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Huang H, McIntosh AL, Martin GG, Dangott LJ, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Structural and Functional Interaction of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol with Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP1). Biochemistry 2018; 57:6027-6042. [PMID: 30232874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although serum Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) undergoes rapid hepatic clearance and metabolism, almost nothing is known regarding the mechanism(s) whereby this highly lipophilic phytocannabinoid is transported for metabolism/excretion. A novel NBD-arachidonoylethanolamide (NBD-AEA) fluorescence displacement assay showed that liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1), the major hepatic endocannabinoid (EC) binding protein, binds the first major metabolite of Δ9-THC (Δ9-THC-OH) as well as Δ9-THC itself. Circular dichroism (CD) confirmed that not only Δ9-THC and Δ9-THC-OH but also downstream metabolites Δ9-THC-COOH and Δ9-THC-CO-glucuronide directly interact with FABP1. Δ9-THC and metabolite interaction differentially altered the FABP1 secondary structure, increasing total α-helix (all), decreasing total β-sheet (Δ9-THC-COOH, Δ9-THC-CO-glucuronide), increasing turns (Δ9-THC-OH, Δ9-THC-COOH, Δ9-THC-CO-glucuronide), and decreasing unordered structure (Δ9-THC, Δ9-THC-OH). Cultured primary hepatocytes from wild-type (WT) mice took up and converted Δ9-THC to the above metabolites. Fabp1 gene ablation (LKO) dramatically increased hepatocyte accumulation of Δ9-THC and even more so its primary metabolites Δ9-THC-OH and Δ9-THC-COOH. Concomitantly, rtPCR and Western blotting indicated that LKO significantly increased Δ9-THC's ability to regulate downstream nuclear receptor transcription of genes important in both EC ( Napepld > Daglb > Dagla, Naaa, Cnr1) and lipid ( Cpt1A > Fasn, FATP4) metabolism. Taken together, the data indicated that FABP1 may play important roles in Δ9-THC uptake and elimination as well as Δ9-THC induction of genes regulating hepatic EC levels and downstream targets in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-4466 , United States
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-4466 , United States
| | - Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-4466 , United States
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-2128 , United States
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-4467 , United States
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-4466 , United States
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Smesny S, Rosburg T, Baur K, Rudolph N, Sauer H. Cannabinoids influence lipid-arachidonic acid pathways in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2067-73. [PMID: 17314920 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests modulating effects of cannabinoids on time of onset, severity, and outcome of schizophrenia. Efforts to discover the underlying pathomechanism have led to the assumption of gene x environment interactions, including premorbid genetical vulnerability and worsening effects of continuing cannabis use. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to investigate the relationship between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol intake and niacin sensitivity in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Intensity of niacin skin flushing, indicating disturbed prostaglandin-mediated processes, was used as peripheral marker of lipid-arachidonic acid pathways and investigated in cannabis-consuming and nonconsuming schizophrenia patients and in healthy controls. Methylnicotinate was applied in three concentrations onto the forearm skin. Flush response was assessed in 3-min intervals over 15 min using optical reflection spectroscopy. In controls, skin flushing was significantly decreased in cannabis-consuming as compared to nonconsuming individuals. When comparing the nonconsuming subgroups, patients showed significantly decreased flush response. The populations as a whole (patients and controls) showed an inverse association between skin flushing and sum scores of Symptom Check List 90-R. Results demonstrate an impact of long-term cannabis use on lipid-arachidonic acid pathways. Considering pre-existing vulnerability of lipid metabolism in schizophrenia, observed effects of cannabis use support the notion of a gene x environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Ghosh SK, Poddar MK. Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and theophylline on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:2021-7. [PMID: 1333203 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90105-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Theophylline (Th) under in vitro conditions stimulated the activities of rat liver microsomal aniline hydroxylase, N-demethylase and O-demethylase, while delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) inhibited the activities of these hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes under similar conditions. delta-9-THC-induced inhibition of hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes was significantly reduced in the presence of Th. Analysis of Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that Th-induced stimulation of hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes occurs due to an increase in substrate affinity (1/Km) and of Vmax. delta-9-THC-induced inhibition of N-demethylase and O-demethylase is probably due to competition of the drug with the substrates for a common intermediate in the microsomal electron transport chain. Non-competitive and mixed-type inhibition caused by delta-9-THC on aniline hydroxylation appears to be associated with a non-specific action of delta-9-THC. Blocking of delta-9-THC-induced inhibition or reduction of Th-induced stimulation of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes with Th or delta-9-THC was due to an increase or decrease in either Vmax, substrate affinity (1/Km) or both with respect to the corresponding Km and Vmax observed with delta-9-THC or Th alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, India
