1
|
Trousil J, Ulmann V, Hrubý M. Fluorescence & bioluminescence in the quest for imaging, probing & analysis of mycobacterial infections. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:933-951. [PMID: 29893148 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterioses represent a global health problem and rapid diagnostic improvements are urgently required. Mycobacteria-specific fluorescence and bioluminescence phenomena have been found to be useful for a wide range of mycobacteria-focused research. Here, we present a critical survey of the most promising techniques in this field and the potential of new methods under investigation. These approaches include acid-fast staining, intrinsic fluorescence of the coenzyme F420, fluorogenic substrates (e.g., β-lactamase-sensitive coumpounds) and recombination of mycobacteria or mycobacteriophages. Probably the most interesting and emerging host-inspecting approach is in vivo imaging. Detection of fluorescence in vivo, however, is complicated by light scattering, light absorption, and autofluorescence, caused by the tissues. Despite this, many of these systems show promise as the foundations for improved rapid analysis and imaging of mycobacterial infections, both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Trousil
- Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Ulmann
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Partyzánské náměstí 7, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
AlMatar M, AlMandeal H, Var I, Kayar B, Köksal F. New drugs for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:546-558. [PMID: 28482292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis presents a grave challenge to health, globally instigating 1.5 million mortalities each year. Following the breakthrough of first-line anti-TB medication, the number of mortalities reduced greatly; nonetheless, the swift appearance of tuberculosis which was drug-resistant, as well as the capability of the bacterium to survive and stay dormant are a considerable problem for public health. In order to address this issue, several novel possible candidates for tuberculosis therapy have been subjected to clinical trials of late. The novel antimycobacterial agents are acquired from different categories of medications, operate through a range of action systems, and are at various phases of advancement. We therefore talk about the present methods of treating tuberculosis and novel anti-TB agents with their action method, in order to advance awareness of these new compounds and medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü), Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Gebäude 90, Kirrberger Straße, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mashalidis EH, Gittis AG, Tomczak A, Abell C, Barry CE, Garboczi DN. Molecular insights into the binding of coenzyme F420 to the conserved protein Rv1155 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein Sci 2015; 24:729-40. [PMID: 25644473 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is a deazaflavin hydride carrier with a lower reduction potential than most flavins. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), F420 plays an important role in activating PA-824, an antituberculosis drug currently used in clinical trials. Although F420 is important to Mtb redox metabolism, little is known about the enzymes that bind F420 and the reactions that they catalyze. We have identified a novel F420 -binding protein, Rv1155, which is annotated in the Mtb genome sequence as a putative flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding protein. Using biophysical techniques, we have demonstrated that instead of binding FMN or other flavins, Rv1155 binds coenzyme F420 . The crystal structure of the complex of Rv1155 and F420 reveals one F420 molecule bound to each monomer of the Rv1155 dimer. Structural, biophysical, and bioinformatic analyses of the Rv1155-F420 complex provide clues about its role in the bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellene H Mashalidis
- Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bashiri G, Rehan AM, Greenwood DR, Dickson JMJ, Baker EN. Metabolic engineering of cofactor F420 production in Mycobacterium smegmatis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15803. [PMID: 21209917 PMCID: PMC3012119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofactor F420 is a unique electron carrier in a number of microorganisms including Archaea and Mycobacteria. It has been shown that F420 has a direct and important role in archaeal energy metabolism whereas the role of F420 in mycobacterial metabolism has only begun to be uncovered in the last few years. It has been suggested that cofactor F420 has a role in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. In the absence of a commercial source for F420, M. smegmatis has previously been used to provide this cofactor for studies of the F420-dependent proteins from mycobacterial species. Three proteins have been shown to be involved in the F420 biosynthesis in Mycobacteria and three other proteins have been demonstrated to be involved in F420 metabolism. Here we report the over-expression of all of these proteins in M. smegmatis and testing of their importance for F420 production. The results indicate that co–expression of the F420 biosynthetic proteins can give rise to a much higher F420 production level. This was achieved by designing and preparing a new T7 promoter–based co-expression shuttle vector. A combination of co–expression of the F420 biosynthetic proteins and fine-tuning of the culture media has enabled us to achieve F420 production levels of up to 10 times higher compared with the wild type M. smegmatis strain. The high levels of the F420 produced in this study provide a suitable source of this cofactor for studies of F420-dependent proteins from other microorganisms and for possible biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Bashiri
