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Nishimura T, Gecht M, Covino R, Hummer G, Surma MA, Klose C, Arai H, Kono N, Stefan CJ. Osh Proteins Control Nanoscale Lipid Organization Necessary for PI(4,5)P 2 Synthesis. Mol Cell 2019; 75:1043-1057.e8. [PMID: 31402097 PMCID: PMC6739424 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is composed of a complex lipid mixture that forms heterogeneous membrane environments. Yet, how small-scale lipid organization controls physiological events at the PM remains largely unknown. Here, we show that ORP-related Osh lipid exchange proteins are critical for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], a key regulator of dynamic events at the PM. In real-time assays, we find that unsaturated phosphatidylserine (PS) and sterols, both Osh protein ligands, synergistically stimulate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) activity. Biophysical FRET analyses suggest an unconventional co-distribution of unsaturated PS and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) species in sterol-containing membrane bilayers. Moreover, using in vivo imaging approaches and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that Osh protein-mediated unsaturated PI4P and PS membrane lipid organization is sensed by the PIP5K specificity loop. Thus, ORP family members create a nanoscale membrane lipid environment that drives PIP5K activity and PI(4,5)P2 synthesis that ultimately controls global PM organization and dynamics. The Osh lipid exchange proteins are required to maintain PI(4,5)P2 levels in the PM Unsaturated PS and sterols synergistically stimulate PIP5K activity The specificity loop conserved in PIP5Ks serves as a lipid sensor A simulation model of the PIP5K specificity loop embedded in a lipid bilayer
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Affiliation(s)
- Taki Nishimura
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Michael Gecht
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Covino
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Christopher J Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Rasool A, Zhang G, Li Z, Li C. Engineering of the terpenoid pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-overproduces squalene and the non-terpenoid compound oleic acid. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Guillas I, Vernay A, Vitagliano JJ, Arkowitz RA. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is required for invasive growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3602-14. [PMID: 23781030 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol phosphates are important regulators of processes such as the cytoskeleton organization, membrane trafficking and gene transcription, which are all crucial for polarized cell growth. In particular, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] has essential roles in polarized growth as well as in cellular responses to stress. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the sole phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PI4P5K) Mss4p is essential for generating plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2. Here, we show that Mss4p is required for yeast invasive growth in low-nutrient conditions. We isolated specific mss4 mutants that were defective in cell elongation, induction of the Flo11p flocculin, adhesion and cell wall integrity. We show that mss4-f12 cells have reduced plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels as well as a defect in its polarized distribution, yet Mss4-f12p is catalytically active in vitro. In addition, the Mss4-f12 protein was defective in localizing to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, addition of cAMP, but not an activated MAPKKK allele, partially restored the invasive growth defect of mss4-f12 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 is crucial for yeast invasive growth and suggest that this phospholipid functions upstream of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Guillas
- Université Nice - Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Biology Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Müller S, Lösche A, Schmidt M, Babel W. Optimisation of High Gravity and Diet Beer Production in a German Brewery by Flow Cytometry. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2001.tb00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Strahl T, Thorner J. Synthesis and function of membrane phosphoinositides in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1771:353-404. [PMID: 17382260 PMCID: PMC1868553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is now well appreciated that derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) are key regulators of many cellular processes in eukaryotes. Of particular interest are phosphoinositides (mono- and polyphosphorylated adducts to the inositol ring in PtdIns), which are located at the cytoplasmic face of cellular membranes. Phosphoinositides serve both a structural and a signaling role via their recruitment of proteins that contain phosphoinositide-binding domains. Phosphoinositides also have a role as precursors of several types of second messengers for certain intracellular signaling pathways. Realization of the importance of phosphoinositides has brought increased attention to characterization of the enzymes that regulate their synthesis, interconversion, and turnover. Here we review the current state of our knowledge about the properties and regulation of the ATP-dependent lipid kinases responsible for synthesis of phosphoinositides and also the additional temporal and spatial controls exerted by the phosphatases and a phospholipase that act on phosphoinositides in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Strahl