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Prasanna HR, Nakamura KD, Ali SF, Lu MH, Slikker W, Hart RW. Altered hepatic microsomal function and elevated protooncogene expression as residual effects in rats exposed to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 160:217-21. [PMID: 2540743 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The microsomal activation of the potent hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the expression of selected protooncogenes were investigated in the livers of rats exposed to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). At equimolar levels of cytochrome P-450, the microsome-mediated binding of AFB1 to DNA was significantly lower (56% of the controls) in preparations from drug exposed rats. Hepatic expression of the c-k-ras protooncogene was 3-fold higher in THC exposed animals. These results suggest the possible occurrence of long lasting residual effects in the rats exposed to THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Prasanna
- Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
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Lamé MW, Husain S. Metabolic interactions of phencyclidine (PCP) and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986; 25:827-33. [PMID: 3024181 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of THC on the metabolism of PCP by rat liver were determined. Samples containing 1 mM PCP were incubated for 1 hr at 37 degrees C with an NADPH-generating system containing 10,000 X g supernatant or Ca++-precipitated rat liver microsomes. These incubations were carried out in the presence or absence of THC and at the end of 1 hr, PCP metabolites were determined by gas chromatography. In the presence of 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 mM THC, the production of 1-(1-phenyl-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)piperidine (metabolite I) by the 10,000 X g supernatant was decreased by 46, 29, 23 and 16% respectively. Similarly, production of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (metabolite II) was reduced significantly by 58, 44, 34 and 23% with the respective concentrations of THC. However, the production of 1-phenylcyclohexylamine (metabolite III) was increased by 18, 32, 30 and 22% with 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 mM THC. Incubations with Ca++-precipitated liver microsomes revealed similar trends in PCP metabolism in the presence or absence of THC. Metabolites I and II were reduced by 62 and 67% by 0.1 mM THC. Another concentration of THC (0.025 mM) caused a 50 and 62% decrease in I and II. These observations suggest that THC alters the in vitro microsomal metabolism of PCP.
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Watanabe K, Arai M, Narimatsu S, Yamamoto I, Yoshimura H. Effect of repeated administration of 11-hydroxy-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol, an active metabolite of delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol, on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system of mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:1861-5. [PMID: 3013200 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 8-THC) and its major and active metabolite, 11-hydroxy-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-delta 8-THC), on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system were studied in mice. The repeated administration of 11-OH-delta 8-THC (5 mg/kg/day, i.v.) for 3 or 7 days increased significantly the activities of aniline hydroxylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase. By the same treatment, cytochrome P-450 content (3 days) or NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity (7 days) was also increased significantly. The treatment with delta 8-THC for 7 days (5 mg/kg/day, i.v.) significantly increased aniline hydroxylase only. 11-OH-delta 8-THC increased the Vmax, but not the Km, values for both drug-metabolizing enzymes, whereas delta 8-THC decreases significantly the Km value (270 microM) for p-nitroanisole O-demethylase as compared with the control (398 microM). Repeated administration of these cannabinoids for 7 days also increased the metabolism of delta 8-THC by hepatic microsomes; this was attributed to an enhanced formation of 11-OH-delta 8-THC. In contrast, microsomal formation of 7 alpha-OH-delta 8-THC was decreased significantly by treatment with delta 8-THC. 11-OH-delta 8-THC, but not delta 8-THC, treatment increased the metabolism of 11-OH-delta 8-THC by hepatic microsomes. These findings indicate that delta 8-THC and 11-OH-delta 8-THC treatment can induce hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes and affect differently the catalytic properties of the enzymes.
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Kalofoutis A, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A, Maravelias C, Koutselinis A. Changes of HDL-lipid composition as related to delta 9-THC action. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 22:343-5. [PMID: 2984706 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to investigate the possible action of delta 9-THC on HDL-Lipid composition. Significant changes were observed in the serum total lipids, triglycerides and HDL subfractions after hashish smoking. The results are discussed in relation to the possible alterations of some enzymatic mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism in hashish users.
