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Bownik A, Wlodkowic D. Applications of advanced neuro-behavioral analysis strategies in aquatic ecotoxicology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145577. [PMID: 33770877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence of pleiotropic ecological risks, the understanding of the eco-neurotoxic impact of most industrially relevant chemicals is still very limited. In particularly the acute and chronic exposures to industrial pollutants on nervous systems and thus potential alterations in ecological fitness remain profoundly understudied. Since the behavioral phenotype is the highest-level and functional manifestation of integrated neurological functions, the alterations in neuro-behavioral traits have been postulated as very sensitive and physiologically integrative endpoints to assess eco-neurotoxicological risks associated with industrial pollutants. Due to a considerable backlog of risk assessments of existing and new production chemicals there is a need for a paradigm shift from high cost, low throughput ecotoxicity test models to next generation systems amenable to higher throughput. In this review we concentrate on emerging aspects of laboratory-based neuro-behavioral phenotyping approaches that can be amenable for rapid prioritizing pipelines. We outline the importance of development and applications of innovative neuro-behavioral assays utilizing small aquatic biological indicators and demonstrate emerging concepts of high-throughput chemo-behavioral phenotyping. We also discuss new analytical approaches to effectively and rapidly evaluate the impact of pollutants on higher behavioral functions such as sensory-motor assays, decision-making and cognitive behaviors using innovative model organisms. Finally, we provide a snapshot of most recent analytical approaches that can be applied to elucidate mechanistic rationale that underlie the observed neuro-behavioral alterations upon exposure to pollutants. This review is intended to outline the emerging opportunities for innovative multidisciplinary research and highlight the existing challenges as well barriers to future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Chabenat A, Bellanger C, Knigge T. Effects of environmental antidepressants on colour change and locomotor behaviour in juvenile shore crabs, Carcinus maenas. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105808. [PMID: 33774504 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile crabs of Carcinus maenas thrive in coastal waters reputed to be the receptacle of continental pollution. Amongst the many pollutants encountered, antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (FLX) and venlafaxine (VEN), often detected at the ng•L-1 range, are particularly worrying because of their action on the levels of monoamines, such as serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. In crustaceans, those monoamines are involved in colour change through their action on neuropeptide hormones. In addition, they are known to have a role in different behaviours, such as locomotion. Both colour change and locomotion are strategies used by juvenile crabs to hide and escape from predators. To investigate if the presence of antidepressants may alter behaviours of ecological importance, juvenile crabs were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of either 5 ng•L-1 of FLX alone or in combination with VEN at 5 ng•L-1. The ability to change colour depending on the environment and the locomotor activity of juvenile crabs were monitored weekly over 25 days. Animals exposed to antidepressants displayed a different pattern of colour change than the controls, especially those exposed to the combination of FLX and VEN at 5 ng•L-1 each, and were less efficient to adapt to their environment, i.e., they were not as pale and not as dark as controls or crabs exposed to FLX at 5 ng•L-1. Moreover, juvenile crabs exposed to the combination of antidepressants exhibited an enhanced locomotor activity throughout the exposure period with a higher velocity and distance moved as well as more time spend moving. The alteration of cryptic behaviours, such as colour change and locomotion by antidepressants persistently present in marine environment at low concentrations may have an impact on the survival of juvenile of C. maenas on the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Chabenat
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNILEHAVRE, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I02, Environmental Stress and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Environments (SEBIO), 76600 LE HAVRE, France; NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) - UMR 6552, F-14000 CAEN, France; UNIV RENNES, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) - UMR 6552, F-35000 RENNES, France
| | - Cécile Bellanger
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) - UMR 6552, F-14000 CAEN, France; UNIV RENNES, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) - UMR 6552, F-35000 RENNES, France
| | - Thomas Knigge
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNILEHAVRE, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I02, Environmental Stress and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Environments (SEBIO), 76600 LE HAVRE, France.
