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Kaufman S. Tyrosine hydroxylase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 70:103-220. [PMID: 8638482 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123164.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kaufman
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase constitute a small family of monooxygenases that utilize tetrahydropterins as substrates. When from eukaryotic sources, these enzymes are composed of a homologous catalytic domain to which are attached discrete N-terminal regulatory domains and short C-terminal tetramerization domains, whereas the bacterial enzymes lack the N-terminal and C-terminal domains. Each enzyme contains a single ferrous iron atom bound to two histidines and a glutamate. Recent mechanistic studies have begun to provide insights into the mechanisms of oxygen activation and hydroxylation. Although the hydroxylating intermediate in these enzymes has not been identified, the iron is likely to be involved. Reversible phosphorylation of serine residues in the regulatory domains affects the activities of all three enzymes. In addition, phenylalanine hydroxylase is allosterically regulated by its substrates, phenylalanine and tetrahydrobiopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2128, USA.
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Montine TJ, Underhill TM, Valentine WM, Graham DG. Dialkyldithiocarbamates inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase activity in PC12 cells and in fibroblasts that express tyrosine hydroxylase. NEURODEGENERATION : A JOURNAL FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS, NEUROPROTECTION, AND NEUROREGENERATION 1995; 4:283-90. [PMID: 8581560 DOI: 10.1016/1055-8330(95)90017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates and CS2 have been associated with neurobehavioural changes suggestive of central dopaminergic dysfunction. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC), dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDC), and methyldithiocarbamate (MDC) were examined for their ability to inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in PC12 cells and transfected CHO fibroblasts that expressed TH (CHO/TH) activity when tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) was added to medium. DEDC or DMDC did not significantly alter viability of PC12 cells or CHO/TH cells at < or = 100 microM for 18 h; the EC50 for each compound was approximately 5 mM in both cell lines. In contrast, the EC50 for MDC was 41 or 74 microM in PC12 or CHO/TH cultures, respectively. There was no change in immunodetectable levels of TH in PC12 or CHO/TH cells following exposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of dithiocarbamates. DEDC and DMDC (5 to 100 microM) produced concentration-dependent reductions in PC12 cell dopamine and dopac levels as well as in dopa levels in CHO/TH cultures. Reduction of PC12 catechols was not due to altered vesicular storage. In vitro PC12 TH activity was 80.2 +/- 3.4% or 82.4 +/- 2.9% of control following exposure to 100 microM DEDC or DMDC, respectively, and was not fully restored by incubation with Fe2+. These results show that DEDC and DMDC, but not MDC, are low potency cytotoxins that decrease TH activity in cultured cells through mechanisms other than inhibition of BH4 biosynthesis or iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Montine
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Haavik J, Le Bourdelles B, Martinez A, Flatmark T, Mallet J. Recombinant human tyrosine hydroxylase isozymes. Reconstitution with iron and inhibitory effect of other metal ions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 199:371-8. [PMID: 1676967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase) exists as four different isozymes (TH1-TH4), generated by alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. Recombinant TH1, TH2 and TH4 were expressed in high yield in Escherichia coli. The purified isozymes revealed high catalytic activity [when reconstituted with Fe(II)] and stability at neutral pH. The isozymes as isolated contained 0.04-0.1 atom iron and 0.02-0.06 atom zinc/enzyme subunit. All three isozymes were rapidly activated (13-40-fold) by incubation with Fe(II) salts (concentration of iron at half-maximal activation = 6-14 microM), and were inhibited by other divalent metal ions, e.g. Zn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II). They all bind stoichiometric amounts of Fe(II) and Zn(II) with high affinity (Kd = 0.2-3 microM at pH 5.4-6.5). Similar time courses were observed for binding of Fe(II) and enzyme activation. In the absence of any free Fe(II) or Zn(II), the metal ions were released from the reconstituted isozymes. The dissociation was favoured by acidic pH, as well as by the presence of metal chelators and dithiothreitol. The potency of metal chelators to remove iron from the hydroxylase correlated with their ability to inhibit the enzyme activity. These studies show that tyrosine hydroxylase binds iron reversibly and that its catalytic activity is strictly dependent on the presence of this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haavik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bergen, Norway
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Laxmyr L. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the central nervous system of the crayfish,Pacifastacus leniusculus (Crustacea, Decapoda). J Comp Physiol B 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00694451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gründig E, Mayer W, Gerstenbrand F. [Biosynthesis of amino acids from glucose in the central nervous system in the Parkinson syndrome]. ARCHIV FUR PSYCHIATRIE UND NERVENKRANKHEITEN 1983; 233:397-408. [PMID: 6651503 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of labelled carbon from glucose U-14C into CSF amino acids was investigated in three patients with Parkinson's disease and in three control persons with comparable age and physical stature. Comparing the specific radioactivities of serum and CSF one can postulate that the labelled amino acids found in the CSF are synthesized mainly by brain tissue. The resorption of glucose into the CNS and therefore the synthesis of amino acids from glucose was more rapid in controls; labelled alanine and glutamine appeared later in the CSF of the patients. As expected, in the controls the specific radioactivity of glutamic acid was found to be higher than that of glutamine, in patients the labelling of glutamine was higher as was that of serine, glycine, aspartic acid and asparagine. From our knowledge concerning the compartmentation of the metabolism of glutamate, we assume that in Parkinsonism the metabolic activity of neurons is reduced but that of astroglia is enhanced.
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Kato T, Horiuchi S, Togari A, Nagatsu T. A sensitive and inexpensive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for tyrosine hydroxylase. EXPERIENTIA 1981; 37:809-11. [PMID: 6116611 DOI: 10.1007/bf01985652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe a highly sensitive assay method for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) using high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric determination. This assay method could be applicable to any tissues with low enzyme activity, such as rat cerebellum. We also describe the kinetic properties of TH in rat cerebral cortex.
