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Carlson LA, Boberg J, HÖgstedt B. Some physiological and clinical implications of lipid mobilization from adipose tissue
1. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scow RO. Perfusion of isolated adipose tissue: FFA release and blood flow in rat parametrial fat body. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Levy HR. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:97-192. [PMID: 367106 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122938.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Birt LM. Flight-muscle mitochondria of Lucilia cuprina and Musca domestica. Estimation of the pyridine nucleotide content and of the response of respiration to adenosine diphosphate. Biochem J 2006; 80:623-31. [PMID: 16748928 PMCID: PMC1243277 DOI: 10.1042/bj0800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Birt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville N. 2, Victoria, Australia
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McLEAN P. Carbohydrate metabolism of mammary tissue. I. Pathways of glucose catabolism in the mammary gland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 30:303-15. [PMID: 13607447 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McLEAN P. Effect of insulin and phenazine methosulphate on pathways of glucose catabolism in the mammary gland of the rat. Nature 2000; 183:182-3. [PMID: 13622730 DOI: 10.1038/183182b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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CAIGER P, MORTON RK, FILSELL OH, JARRETT IG. A comparative study of nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes during growth of the sheep and rat. Biochem J 1998; 85:351-9. [PMID: 14017726 PMCID: PMC1243741 DOI: 10.1042/bj0850351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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WANG DY. Variation of 5'-nucleotidase activity of the rat mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation and involution. Biochem J 1998; 83:633-7. [PMID: 14038016 PMCID: PMC1243607 DOI: 10.1042/bj0830633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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WANG DY, GREENBAUM AL. Levels and distribution of the acid-soluble ribonucleotides in the mammary glands of pregnant and lactating rats. Biochem J 1998; 77:552-8. [PMID: 13783034 PMCID: PMC1205074 DOI: 10.1042/bj0770552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GREENBAUM AL, CLARK JB. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HORMONAL CONDITIONS ON THE CONCENTRATION AND OXIDOREDUCTION STATE OF THE NICOTINAMIDE NUCLEOTIDES OF RAT LIVER. Biochem J 1996; 95:167-79. [PMID: 14333553 PMCID: PMC1215191 DOI: 10.1042/bj0950167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The concentration and oxidoreduction state of the liver nicotinamide nucleotides of rats subjected to a number of hormonal treatments have been measured. 2. Adrenalectomy decreases the NADP(+) content by 80% but has little effect on NAD(+), NADH or NADPH. High doses of cortisone produce similar changes, but more physiological doses (5mug. daily) tend to increase the NADP(+) content. 3. Glucagon treatment of normal rats lowered the NADH and NADP(+) concentrations but did not affect the total amounts present. Growth hormone increased the concentrations and total amounts of NAD(+) and NADH but significantly decreased the concentrations and total amounts of NADP(+) and NADPH. 4. Measurements have been made of a number of enzymes in the livers of adrenalectomized and glucagon-treated rats that could affect the oxidoreduction state of NADP. The activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are not affected by adrenalectomy or treatment with cortisone or glucagon. Nor does adrenalectomy affect the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or NADPH-glutathione oxidoreductase. The hepatic content of glutathione is, however, decreased 50% by adrenalectomy. 5. Measurements of the oxidation of [1-(14)C]glucose and [6-(14)C]glucose by liver slices from adrenalectomized rats showed that glucose oxidation was substantially normal, although phenazine methosulphate caused a smaller stimulation of the oxidation of C-1 of [1-(14)C]glucose in slices from the livers of adrenalectomized rats than it did with slices from controls. The hepatic synthesis of lipids from [1-(14)C]glucose was marginally increased in adrenalectomized rats. 6. The additional NADP(+) found when liver is extracted with 0.02n-sulphuric acid-0.1m-sodium sulphate is less affected than the NADP(+) extracted with 0.1n-hydrochloric acid in adrenalectomized or glucagon-treated rats. Hooded Norway rats appear to have less of this extra form of NADP(+) than albino rats. 7. An attempt has been made to correlate the observed changes in the nicotinamide nucleotides with metabolic patterns prevailing in different hormonal conditions.