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Mita A, Yoshida M, Nagayama T. Nitric oxide modulates a swimmeret beating rhythm in the crayfish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:4423-31. [PMID: 25452502 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.110551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory effects of nitric oxide (NO) and cAMP on the rhythmic beating activity of the swimmeret motor neurones in the crayfish were examined. Swimmerets are paired appendages located on the ventral side of each abdominal segment that show rhythmic beating activity during forward swimming, postural righting behaviour and egg ventilation in gravid females. In isolated abdominal nerve cord preparations, swimmeret motor neurones are usually silent or show a continuous low-frequency spiking activity. Application of carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, elicited rhythmic bursts of motor neurone spikes. The co-application of L-arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis with carbachol increased the burst frequency of the motor neurones. The co-application of the NO donor SNAP with carbachol also increased the burst frequency of the motor neurones. By contrast, co-application of a NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, with carbachol decreased beating frequency of the motor neurones. These results indicate that NO may act as a neuromodulator to facilitate swimmeret beating activity. The facilitatory effect of L-arginine was cancelled by co-application of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ suggesting that NO acts by activating sGC to promote the production of cGMP. Application of L-arginine alone or membrane-permeable cGMP analogue 8-Br-cGMP alone did not elicit rhythmic activity of motor neurones, but co-application of 8-Br-cGMP with carbachol increased bursting frequency of the motor neurones. Furthermore, application of the membrane-permeable cAMP analogue CPT-cAMP alone produced rhythmic bursting of swimmeret motor neurones, and the bursting frequency elicited by CPT-cAMP was increased by co-application with L-arginine. Co-application of the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 ceased rhythmic bursts of motor neurone spikes elicited by carbachol. These results suggest that a cAMP system enables the rhythmic bursts of motor neurone spikes and that a NO-cGMP signaling pathway increases cAMP activity to facilitate swimmeret beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Mita
- Division of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 990-8560 Yamagata, Japan
| | - Misaki Yoshida
- Division of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 990-8560 Yamagata, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nagayama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 990-8560 Yamagata, Japan.
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Ponzoni S. Tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression in ventral nerve cord of Neotropical freshwater crab. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:482-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tropea C, López Greco LS. Effect of long-term injection of dopamine on the ovarian growth ofCherax quadricarinatusjuvenile females (Parastacidae, Decapoda). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2012.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mulloney B, Smarandache-Wellmann C. Neurobiology of the crustacean swimmeret system. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:242-67. [PMID: 22270044 PMCID: PMC3297416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The crustacean swimmeret system includes a distributed set of local circuits that individually control movements of one jointed limb. These modular local circuits occur in pairs in each segmental ganglion, and normally operate synchronously to produce smoothly coordinated cycles of limb movements on different body segments. The system presents exceptional opportunities for computational and experimental investigation of neural mechanisms of coordination because: (a) The system will express in vitro the periodic motor pattern that normally drives cycles of swimmeret movements during forward swimming. (b) The intersegmental neurons which encode information that is necessary and sufficient for normal coordination have been identified, and their activity can be recorded. (c) The local commissural neurons that integrate this coordinating information and tune the phase of each swimmeret are known. (d) The complete set of synaptic connections between coordinating neurons and these commissural neurons have been described. (e). The synaptic connections onto each local pattern-generating circuit through which coordinating information tunes the circuit's phase have been discovered. These factors make possible for the first time a detailed, comprehensive cellular and synaptic explanation of how this neural circuit produces an effective, behaviorally significant output. This paper is the first comprehensive review of the system's neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, its local and intersegmental circuitry, its transmitter pharmacology, its neuromodulatory control mechanisms, and its interactions with other motor systems. Each of these topics is covered in detail in an attempt to provide a complete review of the literature as a foundation for new research. The series of hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the system's properties are reviewed critically in the context of experimental tests of their validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mulloney
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8519, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Control of reproductive development in crustaceans requires neuropeptides, ecdysone and methyl farnesoate (MF). A major source of neuropeptides is the X-organ-sinus gland (XO-SG) complex located in the eyestalk ganglia of crustaceans. The other regulatory factors (either peptides or neuromodulators) are produced in the brain and thoracic ganglia (TG). Two other regulatory non-peptide compounds, the steroid ecdysone and the sesquiterpene MF, are produced by the Y-organs and the mandibular organs, respectively. In the current review, I have tried to recapitulate recent studies on the role of gonadal regulatory factors in regulating crustacean reproduction.