- Divisions of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and of Cell & Developmental Biology.Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- Divisions of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and of Cell & Developmental Biology.Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Mysyakina IS, Funtikova NS. The role of sterols in morphogenetic processes and dimorphism in fungi. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Achilles J, Müller S, Bley T, Babel W. Affinity of singleS. cerevisiaecells to 2-NBDglucose under changing substrate concentrations. Cytometry A 2004; 61:88-98. [PMID: 15351993 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely employed microorganism in biotechnological processes. Since proliferation and product formation depend on the capacity of the cell to access and metabolize a carbon source, a technique was developed to enable for analyzing the S. cerevisiae H155 cells' affinity to extracellular glucose concentrations. METHODS The fluorescent glucose analogue 2-NBDglucose was employed as a functional parameter to analyze the cells' affinity to glucose. Structural parameters (proliferation, neutral lipid content, granularity, and cell size) were also investigated. Cells were grown both in batches and in chemostat regimes. RESULTS The 2-NBDglucose uptake in individual cells proceeds in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and is affected by respiratory and respirofermentative modes of growth. The process is inhibited by D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, and sucrose, but not L-glucose, D-galactose or lactose; maltose is a weak inhibitor. The affinity of the individual cells to 2-NBDglucose was found to be high at low extracellular glucose concentrations, and weak at high concentrations. An additional, underlying pattern in the cells' affinity to glucose was detected, illustrated by the recurrent appearance of two subpopulations showing distinctly differing quantities of this substrate. CONCLUSIONS A multiparameter flow cytometry approach is presented that enables, for the first time, for analysis of the affinity of individual S. cerevisiae cells to glucose. Besides the adjustment of the yeast cell metabolism to extracellular glucose concentrations by altering their affinity to glucose, at least one further mechanism is clearly involved. Two subpopulations of cells were resolved, with different affinities not correlated with other cellular parameters measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Achilles
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Suárez Y, Fernández C, Ledo B, Ferruelo AJ, Martín M, Vega MA, Gómez-Coronado D, Lasunción MA. Differential effects of ergosterol and cholesterol on Cdk1 activation and SRE-driven transcription. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:1761-71. [PMID: 11895447 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2002.02822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for cell growth and division, but whether this is just a consequence of its use in membrane formation or whether it also elicits regulatory actions in cell cycle machinery remains to be established. Here, we report on the specificity of this action of cholesterol in human cells by comparing its effects with those of ergosterol, a yeast sterol structurally similar to cholesterol. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by means of SKF 104976 in cells incubated in a cholesterol-free medium resulted in cell proliferation inhibition and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. These effects were abrogated by cholesterol added to the medium but not by ergosterol, despite that the latter was used by human cells and exerted similar homeostatic actions, as the regulation of the transcription of an SRE-driven gene construct. In contrast to cholesterol, ergosterol was unable to induce cyclin B1 expression, to activate Cdk1 and to resume cell cycle in cells previously arrested at G2. This lack of effect was not due to cytotoxicity, as cells exposed to ergosterol remained viable and, upon supplementing with UCN-01, an activator of Cdk1, they progressed through mitosis. However, in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of cholesterol, ergosterol exerted synergistic effects on cell proliferation. This is interpreted on the basis of the differential action of these sterols, ergosterol contributing to cell membrane formation and cholesterol being required for Cdk1 activation. In summary, the action of cholesterol on G2 traversal is highly specific and exerted through a mechanism different to that used for cholesterol homeostasis, reinforcing the concept that cholesterol is a specific regulator of cell cycle progression in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajaira Suárez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Spain
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10