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Schurr A. Marihuana: much ado about THC. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1985; 80:1-7. [PMID: 2858327 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The availability of delta 1-THC, the major psychoactive component of marihuana, in pure form offered an opportunity for better understanding of the mechanism of action of this drug. Two decades after the isolation of delta 1-THC its mode of action is still obscure despite the enormous amount of research invested in it. Studying cannabis content as a whole offers a different approach for better understanding of this ancient weed and its effects.
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Miller IJ, McCallum NK, Kirk CM, Peake BM. The free radical oxidation of the tetrahydrocannabinols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01945081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Riggs CE, Egorin MJ, Fuks JZ, Schnaper N, Duffey P, Colvin OM, Aisner J, Wiernik PH, Bachur NR. Initial observations on the effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the plasma pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21:90S-98S. [PMID: 6271847 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb02581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of THC upon the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and doxorubicin (ADR). Plasma THC was determined by RIA. Plasma concentrations of CTX and ADR were measured by GLC and fluorescence, respectively. RIA confirmed plasma levels of THC greater than 20 ng/ml for patients who received THC. CTX half-life was not significantly changed with use of THC (7.7 +/- 3.6 hours without versus 5.25 +/- 2.6 hours with THC). ADR half-life with THC was greater than without THC (175 +/- 197 hours versus 92 +/- 92 hours, respectively). Total drug exposure as determined by areas under the curves were similar (12.4 +/- 6 microM . hr without versus 13.8 +/- 4 microM . hr with THC). These preliminary data suggest that RIA is reliable for assessing THC plasma concentrations. THC induces no apparent alterations of CTX or ADR pharmacokinetics.
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Abstract
The possible change in Platelet lipids after smoking delta 9-THC was studied in chronic hashish users. The fluctuations of total phospholipid content is related to alterations of individual phospholipids. Changes in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine are discussed in relation to membrane derangement leading to the increased rate of platelet lysis and aggregation under high doses of the drug.
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Kalofoutis A, Koutselinis A. Changes induced by hashish constituents on human erythrocyte phospholipids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1979; 11:383-5. [PMID: 523495 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The possible effect of delta 9-THC on human erythrocyte phospholipids of chronic hashish users was studied. Changes in individual phospholipids concentrations were observed in heavy hashish users after smoking the drug. Results are discussed in relation to the possible alterations of enzymatic mechanisms which require the presence of essential for their activation phospholipids.
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Bloch E, Thysen B, Morrill GA, Gardner E, Fujimoto G. Effects of cannabinoids on reproduction and development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1979; 36:203-58. [PMID: 369121 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Koutselinis A, Kalofoutis A, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A, Miras C. The possible effect of hashish on leukocytes and plasma lipids. FORENSIC SCIENCE 1978; 12:65-72. [PMID: 711085 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(78)90035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible fluctuation of leukocytes and plasma lipids, 30--60 min after smoking hashish, was studied. Total phospholipid content in both leukocytes and plasma was increased in a similar way to the total lipid content after smoking hashish. Differences in most of the phospholipid classes in leukocytes and plasma before and after smoking hashish were observed while the values in controls and chronic users of the drug before smoking hashish were found to be relatively close. Findings are discussed in relation to the pharmacological action of the drug on liver lipid metabolism.
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Chakravarty I, Ghosh JJ. Effect of cannabis extract on uterine glycogen metabolism in prepubertal rats under normal and estradiol-treated conditions. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26:859-62. [PMID: 405016 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Sprague GL, Craigmill AL. Ethanol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: mechanism for cross-tolerance in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1976; 5:409-15. [PMID: 1005489 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological interaction between equipotent doses of ethanol (1.35 g/kg) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 17 mg/kg) was evaluated in mice using rotarod performance as a measure of drug action. Tolerance ot the effects of ethanol and THC as well as a symmetrical cross-tolerance between these two drugs was demonstrated. Ethanol elimination was not altered by previous treatment with either ethnaol or THC as determined by measuring blood ethanol concentrations with an enzymatic assay. THC metabolite ratios in blood, brain and liver tissues determined after a dose of 3H-THC demonstrated that THC treatment had no effect upon THC metabolism or disposition. Ethanol treatment altered the distribution of THC and also altered hepatic THC metabolism as evidence by the occurrence of increased proportions of polar THC metabolites. No treatment regimens produced lower whole brain levels of subsequent ethanol or THC suggesting that tolerance to ethanol or THC and cross-tolerance between these two drugs does not develop due to lower brain concentrations. A vehicle effect was shown when treatment with a mixture of propylene glycol and Tween-80 altered the metabolic and behavioral effects of subsequently administered THC.