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Tricarico E, Gherardi F. Biogenic amines influence aggressiveness in crayfish but not their force or hierarchical rank. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Alvarez Alvarado R, Porras Villalobos MG, Calderón Rosete G, Rodríguez Sosa L, Aréchiga H. Dopaminergic Modulation of Neurosecretory Cells in the Crayfish. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:345-70. [PMID: 16047546 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-3064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The main aims of this paper are (a) to locate possible dopaminergic neurons in the eyestalk with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies, (b) to search for the presence of dopamine (DA) in the nervous structures of the eyestalk, (c) to explore its release, and (d) to test the effect of DA on neurosecretory cells in the eyestalk. Experiments were performed in adult crayfishes Procambarus clarkii, in isolated optic peduncle. Immunocytochemistry was made with the antibody against its precursor synthesizing enzyme tyrosine-hydroxylase. The content and release studies of DA were made using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extracellular and intracellular recordings were conducted with conventional recording techniques. A large number (approximately 2000) of immunopositive somata of different sizes and shapes were identified in various regions of the eyestalk. The majority of somata are of the smallest size (5-25 microm diameter). DA content in the eyestalk was 5.6 +/- 0.1 pmol per structure; the greatest content is in the MT (over 60%). A basal level release of DA was observed. Incubation of eyestalks in solution containing a high K+ concentration increased the DA release (79%). Two effects of DA on the excitability of X-organ neurons were observed; an excitatory effect on neurons of approximately 25 microm somata diameter and another inhibitory effect in the group of approximately 35-microm somata diameter neurons. The excitation occurs with a depolarization and decrement of membrane conductance in the cell soma while the inhibition occurs with a hyperpolarization and increment of membrane conductance in soma. We concluded the following: (1) Dopamine is present in each optic ganglia of the crayfish eyestalk. (2) There is a basal release of DA from the isolated eyestalk. (3) DA release is enhanced threefold by eyestalk incubation in 40 mM [K+] solution. (4) DA selectively excites a population of neurons with low-speed conduction axons, and small somata in the X-organ-sinus gland system, while inhibiting another population characterized by higher axonal conduction speed and large somata. (5) These observations support a role for DA as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the X-organ neurons of the crayfish eyestalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Alvarez Alvarado
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. ler. Piso Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, México
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Crisp KM, Mesce KA. A cephalic projection neuron involved in locomotion is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network in the medicinal leech. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:4535-42. [PMID: 15579549 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIt is widely appreciated that the selection and modulation of locomotor circuits are dependent on the actions of higher-order projection neurons. In the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, locomotion is modulated by a number of cephalic projection neurons that descend from the subesophageal ganglion in the head. Specifically, descending brain interneuron Tr2 functions as a command-like neuron that can terminate or sometimes trigger fictive swimming. In this study, we demonstrate that Tr2 is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network distributed in the head brain. These findings represent the first anatomical evidence in support of dopamine (DA) playing a role in the modulation of locomotion in the leech. In addition, we have determined that bath application of DA to the brain and entire nerve cord reliably and rapidly terminates swimming in all preparations exhibiting fictive swimming. By contrast, DA application to nerve cords expressing ongoing fictive crawling does not inhibit this motor rhythm. Furthermore, we show that Tr2 receives rhythmic feedback from the crawl central pattern generator. For example, Tr2 receives inhibitory post-synaptic potentials during the elongation phase of each crawl cycle. When crawling is not expressed, spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in Tr2 correlate in time with spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the CV motor neuron, a circular muscle excitor that bursts during the elongation phase of crawling. Our data are consistent with the idea that DA biases the nervous system to produce locomotion in the form of crawling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Crisp
