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Awan S, Hashmi AN, Taj R, Munir S, Habib R, Batool S, Azam M, Qamar R, Nurulain SM. Genetic Association of Butyrylcholinesterase with Major Depressive Disorder. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:720-737. [PMID: 34414522 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized as clinical depression, which primarily affects the mood and behaviour of an individual. In the present study butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a co-regulatory cholinergic neurotransmitter enzyme implicated in several putative neuronal and non-neuronal physiological roles was investigated for its role in MDD. Eighty MDD patients and sixty-one healthy controls were recruited for the study. BChE activity was measured by Ellman's method using serum while DNA samples of the patients were genotyped for BCHE polymorphisms rs3495 (c.*189G > A) and rs1803274 (c.1699G > A) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and tetra-primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System- polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). The genotyping was further validated by Sanger Sequencing. Biochemical estimation of serum BChE levels revealed a statistically significant decrease of enzyme activity in MDD patients (69.96) as compared to healthy controls (90.97), which was independent of age and gender. BCHE single nucleotide polymorphism rs1803274 genotype GA was found to be associated with the disease under a dominant model (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.09-4.96; p value = 0.025). Furthermore, risk allele-A frequency was higher in cases (p value = 0.013) than control. Carriers of rs1803274 GA genotype showed reduced mean BChE activity than wild-type allele GG homozygotes (p value = 0.040). Gender-based analysis revealed a protective role of rs3495 in females (χ2 = 6.87, p value = 0.032, RM: OR 0.173, CI = 0.043-0.699 (p value = 0.017). In addition, rs1803274 risk allele-A was observed to be significantly higher in males (χ2 = 4.258, p value = 0.039). In conclusion, the present study is indicative of a role of BChE in the pathophysiology of MDD where genetic polymorphisms were observed to effect BChE activity. Further replication studies in different ethnicities are recommended to validate the current observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sliha Awan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Aisha N Hashmi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Taj
- Department of Psychiatry, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Munir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan. .,Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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Munir S, Habib R, Awan S, Bibi N, Tanveer A, Batool S, Nurulain SM. Biochemical Analysis and Association of Butyrylcholinesterase SNPs rs3495 and rs1803274 with Substance Abuse Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:445-455. [PMID: 30707402 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a complex mental and behavioral disorder that changes the neurochemistry and physiology of the brain. Genetics also plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of addiction. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a cholinergic enzyme, has been implicated in the metabolism of various drugs, including cocaine, and an association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the butyrylcholinesterase gene (BCHE) and neuronal disorders has been reported. We report here the first investigation to be conducted on the status of BChE activity and the potential association of two BCHE gene SNPs, rs3495 (c.*189G > A) and rs1803274 (c.1699G>A, p.Ala567Thr, K-variant), with addiction vulnerability in heroin, hashish and polydrug users. Seventy-five individuals with an addiction to heroin, hashish and/or polydrug use were recruited to this study. BChE levels in the plasma were determined by Ellman's principle. SNPs were genotyped by standard procedures, followed by Sanger sequencing. Plasma BChE levels were found to be significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in addicts (mean ± standard error of the mean 0.031 ± 0.004 μmol/L/min; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.024-0.038) than in non-addicts (controls) (0.014 ± 0.001 μmol/L/min; 95% CI 0.012-0.017). Statistical significant differences were also observed between the addicted cohorts. A statistically significant association for both SNPs (rs3495 and rs1803274) was not observed in addicted subjects tested in the dominant, recessive and allele genetic models, but trends of variations of the rs3495 risk G allele were noted. The authors conclude that BChE plays significant roles in addiction pathophysiology as increased BChE activity in blood samples obtained from the cohorts with addiction was evident. Further studies in this direction may provide novel approaches for the treatment of addiction, but studies with a larger sample size and different ethnic groups are warranted for broader conclusions to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Munir
- Department of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics and Genomics Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics and Genomics Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sliha Awan
- Department of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics and Genomics Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics and Genomics Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arooj Tanveer
- Department of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics and Genomics Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Batool
- Department of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics and Genomics Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, Functional Proteomics and Genomics Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Küçükosman G, Pişkin Ö, Hancı V, Okyay RD, Ayoğlu H, Yurtlu BS, Akın M, Turan IÖ. Pseudocholinesterase levels in patients under electroconvulsive therapy. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:103-106. [PMID: 29332117 PMCID: PMC5885109 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.1.21307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In this study, we aimed to retrospectively assess the correlation of pseudocholinesterase (PChE) levels with age, gender, body weight and diagnosed psychiatric diseases in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) cases. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Bülent Ecevit University Hospital, Zonguldak, Turkey, between 2007 and 2011. In the study, 193 ECT case files were retrospectively scanned to evaluate PChE values before ECT and other file information. Results: There was no difference between gender in terms of PChE levels. Correlation analysis determined a weakly positive correlation between age (p=0.013; correlation coefficient [cc]: 0.178) and body weight (p<0.001; cc: 0.273) and PChE levels. No correlation was found between age, gender, weight or psychiatric diagnosis, and PChE levels. Conclusion: Neuromuscular blockage is a significant factor that increases patient safety, while increasing the efficacy of ECT. In choosing muscle relaxant agents, both patient factors and the pharmacological properties of the neuromuscular blocker should be considered. We think that in situations with delayed recovery of ECT cases without identified PChE levels, low PChE levels must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Küçükosman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey. E-mail.