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Uejima Y, Koga T, Kamihara T. Enhanced metabolism of phosphatidylinositol inCandida tropicalisin association with filamentous growth caused by ethanol. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5245(96)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Urbina JA, Pekerar S, Le HB, Patterson J, Montez B, Oldfield E. Molecular order and dynamics of phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes in the presence of cholesterol, ergosterol and lanosterol: a comparative study using 2H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1238:163-76. [PMID: 7548131 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(95)00117-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a comparative study of the molecular order and dynamics of phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayer membranes in the absence and presence of cholesterol, ergosterol and lanosterol, using deuterium (2H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of deuterated phospholipid molecules, in addition to solid state 13C and 31P-NMR. Using dimyristoylphosphatidylcholines (DMPCs) specifically labeled at positions 2', 3', 4', 6', 8', 10' and 12' of the sn-2 chain together with the perdeuterated 2-[2H27]DMPC derivative, the order profile for 9 of the 13 methylene groups of the sn-2 chain was established at 25 degrees C for DMPC, DMPC/cholesterol, DMPC/ergosterol and DMPC/lanosterol membranes, at a fixed sterol/phospholipid mol ratio of 30%, and in the presence of excess water. The overall ordering effects were found to be ergosterol > cholesterol >> lanosterol. Transverse relaxation (T2e) studies of these systems indicated that while for DMPC, DMPC/cholesterol and DMPC/ergosterol the relative relaxation rates were in qualitative agreement with models which assume cooperative motions of the bilayer molecules as the main relaxation mechanism, those in DMPC/lanosterol were anomalously high, suggesting alterations of lipid packing. Using dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) deuterated at the trimethylammonium group of the choline moiety, we found that the differential ordering and motional effects induced by the sterols in the acyl chains were also reflected in the headgroup, both in the gel (L beta) and liquid-crystalline phases. 13C and 1H spin dynamics studies of these systems, including cross-polarization, rotating frame longitudinal relaxation and dipolar echo relaxation rates showed that the mobility of the different regions of the phospholipid molecules in the binary lipid systems were inversely correlated with the ordering effects induced by the sterols. A novel combination of C-D bond order parameters (obtained by 2H-NMR) and 13C-1H cross polarization rates confirmed these results. The effects of the same sterols at the same molar proportion on the unsaturated lipid 1-[2H31]palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (2H31-POPC) at 25 and 35 degrees C were different from those observed on DMPC and showed ordering effects which are largest for cholesterol, while ergosterol and lanosterol produced significantly smaller effects. Transverse relaxation studies indicate that while cholesterol does not perturb cooperative motions in POPC, both ergosterol and lanosterol do. Again, high-resolution solid state 13C-NMR studies support the conclusions of the 2H-NMR experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Urbina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801, USA
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13
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Nickels J, Buxeda R, Carman G. Regulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by CDP-diacylglycerol. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)78085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Nickels J, Carman G. Photoaffinity labeling of the 45-kDa and 55-kDa forms of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Hawkins P, Stephens L, Piggott J. Analysis of inositol metabolites produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to glucose stimulation. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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16
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Mirbod F, Mori S, Nozawa Y. Methods for phospholipid extraction inCandida albicans: an extraction method with high efficacy. Med Mycol 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219380000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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17
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Tomeo ME, Fenner G, Tove SR, Parks LW. Effect of sterol alterations on conjugation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1992; 8:1015-24. [PMID: 1293881 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol auxotrophic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown and allowed to conjugate on media supplemented with various sterols. The mating efficiency of the auxotrophs is perturbed by the replacement of the normal yeast sterol, ergosterol, with other sterols. After 4 h of mating, cells grown on ergosterol exhibited a 30-fold higher productive mating efficiency than those cells grown in stigmasterol. Aberrant budding by the conjugants was enhanced following incubation on stigmasterol and other non-ergosterol sterols. Using light and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that there is a reduced ability for stigmasterol-grown cells to undergo cytoplasmic fusion during conjugation. Many of the mated pairs remained adherent but prezygotic even after 12 h of incubation. The addition of ergosterol to cells previously grown on stigmasterol rescued the organisms, allowing for zygote formation and normal budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Tomeo
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7615
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18