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RAGLAND TE, HACKETT DP. COMPARTMENTATION OF NICOTINAMIDE DINUCLEOTIDE DEHYDROGENASES AND TRANSHYDROGENASES IN NONPHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANT TISSUES. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996; 108:479-89. [PMID: 14244689 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(64)90430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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GREENBAUM AL, CLARK JB, MCLEAN P. THE ESTIMATION OF THE OXIDIZED AND REDUCED FORMS OF THE NICOTINAMIDE NUCLEOTIDES. Biochem J 1996; 95:161-6. [PMID: 14333552 PMCID: PMC1215190 DOI: 10.1042/bj0950161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. A method is described for the determination of the oxidized and reduced forms of the nicotinamide nucleotides by measuring the rate of the oxygen uptake with an oxygen electrode in a system in which the nucleotide acts as the rate-limiting carrier in a cyclic system. 2. The method permits the measurement of quantities as low as 0.02mug. of NAD(+) or NADH or 0.01mug. of NADP(+) or NADPH. 3. The method permits the measurement of the nucleotides in extracts that contain non-specific reducing substances, coloured compounds or fluorescent materials, e.g. green leaves. 4. The results obtained by the present method are compared with those reported in the literature.
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Kunjara S, Sochor M, Salih N, McLean P, Greenbaum AL. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase in rat mammary gland. Changes in the lactation cycle and effects of diabetes, insulin and phenazine methosulphate. Biochem J 1986; 238:553-9. [PMID: 2432883 PMCID: PMC1147169 DOI: 10.1042/bj2380553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the tissue content of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PPRibP), glucose 6-phosphate, ribose 5-phosphate (Rib5P), RNA and DNA, of the activity of PPRibP synthetase (EC 2.7.6.1) and the conversion of [1-14C]- and [6-14C]-glucose into 14CO2 were measured at mid-lactation in the normal and diabetic rat and in pregnancy, lactation and mammary involution in the normal rat. The PPRibP, glucose 6-phosphate and Rib5P contents increase during pregnancy and early lactation to reach a plateau value at mid-lactation, before falling sharply during weaning. The PPRibP content, PPRibP synthetase activity and flux of glucose through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) all change in parallel during the lactation cycle. Similarly, after 3 and 5 days duration of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, ending on day 10 of lactation, there were parallel declines in PPRibP content, PPRibP synthetase and PPP activity. The effect of streptozotocin was prevented by pretreatment with nicotinamide and partially reversed by insulin administration. Addition of insulin to lactating rat mammary-gland slices incubated in vitro significantly raised the PPRibP content (+47%) and the activity of the PPP (+40%); phenazine methosulphate, which gives a 2-fold increase in PPP activity, raised the PPRibP content of lactating mammary gland slices by approx. 3-fold. It is concluded that Rib5P, generated in the oxidative segment of the PPP, is an important determinant of PPRibP synthesis in the lactating rat mammary gland and that insulin plays a central role in the regulation of the bioavailability of this precursor of nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis.