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Morera Ocón FJ, Ripoll Orts F, Martín Arévalo J, Checa Ayet F. Colinesterasa plasmática como indicador de gravedad en procesos agudos. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 124:435. [PMID: 15799854 DOI: 10.1157/13072847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Levels of serum cholinesterase (PsChe) were measured in 32 drug-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 32 sex- and age-matched healthy normal volunteers. No significant differences between OCD patients and normal subjects were found in PsChe levels. A significant positive correlation between patients' PsChe levels and the severity of anxiety, as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, was found, in agreement with the hypothesis of a relationship between state anxiety and PsChe activity. In contrast to findings in other reports, PsChe levels significantly increased after 10 weeks of antiobsessional pharmacological treatment, underscoring the potential influence of drugs on PsChe activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erzegovesi
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, S. Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Keshavan MS, Mahadik SP, Reynolds CF, Mukerjee S, Korenovsky A, Houck P, Jarrett DB. Plasma cholinesterase isozymes and REM latency in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1992; 43:23-9. [PMID: 1438614 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90138-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The relation between electroencephalographic sleep parameters and plasma cholinesterase isozymes was examined in a group of 19 unmedicated schizophrenic patients. Rapid eye movement (REM) latency was found to be significantly inversely correlated with isozyme 3 (mainly acetylcholinesterase). The results are discussed in relation to cholinergic involvement in the regulation of REM sleep and in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Keshavan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Van Kempen GM, Zitman FG, Linssen AC, Edelbroek PM. Biochemical measures in patients with a somatoform pain disorder, before, during, and after treatment with amitriptyline with or without flupentixol. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31:670-80. [PMID: 1599984 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The possible relationship between a number of biochemical parameters and measures of pain and depression was studied in chronic pain patients without a major depression. In a double-blind crossover study, patients were treated with amitriptyline combined with a low dose of flupentixol or placebo. We investigated whether pretreatment biochemical values correlated with initial data on pain and/or depression, or whether they had predictive value for treatment outcome. We also studied systematically the effect of both treatment regimes on the biochemical parameters themselves and their relation to the plasma levels of amitriptyline. From our results, the possible involvement of the serotonin system in somatoform pain disorder is confirmed and no direct relation with the noradrenergic system could be inferred. The lack of involvement of a number of putative, depression-related, biochemical parameters suggests that affective disorders and pain syndromes do not share all mechanisms in common.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Van Kempen
- Psychiatric Hospital Endegeest, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
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Harvey BH, Carstens ME, Taljaard JJ. A novel hypothesis for the psycho-modulating effects of lithium: the role of essential fatty acids, eicosanoids and sub-cellular second messengers. Med Hypotheses 1990; 32:51-8. [PMID: 2190069 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(90)90068-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is presented for a novel proposal for the mechanism of action of lithium in manic depressive psychosis. Lithium has well established effects on catecholaminergic--and hormone--stimulated adenyl cyclase activity and on cyclic AMP formation. Although there is conflicting evidence in the literature concerning the effects of the ion on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, not much is known of the effects of lithium on cyclic GMP. These two second messengers have been proposed to be mutually antagonistic in their actions but that a physiological balance between the two is essential for maintaining homeostasis of the human psyche. An in vivo animal study was undertaken to determine the effects of chronic lithium treatment on the dynamics and kinetics of these two cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterase in rat cerebral cortex. From these results, a possible functional coupling mechanism between the two second messenger systems and the effects of lithium are proposed. Lithium by means of its specific site of action, is unique among psychoactive drugs in that it can control both phases of bipolar illness. This point of action is proposed to be the metabolism of free fatty acids where lithium, by altering the availability of precursors for eicosanoid metabolism, is able to modulate both noradrenergic- and cholinergic-dependent pathways. By doing this, the ion is able to reestablish lost control over adrenergic and cholinergic balance critical for thought process and mood stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Harvey