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Fort TJ, Brezina V, Miller MW. Modulation of an integrated central pattern generator-effector system: dopaminergic regulation of cardiac activity in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. J Neurophysiol 2004; 92:3455-70. [PMID: 15295014 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00550.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical studies have suggested that the output of a central pattern generator (CPG) must be matched to the properties of its peripheral effector system to ensure production of functional behavior. One way that such matching could be achieved is through coordinated central and peripheral modulation. In this study, morphological and physiological methods were used to examine the sources and actions of dopaminergic modulation in the cardiac system of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) revealed a prominent neuron in the commissural ganglion, the L-cell, that projected a large-diameter axon to the pericardial organ (PO) by an indirect and circuitous route. Within the PO, the L-cell axon gave rise to fine varicose fibers, suggesting that it releases dopamine in a neurohormonal fashion onto the heart musculature. In addition, one branch of the axon continued beyond the PO to the heart, where it innervated the anterior motor neurons and the posterior pacemaker region of the cardiac ganglion (CG). In physiological experiments, exogenous dopamine produced multiple effects on contraction and motor neuron burst parameters that corresponded to the dual central-peripheral modulation suggested by the L-cell morphology. Interestingly, parameters of the ganglionic motor output were modulated differently in the isolated CG and in a novel semi-intact system where the CG remained embedded within the heart musculature. These observations suggest a critical role of feedback from the periphery to the CG and underscore the requirement for integration of peripheral (neurohormonal) actions and direct ganglionic modulation in the regulation of this exceptionally simple system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Fort
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy, University of Puerto Rico Medical Services Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901
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12
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Barrière G, Mellen N, Cazalets JR. Neuromodulation of the locomotor network by dopamine in the isolated spinal cord of newborn rat. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1325-35. [PMID: 15016090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed the action of the neuromodulatory catecholamine, dopamine (DA), on the lumbar locomotor network using an isolated in vitro newborn rat spinal cord preparation. We have also attempted to determine the respective contribution of the D1- and D2-like receptors on the dopamine-mediated effects. Bath application of DA-induced slow locomotor-like rhythmic activity (cycle-period 20-30 s) in ventral motor roots. Bursts were alternating between segmental right and left side and between ipsilateral flexor and extensor units. This rhythm was blocked by D1 (SCH-23390) and D2 (raclopride, sulpiride) receptor antagonists, but was unaffected by the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase blocker, fusaric acid, thereby ruling out indirect noradrenaline-mediated effects. The D1 agonist, SKF-81297 induced prolonged slow rhythmic bursting, while the selective D2 agonists, quinpirole and quinelorane, had no effect. DA and the D1 agonist, SKF-81297 also increased the period and burst amplitude of N-methyl-d-l-aspartate-induced locomotor activity. The effects of dopamine and SKF-81297 on the N-methyl-d-l-aspartate-induced rhythm were long-lasting; persisting for 1 hour after washout. The DA action was blocked by MDL-12 330 A, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, suggesting the involvement of cAMP. Together these results indicate that dopamine can exert neuromodulatory actions on mammalian motor networks via short-lasting permissive influences and a newly reported, long-lasting modulation of motor network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Barrière
- CNRS UMR 5543, Physiologie et Physiopathologie de la Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Tierney AJ, Kim T, Abrams R. Dopamine in crayfish and other crustaceans: distribution in the central nervous system and physiological functions. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 60:325-35. [PMID: 12539162 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is widely distributed in the crustacean nervous system and has a diverse array of physiological effects. Immunocytochemical studies of several species have shown that dopamine- and/or tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cells occur in all ganglia of the central nervous system and that processes from some of these cells link ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. This study describes the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cells in the central nervous system of a crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) and compares this information to available data from other species. The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (an enzyme in the synthetic pathway between tyrosine and dopamine) in O. rusticus is similar to that reported for marine species. However, differences were observed in the number of neurons in some ganglia and in the axonal projections of the L cell, which were more extensive in O. rusticus than in other species studied thus far. We also review the physiological effects of dopamine in crayfish and other crustaceans, focusing on the amine's actions in the endocrine, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, and on behavior when injected into freely-moving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Jane Tierney
- Department of Psychology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346, USA.