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Flanagan C, Thorner J. Purification and characterization of a soluble phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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19
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Nickels JT, Buxeda R, Carman G. Purification, characterization, and kinetic analysis of a 55-kDa form of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mishra P, Bolard J, Prasad R. Emerging role of lipids of Candida albicans, a pathogenic dimorphic yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1127:1-14. [PMID: 1627629 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that C. albicans lipids have gained tremendous importance in recent years. In addition to being a barrier for entrance of various metabolites, it also provides the site of action for the synthesis of enzyme(s) involved in cell wall morphogenesis and antifungal action. While alterations in lipid composition during a yeast to mycelia transition have been observed, in most of the studies, lipid fluctuations reported could have been due to various environmental factors involved in the induction of morphogenesis [4,5]. A clear understanding of lipid biosynthesis and metabolic blocks due to antifungal action is likely to shed further light on selective interactions of antifungals. Despite the multifacet role of lipids in various functions of this pathogenic yeast, their exact involvement is poorly understood. The situation is little better with regard to ergosterol and its metabolism. Ergosterol is, indeed, important for anti-candidal activity and appears to be involved in the morphogenesis of C. albicans. The fluctuation in phospholipid composition have led to altered properties of plasma membrane namely, membrane fluidity, transport activities and drug sensitivity, which suggest that-a critical level of individual phospholipid is important for proper functioning of the plasma membrane. What the exact role is of individual phospholipid is far from clear. Many unanswered questions relating to the role of PI and sphingomyelin in signal transduction, involvement of phospholipases in the maintenance of phospholipid composition, and role of lipid transfer proteins in assembly and asymmetry of lipids are some aspects which merit further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mishra
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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21
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Krasil'nikov MA, Bezrukov VM, Shatskaya VA. Glucocorticoid regulation of phospholipid turnover and protein kinase C activity in mouse hepatoma 22 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1135:91-6. [PMID: 1591275 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(92)90171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids induce growth inhibition in certain sensitive hepatoma cells. To investigate how glucocorticoids interact with growth-factor-dependent pathways, we studied the effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on the DNA synthesis, protein kinase C (PKC) activity and phospholipid turnover in mouse hepatoma 22 cells. Dex was found to reduce DNA synthesis in slowly growing hepatoma cells, whereas exponentially growing cells were Dex-insensitive. Direct measurements of PKC activity in the hormone-sensitive hepatoma 22 cells showed a rapid inhibition (within 30 min) when treated with Dex. Dex addition to hormone-sensitive but not to hormone-insensitive hepatoma 22 cells for 30 min caused a significant decrease of 32P-incorporation into the major cellular phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphoinositides. At the same time, the analysis of the correlation between changes in PKC activity and phospholipid turnover showed that synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol was under positive control of PKC activity. The data suggest that suppression of phospholipid turnover in hormone-sensitive hepatoma 22 cells is one of the early events caused by glucocorticoids, whereas the decrease of PKC activity induced by the hormone is mediated, probably, via changes in phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Krasil'nikov
- Laboratory of Tumor Biochemistry, All-Union Cancer Research Center, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow
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Lorenz RT, Parks LW. Involvement of heme components in sterol metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lipids 1991; 26:598-603. [PMID: 1779707 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an intimate association between sterol biosynthesis in yeast and aerobicity. Besides the requirement for molecular oxygen for the epoxidation of squalene, cytochrome hemoproteins are involved in demethylation and desaturation steps. Regulatory effects of hemes on sterol formation have been demonstrated using specifically defective mutants of yeast. Heme competency participates in a mechanism whereby wild-type cells are prevented from taking exogenous sterols from the growth media. The multiple interactions of hemes and sterols appear to be associated with the variously defined functions for sterols in the yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7615