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
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Korenovsky A, Laev H, Mukherjee S, Mahadik SP. Quantitative analyses of plasma cholinesterase isozymes in haloperidol-treated rats. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27:871-83. [PMID: 2331495 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90468-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a quantitative slab gel electrophoresis procedure that allows quantitative determination of plasma levels of discrete cholinesterase isozymes. Using this method, the effects of haloperidol treatment on plasma cholinesterase isozyme levels were examined in normal rats. Eight isozymes were detected by enzymatic reaction with either of two substrates (alpha-naphthyl acetate, NA; acetylthiocholine iodide, AcTCh), and then quantified using densitometric scanning. With AcTCh substrate, the activities of two major isozymes (1 and 2) were found to be linear with increasing quantities of applied plasma. With NA as substrate, Iso-OMPA (a pseudocholinesterase inhibitor) inhibited activities of all isozymes, except isozymes 2 and 8. With either substrate, BW284C51 (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) inhibited 100% and 13% of activity of isozymes 2 and 8, respectively, and with AcTCh substrate, 37% of isozyme 1. Based on the differential patterns of substrate specificity and action of inhibitors, and the reproducibility of patterns, we propose that these isozymes represent distinct molecular species. Short-term (14 days) and long-term (45 days) haloperidol treatment both resulted in altered levels of specific cholinesterase (ChE) isozymes. On the average, with AcTCh substrate, haloperidol treatment increased levels of isozymes 1 and 2 by 30% and 8%, respectively, after 14 days, and by 50% and 30%, respectively, after 45 days. Isozymes 3 through 8 showed minor changes. Plasma levels of isozymes 1 and 2 returned to baseline pretreatment values after a 40-day drug-free period. No significant change was observed after either short- or long-term treatment with clozapine, imipramine, or saline, or after an acute (less than 5 days) haloperidol treatment. No change was noted in RBC-ChE levels as function of treatment. These findings indicate that, in the rat, chronic haloperidol treatment results in differential changes in the plasma levels of discrete ChE isozymes. We have suggested that these changes reflect an alteration of central dopaminergic-cholinergic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Korenovsky
- Division of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032
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Harvey B, Carstens M, Taljaard J. Lithium modulation of cortical cyclic nucleotides: evidence for the Yin-Yang hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 175:129-36. [PMID: 2155792 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90223-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rats were subjected to chronic treatment with lithium chloride (0.2-0.3%) over a period of 3 weeks. The activity of cortical phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) was determined simultaneously with cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP content and compared to control, untreated animals. Lithium, at therapeutic serum concentrations was found to suppress cyclic AMP levels with a concomitant increase in cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity. A simultaneous two-fold increase in cyclic GMP was observed. Through the alteration of cortical cholinergic activity with physostigmine and the use of cyclic GMP as a cholinergic marker, we were able to demonstrate a novel cholinotropic property of lithium to stimulate synthesis of cyclic GMP. This effect appears to be linked, in a Yin-Yang mechanism, to the observed suppression of cyclic AMP induced by lithium through activation of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Harvey
- MRC Research Unit for the Neurochemistry of Mental Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa
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Abstract
Levels of pseudocholinesterase (PsChe) were measured in 20 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 20 healthy volunteers. The OCD group had significantly higher PsChe serum activity than in their sex- and age-matched control group. Patients' scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRS-A) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were not correlated with their PsChe levels. The results provide additional support for the observation of higher PsChe levels among anxiety-related psychiatric conditions. However, the relationships among anxiety, depression, and PsChe appear to be complex. The nature and implications of elevated PsChe levels are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aizenberg
- Gehah Psychiatric Hospital, Beilinson Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel
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