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nocek B, Evdokimova E, Proudfoot M, Kudritska M, Grochowski LL, White RH, Savchenko A, Yakunin AF, Edwards A, Joachimiak A. Structure of an amide bond forming F(420):gamma-glutamyl ligase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus -- a member of a new family of non-ribosomal peptide synthases. J Mol Biol 2007; 372:456-69. [PMID: 17669425 PMCID: PMC2678844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
F(420) is a flavin-like redox-active coenzyme commonly used by archaea and some eubacteria in a variety of biochemical reactions in methanogenesis, the formation of secondary metabolites, the degradation of nitroaromatic compounds, activation of nitroimidazofurans, and F(420)-dependent photolysis in DNA repair. Coenzyme F(420)-2 biosynthesis from 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (Fo) and lactaldehyde involves six enzymatic steps and five proteins (CofA, CofB, CofC, CofD, and CofE). CofE, a F(420)-0:gamma-glutamyl ligase, is responsible for the last two enzymatic steps; it catalyses the GTP-dependent addition of two L-glutamate residues to F(420)-0 to form F(420)-2. CofE is found in archaea, the aerobic actinomycetes, and cyanobacteria. Here, we report the first crystal structure of the apo-F(420)-0:gamma-glutamyl ligase (CofE-AF) from Archaeoglobus fulgidus and its complex with GDP at 2.5 A and 1.35 A resolution, respectively. The structure of CofE-AF reveals a novel protein fold with an intertwined, butterfly-like dimer formed by two-domain monomers. GDP and Mn(2+) are bound within the putative active site in a large groove at the dimer interface. We show that the enzyme adds a glutamate residue to both F(420)-0 and F(420)-1 in two distinct steps. CofE represents the first member of a new structural family of non-ribosomal peptide synthases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Nocek
- Midwest Center for Structural, Genomics and Structural, Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 202, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - E. Evdokimova
- Midwest Center for Structural, Genomics and Structural, Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 202, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6
| | - M. Proudfoot
- Midwest Center for Structural, Genomics and Structural, Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 202, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6
| | - M. Kudritska
- Midwest Center for Structural, Genomics and Structural, Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 202, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6
| | - L. L. Grochowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic, Institute and State, University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308, USA
| | - R. H. White
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic, Institute and State, University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308, USA
| | - A. Savchenko
- Midwest Center for Structural, Genomics and Structural, Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 202, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6
| | - A. F. Yakunin
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6
| | - A. Edwards
- Midwest Center for Structural, Genomics and Structural, Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 202, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6
| | - A. Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural, Genomics and Structural, Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 202, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- The University of Chicago, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Purwantini E, Daniels L. Purification of a novel coenzyme F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:2861-6. [PMID: 8631674 PMCID: PMC178021 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.10.2861-2866.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of Mycobacterium species contained the 5-deazaflavin coenzyme known as F420. Mycobacterium smegmatis was found to have a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that was dependent on F420 as an electron acceptor and which did not utilize NAD or NADP. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, phenyl-Sepharose column chromatography, F420-ether-linked aminohexyl-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, and quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex column chromatography, and the sequence of the first 26 N-terminal amino acids has been determined. The response of enzyme activity to a range of pHs revealed a two-peak pattern, with maxima at pH 5.5 and 8.0. The apparent Km values for F420 and glucose-6-phosphate were, respectively, 0.004 and 1.6 mM. The apparent native and subunit molecular masses were 78,000 and approximately 40,000 Da, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Purwantini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|