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Rahmatullah M, Brenner DL, Wooten MW, Weete JD. Characterization of a cAMP-independent Ca2(+)-inhibited protamine kinase from Candida lipolytica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:500-6. [PMID: 1850244 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A cAMP-independent protamine kinase has been purified from extracts of the yeast Candida lipolytica by ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. Two subunits with apparent Mr's of 52,000 and 36,000 were resolved by SDS-PAGE. The purified kinase exhibited about 20% activity with casein and histone Type VII-S as substrates relative to protamine. The enzyme was inactive against other protein substrates tested, and was essentially insensitive to AMP, cAMP, cGMP up to 0.2 mM, the polyamines spermine and spermidine up to 1 mM, N-ethylmaleimide (5 mM), 2-mercaptoethanol (20 mM), or dithiothreitol (2 mM), and several cations like Zn2+, N1+, or Co2+ at 0.1 mM each. Ca2+ at 3 mM inhibited protamine kinase activity by 50%, which was reversed by EGTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rahmatullah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Auburn University, AL 36849
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24
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Hanson BA. The effects of lithium on the phosphoinositides and inositol phosphates ofNeurospora crassa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(91)90009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Because of its accessibility to genetic and molecular studies, Sacch. cerevisiae is an attractive organism in which to pursue studies of the complex roles of phosphoinositides and other inositol-containing metabolites. Biochemical studies have clearly demonstrated that PI, PIP, PIP2 and the inositol phosphates derived from them exist in Sacch. cerevisiae. It is clear that they are synthesized and turned over following pathways similar to those described in higher eukaryotes. Recent studies on yeast have also suggested that inositol phospholipids may play roles in complex signalling pathways similar to those detected in animal cells. In addition, inositol has been demonstrated to function in yeast as a global regulator of phospholipid synthesis. This regulation occurs on a transcriptional level and is highly complex. It is not yet known whether similar inositol-mediated regulation of phospholipid synthesis occurs in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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26
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Kinney AJ, Carman GM. Enzymes of phosphoinositide synthesis in secretory vesicles destined for the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:4115-7. [PMID: 2163397 PMCID: PMC213401 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.7.4115-4117.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CDP-diacylglycerol synthase, phosphatidylinositol synthase, and phosphatidylinositol kinase activities were associated with post-Golgi apparatus secretory vesicles destined for the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These results suggest that the plasma membrane is capable of synthesizing both CDP-diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as well as phosphorylating phosphatidylinositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kinney
- Department of Food Science, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
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Ramgopal M, Zundel M, Bloch K. Sterol effects on phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast strain GL7. J Lipid Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Auger K, Carpenter C, Cantley L, Varticovski L. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Its Novel Product, Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, Are Present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Lorenz RT, Casey WM, Parks LW. Structural discrimination in the sparking function of sterols in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:6169-73. [PMID: 2681155 PMCID: PMC210486 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.11.6169-6173.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A Saccharomyces cerevisiae sterol auxotroph, SPK14 (a hem1 erg6 erg7 ura), was constructed to test the ability of selected C-5,6 unsaturated sterols at growth-limiting concentrations to spark growth on bulk cholestanol. The native sterol, ergosterol, initiated growth faster and allowed a greater cell yield than did other sterols selectively altered in one or more features of the sterol. Although the C-5,6 unsaturation is required for the sparking function, the presence of the C-22 unsaturation was found to facilitate sparking far better than did the C-7 unsaturation, whereas the C-24 methyl was the least important group. The addition of delta-aminolevulinic acid to the medium allowed the sparking of FY3 (hem1 erg7 ura) on bulk cholestanol due to the derepression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and the production of endogenous ergosterol. The optimal concentration of delta-aminolevulinic acid to spark growth was 800 ng/ml, whereas higher concentrations caused a growth inhibition. The growth yield of FY3 reached a plateau maximum at about 5 micrograms/ml when the bulk cholestanol was varied in the presence of 10 ng of sparking erogosterol per ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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Mosley MJ, Pitt D, Barnes JC. Adenine and pyridine nucleotide levels during calcium-induced conidiation in Penicillium notatum. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1989; 56:191-9. [PMID: 2802576 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of adenine and pyridine nucleotides and the associated charge values were examined in extracts of mycelium of Penicillium notatum during vegetative growth and reproductive development promoted by the addition of Ca2+ (10 mmol dm-3). The significant increase in adenylate energy charge promoted by Ca2+ was due to a fall in intracellular AMP and a concomitant rise in ATP concentration. Intracellular concentrations of NADH and NAD fell within 1 h of the addition of Ca2+. The catabolic reduction charge was unchanged by Ca2+ whilst the anabolic reduction charge increased in Ca2+-induced mycelium due to lowered intracellular NADP concentration. Reduced concentration of NADPH in Ca2+-induced mycelium, relative to the vegetative controls, lowered the phosphorylated nucleotide fraction. The results are discussed in relation to metabolic economy during morphogenesis in P. notatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mosley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Devon, UK