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Mitra G, Poddar MK, Ghosh JJ. In vivo and in vitro effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rats liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976; 35:523-30. [PMID: 1265765 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(76)90075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chakrabarty I, Sengupta D, Bhattacharya P, Ghosh JJ. Effect of cannabis extract on the uterine monoamine oxidase activity of normal and estradiol treated rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:377-8. [PMID: 938569 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Charavarty I, Sengupta D, Bhattacharyya P, Ghosh JJ. Effect of treatment with cannabis extract on the water and glycogen contents of the uterus in normal and estradiol-treated prepubertal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 34:513-6. [PMID: 1209643 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Mitra G, Poddar MK, Ghosh JJ. Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 34:525-8. [PMID: 1872 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Siemens AJ, De Nie LC, Kalant H, Khanna JM. Effects of various psychoative drugs on the metabolism of delta-tetrahydrocannabinol by rats in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1975; 31:136-47. [PMID: 1126372 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(75)90086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of 14C-tetrahydrocannabinol (14C-THC) by rat liver microsomal preparations in vitro was studied in the absence and presence of other psychoative drugs. Disappearance of 14C-THC, and changes in metabolite patterns as shown by thin layer chromatography, were studied. SKF 525-A, pentobarbital, phenobarbital and amphetamine all produced an apparently non-competitive inhibition of THC metabolism. The inhibition produced by meprobamate was at least partly competitive. Morphine and mescaline had no evident effect. SKF 525-A and the barbiturates markedly decreased the concentrations of all the major THC metabolites found in the incubation media. In contrast, none of the drugs tested in vivo, with the exception of SKF 525-A, had any effect on the biliary 14C-excretion or metabolite pattern, or on final tissue levels of 14C, when administered in doses comparable to those used for studies of interaction with THC in vivo. SKF 525-A, however, did markedly decrease the excretion of total 14C and alter the pattern of THC metabolities in the bile, and increased the final tissue 14C levels. It is concluded that in vivo interactions between THC and other psychoactive drugs are probably not explainable primarily on the basis of altered THC metabolism.
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Thompson GR, Rosenkrantz H, Fleischman RW, Braude MC. Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered subcutaneously to rabbits for 28 days. Toxicology 1975; 4:41-51. [PMID: 1129806 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(75)90020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) to rabbits produced dose-related cumulative toxicity. Five groups of three New Zealand albino rabbits each received 28 daily treatments with isotonic saline, sesame oil of 15.9, 45.0 or 153.4 mg/kg/day of delta-9-THC dissolved in sesame oil. Dose-related dermal responses included erythema, edema, ulceration and nodule formation. Some of the granulomatous nodules contained an oily substance and exhibited liquefactive necrosis. The severities of erythema and ulceration were generally maximal during the first week of treatment, but edema and nodule formation were most severe after days 12 and 14, respectively. All rabbits survived treatment, but body weights, liver weights and liver glycogen levels were decreased in a dose-related manner. Maximal body weight effects occurred after day 19. Hemochemical changes occurred only in rabbits treated with 153.4 mg/kg/day and included decreased blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase, and increased serum potassium. Hematology parameters were normal throughout the treatment period. No drug-related pathological lesions occurred in internal organs. The cumulative body weight changes, significantly decreased hepatic glycogen levels and reduced blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase values may have indicated drug-induced metabolic changes.
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Chesher GB, Jackson DM. Anticonvulsant effects of cannabinoids in mice: drug interactions within cannabinoids and cannabinoid interactions with phenytoin. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1974; 37:255-64. [PMID: 4850601 DOI: 10.1007/bf00421539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Coldwell BB, Bailey K, Paul CJ, Anderson G. Interaction of cannabinoids with pentobarbital in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 29:59-69. [PMID: 4283681 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Britton RS, Mellors A. Lysis of rat liver lysosomes in vitro by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:1342-4. [PMID: 4824779 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Siemens AJ, Kalant H, Khanna JM, Marshman J, Ho G. Effect of cannabis on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and pentobarbital metabolism in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:477-88. [PMID: 4822738 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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