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Kato T, Oka K, Nagatsu T, Sugimoto T, Matsuura S. Effects of structures of tetrahydropterin cofactors on tyrosine hydroxylase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 612:226-32. [PMID: 6102483 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Taylor D, Hochstein P. Reduction of methemoglobin by tetrahydropterin and glutathione. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 179:456-61. [PMID: 15517 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Numata Y, Kato T, Nagatsu T, Sugimoto T, Matsuura S. Effects of stereochemical structures of tetrahydrobiopterin on tyrosine hydroxylase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 480:104-12. [PMID: 12820 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. Four stereochemical isomers of tetrahydrobiopterin, i.e., 6-L-erythro-, 6-D-erythro-, 6-L-threo-, or 6-D-threo-1,2-dihydroxypropyltetrahydropterin, have been synthesized and used as cofactors for tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.18.-) purified from the soluble fraction of bovine adrenal medulla. The L-erythro- (the putative natural cofactor) and D-threo isomers showed a striking similarity in their cofactor activities for tyrosine hydroxylase; the remaining two isomeric tetrahydrobiopterins, D-erythro and L-threo isomers, also had very similar cofactor characteristics. 2. The Km values of the L-erythro and D-threo isomers as cofactor were found to be dependent on their concentrations. When their concentrations were below 100 muM, the Km values of the L-erythro and D-threo isomers were fairly low (about 20 muM). However, the Km values were markedly higher (about 150 muM) at concentrations above 100 muM. The same kinetic behavior was also observed with the tetrahydrobiopterin prepared from a natural source (bullfrog). In contrast, the Km value of the L-threo or D-erythro isomer was found to be independent of the concentration and remained constant throughout the concentration examined. 3. The Km values of tyrosine did not show much difference (from 20 muM to 30 muM) with respect to the structure of the four isomeric cofactors. At high concentrations tyrosine inhibited the enzymatic reaction with any one of the four tetrahydrobiopterin cofactors. 4. Oxygen at high concentrations was also inhibitory with any one of the four stereochemical isomers as cofactor. Approximate Km values for oxygen with the tetrahydrobiopterins as cofactor were 1-5%. 5. In contrast to the four isomers of tetrahydrobiopterin, when 6-methyltetrahydropterin or 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin was used as cofactor tyrosine or oxygen did no inhibit the enzymatic reaction at high concentrations, and the Km values toward the pterin cofactor, tyrosine, and oxygen were significantly higher than the Km values with the tetrahydrobiopterins as cofactor.
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Numata Y, Ikuta K, Kato T, Nagatsu T, Sugimoto T, Matsuura S. Effects of stereochemical structures of tetrahydropterins on tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24:1998-2000. [PMID: 2173 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Poillon WN. Tyrosine hydroxylase of sheep brain: some catalytic and chemical properties of the detergent-solubilized, partially purified enzyme. J Neurochem 1973; 21:729-41. [PMID: 4148238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb07517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Poillon WN. Kinetic properties of brain tyrosine hydroxylase and its partial purification by affinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 44:64-70. [PMID: 4398956 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Taylor RJ, Stubbs CS, Ellenbogen L. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition in vitro and in vivo by deoxyfrenolicin. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:1737-41. [PMID: 5513953 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rembold H, Metzger H, Sudershan P, Gutensohn W. Catabolism of pteridine cofactors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(69)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Taylor RJ, Stubbs CS, Ellenbogen L. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition in vitro and in vivo by chelating agents. Biochem Pharmacol 1969; 18:587-94. [PMID: 5772589 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(69)90083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sandler M, Ruthven CR. The biosynthesis and metabolism of the catecholamines. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1969; 6:200-65. [PMID: 4898078 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Taylor RJ, Stubbs CS, Ellenbogen L. Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase in vitro and in vivo by 3-amino-pyrrolo[3,4c]isoxazole and derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 1968; 17:1779-88. [PMID: 5688266 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(68)90093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chvapil M, Hurych J. Control of collagen biosynthesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1968; 4:67-196. [PMID: 4878717 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-6754-1.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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McGeer EG, Gibson S, McGeer PL. Some characteristics of brain tyrosine hydroxylase. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1967; 45:1557-63. [PMID: 6062859 DOI: 10.1139/o67-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase from brain homogenates differed from tyrosine hydroxylase from adrenal homogenates in being particle-bound, insensitive to cofactors, possessing a lower Michaelis constant for tyrosine, and being responsive to slightly different optimum conditions of pH and buffer. The combination of 0.02 M mercaptoethanol and 0.1–1.0 mM 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyltetrahydropteridine (DMPH4) increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in beef adrenal homogenates 15-fold, but was without effect on activity in rat brain homogenates. The Km for tyrosine in beef adrenal homogenates was 4 × 10−6 M, and in rat brain homogenates was 0.45 × 10−6 M. Conversion in beef adrenal homogenates was maximum in 0.6 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 6.0, and in rat brain homogenates was maximum in 0.28 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.2.
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Levitt M, Gibb JW, Daly JW, Lipton M, Udenfriend S. A new class of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors and a simple assay of inhibition in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1967; 16:1313-21. [PMID: 6053599 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(67)90162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hall PF, Okazaki K. The action of interstitial cell stimulating hormone upon avian tyrosinase. Biochemistry 1966; 5:1202-8. [PMID: 5958197 DOI: 10.1021/bi00868a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bobst A, Viscontini M. [Non-enzymatic hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine using tetrahydrogenated pterines]. Helv Chim Acta 1966; 49:884-8. [PMID: 5909903 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19660490209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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