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31
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Belunis CJ, Bae-Lee M, Kelley MJ, Carman GM. Purification and characterization of phosphatidylinositol kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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32
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Sylvia V, Curtin G, Norman J, Stec J, Busbee D. Activation of a low specific activity form of DNA polymerase alpha by inositol-1,4-bisphosphate. Cell 1988; 54:651-8. [PMID: 2842061 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)80009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A low activity form of DNA polymerase alpha immunoaffinity-purified from adult-derived human fibroblasts was activated by interaction with phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate, while a high activity form of the enzyme did not interact with phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate or its derivatives. Phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate was apparently hydrolyzed in the presence of a highly purified low activity form of DNA polymerase alpha, effecting the release of diacylglycerol and the retention of inositol-1,4-bisphosphate by the enzyme complex. The resulting inositol-1,4-bisphosphate/protein complex exhibited increased affinity of binding to DNA template/primer and increased deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity. These data indicate that inositol-1,4-bisphosphate may function as an effector molecule in the activation of a low activity form of human DNA polymerase alpha and suggest that it may function as a second messenger during the initiation of mitosis in stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sylvia
- Department of Anatomy, Texas A & M University, College Station 77843
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33
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Uno I, Fukami K, Kato H, Takenawa T, Ishikawa T. Essential role for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in yeast cell proliferation. Nature 1988; 333:188-90. [PMID: 2835684 DOI: 10.1038/333188a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The responses of mammalian cells to external signals are commonly mediated by intracellular secondary messengers, among which are the breakdown products of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2): 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) (refs 1-7). Although phosphoinositide turnover in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to be regulated by glucose and sterol, as yet no definitive function has been ascribed to yeast phosphoinositides. We have recently developed a monoclonal antibody specific for PIP2 and reported that it inhibits mitogenesis of mammalian cells stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor and bombesin. We now report that when introduced into yeast cells by electroporation this antibody inhibits their growth. Furthermore, several yeast mutants with temperature-dependent growth defects are altered in their sensitivity to our antibody and are found to have specific alterations in their phosphoinositide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Uno
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Dahl C, Biemann HP, Dahl J. A protein kinase antigenically related to pp60v-src possibly involved in yeast cell cycle control: positive in vivo regulation by sterol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:4012-6. [PMID: 2438691 PMCID: PMC305011 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.12.4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of ergosterol, yeast's natural sterol, on cell cycling and a protein kinase antigenically related to pp60v-src were examined in a sterol auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sterol-depleted cells accumulate in an unbudded, G1 state. Cell budding and proliferation are reinitiated upon addition of nonlimiting ergosterol or cholesterol with trace ergosterol, whereas cholesterol or trace ergosterol alone is less effective. Stimulation of a protein kinase associated with immune complexes of yeast protein and anti-pp60v-src shows a positive correlation with exit from the G1 phase following ergosterol addition. Ergosterol-stimulated cells also demonstrate an increase in phosphatidylinositol kinase activity. The data suggest that hormonal levels of ergosterol (effective concentration, approximately equal to 1 nM) participate in a signaling process associated with a protein kinase possibly involved in yeast cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prasad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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