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Shreve D, Levy H. Kinetic mechanism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the lactating rat mammary gland. Implications for regulation. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Scott WA, Mahoney E. Defects of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in Neurospora and their pleiotropic effects. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1976; 10:205-36. [PMID: 3390 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152810-2.50012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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SMITH STUART, ABRAHAM S. The Composition and Biosynthesis of Milk Fat1 1Supported by grants AM 16073 and AM 17489 from the National Institute of Health and grant BMS 7412723 from the National Science Foundation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024913-8.50011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Haut MJ, London JW, Garfinkel D. Simulation of the pentose cycle in lactating rat mammary gland. Biochem J 1974; 138:511-24. [PMID: 4154746 PMCID: PMC1166237 DOI: 10.1042/bj1380511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A computer model representing the pentose cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis in slices of lactating rat mammary glands has been constructed. This model is based primarily on the studies, with radioactive chemicals, of Abraham & Chaikoff (1959) [although some of the discrepant data of Katz & Wals (1972) could be accommodated by changing one enzyme activity]. Data obtained by using [1-(14)C]-, [6-(14)C]- and [3,4-(14)C]-glucose were simulated, as well as data obtained by using unlabelled glucose (for which some new experimental data are presented). Much past work on the pentose cycle has been mainly concerned with the division of glucose flow between the pentose cycle and glycolysis, and has relied on the assumption that the system is in steady state (both labelled and unlabelled). This assumption may not apply to lactating rat mammary glands, since the model shows that the percentage flow through the shunt progressively decreased for the first 2h of a 3h experiment, and we were unable to construct a completely steady-state model. The model allows examination of many quantitative features of the system, especially the amount of material passing through key enzymes, some of which appear to be regulated by NADP(+) concentrations as proposed by McLean (1960). Supplementary information for this paper has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50023 at the British Museum (Lending Division) (formerly the National Lending Library for Science and Technology), Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1973) 131, 5.
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Karadsheh NS, Tejwani GA, Ramaiah A. Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate kinase activity of phosphofructokinase from the different tissues of rabbit. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 327:66-81. [PMID: 4272358 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
1. Activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.40), and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) were determined in subcellular fractions of mammary gland from rabbits during pregnancy, at different stages of lactation and during weaning. The results were compared with those obtained in similar experiments with rat mammary gland. 2. Three bases of expression of the activity of enzymes in the particle-free supernatant fraction of mammary gland were compared. During lactation, activity expressed per mg. of particle-free supernatant protein (uncorrected for milk protein) correlated well with that expressed per mug. of DNA phosphorus. The disadvantages of expressing activities per g. wet wt. are discussed. 3. The major differences between the two tissues were: (a) neither malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) nor a soluble form of pyruvate carboxylase could be detected in rabbit mammary gland at any stage of the lactation cycle; (b) isocitrate dehydrogenase increased in activity during lactation in rabbit mammary gland, but not in that of the rat. 4. Pyruvate carboxylase in the mitochondrial fraction of rabbit mammary gland, and in both the mitochondrial and the soluble fractions of rat mammary gland, did not change in activity during lactation. 5. For each tissue, the NADP-dependent dehydrogenases studied had a high activity at all stages of the lactation cycle compared with the rate of fatty acid synthesis at mid-lactation. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the supply of NADPH via NADH.
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BALDWIN R. MAMMARY GROWTH AND LACTATION. Reprod Domest Anim 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-179251-0.50021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Greenbaum AL, Pinder S. Changes in the activities of enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway of the nicotinamide nucleotides in rat mammary gland during the lactation cycle. Biochem J 1968; 107:63-7. [PMID: 4384466 PMCID: PMC1198611 DOI: 10.1042/bj1070063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The activities of NMN pyrophosphorylase, NMN adenylyltransferase and NAD kinase in the mammary glands of rats at different stages of pregnancy, lactation and involution were measured. 2. NMN pyrophosphorylase has a low activity early in pregnancy, but its activity increases at parturition and in early lactation to reach a maximum at the tenth day of lactation, after which it remains constant until it declines abruptly in involution. 3. NMN adenylyltransferase is already quite active by the tenth day of pregnancy and its activity does not rise further in the second half of gestation. After a sharp rise in activity at parturition, the activity of the enzyme declines slowly throughout the period of lactation and, more sharply, in involution. 4. NAD kinase has a low activity for most of pregnancy, but its activity rises at parturition to a value at 2 days of lactation that is maintained until the tenth day. Between the tenth and fifteenth days of lactation the activity almost doubles, but falls sharply in mammary involution. 5. The relation of the activities of these enzymes to the rates of synthesis of NAD and NADP is discussed.
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Rodbell M. Metabolism of isolated fat cells. II. The similar effects of phospholipase C (Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin) and of insulin on glucose and amino acid metabolism. J Biol Chem 1966. [PMID: 4379054 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Dole VP. Energy storage. Compr Physiol 1965. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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