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14
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Abstract
One of the lessons learned from studying the nervous systems of phylogenetically distant species is that many features are conserved. Indeed, aminergic neurons in invertebrate and vertebrate systems share a multitude of common characteristics. In this review, the varied roles of serotonin, octopamine, dopamine, and histamine in decapod crustaceans are considered, and the distributions of the amine-containing cells are described. The anatomy of these systems reinforces the idea that amine neurons are involved in widespread modulation and coordination within the nervous system. Many aminergic neurons have long projections, linking multiple regions with a common input, and therefore are anatomically perfected as "gain setters." The developmental patterns of appearance of each amine in the crustacean nervous system are described and compared. The developmental picture suggests that transmitter acquisition is distinctive for each amine, and that the pace of acquisition may be co-regulated with target maturation. The distinctive roles that transmitters play during specific developmental periods may, ultimately, provide important clues to their functional contributions in the mature organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Beltz
- Biological Sciences Department, Wellesley College, Massachusetts 02481, USA.
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15
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Pearlstein E, Clarac F, Cattaert D. Neuromodulation of reciprocal glutamatergic inhibition between antagonistic motoneurons by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in crayfish walking system. Neurosci Lett 1998; 241:37-40. [PMID: 9502210 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In an in vitro preparation of the crayfish thoracic locomotor system, paired intracellular recordings were performed from antagonistic depressor (Dep) and levator (Lev) motoneurons (MNs) that control the second joint of walking legs. Connections between these two groups of MNs consist mainly of inhibitory connections and weak electrotonic synapses. Injection of depolarizing current into a Lev MN results in a hyperpolarization in a Dep MN, and vice versa. This reciprocal glutamatergic inhibition, is not changed in the presence of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) and therefore is likely supported by a direct connection between MNs. By contrast, reciprocal inhibition is largely reduced in the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; 10 microM). Direct micro-application of glutamate pressure-ejected close to an intracellularly recorded MN, evoked an inhibitory response in that MN, accompanied by a decrease of input resistance. These two effects were dramatically reduced in the presence of 5-HT. Thus 5-HT could be involved in mechanisms of dynamic reconfigurations of the neural network controlling leg movements in crayfish.
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16
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Schmidt M, Ache BW. Descending neurons with dopamine-like or with substance P/FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity target the somata of olfactory interneurons in the brain of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 278:337-52. [PMID: 7528099 DOI: 10.1007/bf00414177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of descending neurons primarily target the somata of neurons in the olfactory deutocerebrum of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Hundreds to thousands of dopamine-like immunoreactive fibers originate in the lateral protocerebrum and terminate among the clustered somata of the olfactory deutocerebrum projection neurons (lateral soma cluster) and those of the olfactory deutocerebrum local interneurons (medial soma cluster). A pair of giant neurons with substance P- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity from the median protocerebrum terminate primarily in the lateral soma cluster, but also branch in the core of the olfactory lobe itself. Neurons of both types terminate in numerous bouton-like swellings. The terminals in the lateral cluster at least contain numerous, large, dense-core and small, clear vesicles. The terminals contact the somata and the primary neurites through both traditional chemical synapses and large zones of direct membrane appositions. In most instances, a vesicle-containing profile forms a triadic arrangement with a neurite and a soma the latter being frequently connected via large gap-junction-like structures. Rosette-like arrangements formed by a vesicle-containing profile surrounded by up to eight neurites are also common. Dissociated lateral cluster somata support both fast inward and sustained outward voltage-activated currents. Substance P, but not dopamine or FMRFamide-related peptides, alters the fast inward current. The somata of the olfactory projection neurons, and possibly those of the olfactory local interneurons, appear to serve an integrative, and not merely a supportive role in these invertebrate central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt
- Institut für Biologie, TU Berlin, Germany
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17
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Barthe JY, Bevengut M, Clarac F. In vitro, proctolin and serotonin induced modulations of the abdominal motor system activities in crayfish. Brain Res 1993; 623:101-9. [PMID: 8106117 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90016-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro thoraco-abdominal preparation of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) ventral nerve cord was used to study the sites of action and the effects of proctolin and serotonin on the nervous activities of the two abdominal motor systems, namely the swimmeret and the abdominal positioning systems. In this preparation spontaneous motor activity was recorded corresponding to continuous rhythmic bursts in the swimmeret motor nerves and tonic discharge of motoneurons in both abdominal extensor and flexor motor nerves. Proctolin applied on the abdominal ganglia elicited bursts of spikes in the flexor motor nerve which were able to disturb and even stop the swimmeret activity. Increasing concentrations of serotonin applied on the thoracic ganglia were able, first, to increase the period durations of the swimmeret bursting activity and, second, to stop it. In this last condition, continuous swimmeret activity resumed by application of proctolin on the abdominal ganglia although period durations stayed slightly longer than in control. The actions of serotonin and proctolin on the two abdominal motor systems were discussed in terms of modulations and interactions between central neuronal networks and behaviors.
