding sites, with 12.38 +/- 4.62 x 10(12) sites per mg of membrane protein (n = 3) and a dissociation constant (K(D)) estimated at 26.43 +/- 2.68 nM. There was inhibition of iodinated-BLG (variant A) (125I-BLGA) binding to germ cell plasma membrane enriched fractions in the presence of unlabelled BLG variant A, BLG variant B, retinol complexed BLGA and human retinol-binding protein. Inhibition was observed neither with BSA nor with lactoferrin. 125I-BLGA incubated with a Triton X-100 solubilized plasma membrane fraction formed a high molecular mass complex in Superose 12B gel filtration. This receptor complex disappeared in the presence of unlabelled BLGA and in the presence of 10 mM EDTA. The results suggest that germ cell plasma membrane may contain a receptor which is capable of binding either retinol free or retinol complexed BLGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mansouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire et Moléculaire en Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université H. Poincaré Nancy I, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Abstract
The effect of some milk components on the cellular uptake of cadmium has been studied using a human intestinal cell line (Caco-2). Cadmium uptake by Caco-2 cells increased with the concentration of this metal in the culture medium, in a saturable way. These cells were exposed to different concentrations of cadmium and the synthesis of metallothionein was studied by a cadmium-saturation method. The levels of metallothionein increased with the cadmium concentration in the medium up to 20 microM of metal. Supplementation of the culture medium with 10% bovine milk caused a 25% decrease in the uptake of cadmium with respect to that internalized by the cells maintained in the culture medium alone. However, the uptake of cadmium from the medium supplemented with 10% human milk was similar to that with serum-free medium. beta-Lactoglobulin interacted with cadmium when studied by equilibrium dialysis, showing a stoichiometric binding constant of 5 x 10(4) l/mol. Interaction of lactoferrin with cadmium, however, was negligible. When Caco-2 cells were incubated in culture medium containing lactoferrin, cadmium uptake decreased with respect to that observed incubating the cells in a medium containing beta-lactoglobulin or in the free-protein medium. The inhibitory effect of lactoferrin on the uptake of cadmium might be due to a reduction of the cell surface charge, through its binding to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mata
- Departmento de Tecnologia y Bioquímica de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Zaragoza, Spain
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