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Rajashekhar KP, Wilkens JL. Dopamine and nicotine, but not serotonin, modulate the crustacean ventilatory pattern generator. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1992; 23:680-91. [PMID: 1431839 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480230607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) causes a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of motor neuron bursts [virtual ventilation (fR)] produced by deafferented crab ventilatory pattern generators (CPGv). Domperidone, a D2-specific DA antagonist, by itself reversibly depresses fR and also blocks the stimulatory effects of DA. Serotonin (5HT) has no direct effects on this CPGv. Nicotine also causes dramatic dose-dependent increases in the frequency of motor bursts from the CPGv. The action is triphasic, beginning with an initial reversal of burst pattern typical of reversed-mode ventilation, followed by a 2- to 3-min period of depression and then a long period of elevated burst rate. Acetylcholine chloride (ACh) alone is ineffective, but in the presence of eserine is moderately stimulatory. The inhibitory effects of nicotine are only partially blocked by curare. The excitatory action of nicotine is blocked by prior perfusion of domperidone, but not by SKF-83566.HCl, a D1-specific DA antagonist. SKF-83566 had no effects on the ongoing pattern of firing. These observations support the hypothesis that dopaminergic pathways are involved in the maintenance of the CPGv rhythm and that the acceleratory effects of nicotine may involve release of DA either directly or via stimulation of atypical ACh receptors at intraganglionic sites.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/analogs & derivatives
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brachyura/physiology
- Domperidone/pharmacology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Ganglia/cytology
- Ganglia/physiology
- Motor Neurons/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/physiology
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Respiration/drug effects
- Respiration/physiology
- Serotonin/pharmacology
- Thorax/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Rajashekhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
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Sqalli-Houssaini Y, Cazalets JR, Fabre JC, Clarac F. A cooling/heating system for use with in vitro preparations: study of temperature effects on newborn rat rhythmic activities. J Neurosci Methods 1991; 39:131-9. [PMID: 1798343 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(91)90079-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a universal stage that is particularly suitable for use with vertebrate and invertebrate in vitro preparations. Based on the Peltier effect, the same compact apparatus can be used to cool or heat within a wide temperature range (from 5 to 50 degrees C). Due to the use of interchangeable rings, the stage is compatible with a wide variety of dishes. We used this system to analyze the effects of temperature on the spinal networks that generate fictive locomotion in newborn rats. The results showed that these spinal networks can be active in a wide temperature range, producing an organized pattern (bursts alternating between the right and left sides) even at very low temperatures (15 degrees C). From 15 to 20 degrees C the period decreased before reaching a plateau (between 20 to 30 degrees C).
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el Manira A, Rossi-Durand C, Clarac F. Serotonin and proctolin modulate the response of a stretch receptor in crayfish. Brain Res 1991; 541:157-62. [PMID: 1674221 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91091-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory effects of proctolin and a biogenic amine (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) have been investigated on a leg mechanoreceptor in the crayfish. Single afferent sensory units were recorded extra- and intracellularly during imposed sinusoidal movement to the receptor strand; all responses were facilitated by a bath application of proctolin and 5-HT at various concentrations (10(-9)-10(-6) M).
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