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Rodd AM, Mawhinney WM, Brumer H. A scalable, chromatography-free, biocatalytic method to produce the xyloglucan heptasaccharide XXXG. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:116. [PMID: 39164748 PMCID: PMC11337882 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XyGOs) are highly branched, complex carbohydrates with a variety of chemical and biotechnological applications. Due to the regular repeating pattern of sidechain substitution of the xyloglucan backbone, well-defined XyGOs are readily accessed for analytical and preparative purposes by specific hydrolysis of the polysaccharide with endo-glucanases. To broaden the application potential of XyGOs, we present here an optimized, scalable method to access large quantities of galactosylated XyGOs by treatment of the bulk agricultural by-product, tamarind kernel powder (TKP), with a highly specific endo-xyloglucanase at high-solids content. Subsequent β-galactosidase treatment reduced XyGO complexity to produce exclusively the branched heptasaccharide XXXG (Xyl3Glc4: [α-D-Xylp-(1 → 6)]-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-[α-D-Xylp-(1 → 6)]-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-[α-D-Xylp-(1 → 6)]-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-D-Glcp). The challenge of removing the co-product galactose was overcome by fermentation with baker's yeast, thereby avoiding chromatography and other fractionation steps to yield highly pure XXXG. This simplified approach employs many of the core concepts of green chemistry and engineering, enables facile production of 100 g quantities of XyGOs and XXXG for laboratory use, and serves as a guide to further production scale-up for applications, including as prebiotics, plant growth effectors and elicitors, and building blocks for glycoconjugate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Rodd
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - William M Mawhinney
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, BC, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, Canada.
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Li D, Li P, Yang N, He L, Nishinari K. Influence of Temperatures on Physicochemical Properties and Structural Features of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide. Molecules 2024; 29:2622. [PMID: 38893498 PMCID: PMC11174022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the high content of impurities such as proteins in tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP), they must be separated and purified before it can be used. TSP can disperse in cold water, but a solution can only be obtained by heating the mixture. Therefore, it is important to understand the dispersion and dissolution process of TSP at different temperatures to expand the application of TSP. In this study, pasting behavior and rheological properties as a function of temperature were characterized in comparison with potato starch (PS), and their relationship with TSP molecular features and microstructure was revealed. Pasting behavior showed that TSP had higher peak viscosity and stronger thermal stability than PS. Rheological properties exhibited that G' and G'' of TSP gradually increased with the increase in temperature, without exhibiting typical starch gelatinization behavior. The crystalline or amorphous structure of TSP and starch was disrupted under different temperature treatment conditions. The SEM results show that TSP particles directly transformed into fragments with the temperature increase, while PS granules first expanded and then broken down into fragments. Therefore, TSP and PS underwent different dispersion mechanisms during the dissolution process: As the temperature gradually increased, TSP possibly underwent a straightforward dispersion and was then dissolved in aqueous solution, while PS granules initially expanded, followed by disintegration and dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Liu
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (D.L.); (K.N.)
- Food Hydrocolloid International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (D.L.); (K.N.)
- Food Hydrocolloid International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Diming Li
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (D.L.); (K.N.)
- Food Hydrocolloid International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China;
| | - Nan Yang
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (D.L.); (K.N.)
- Food Hydrocolloid International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Katsuyoshi Nishinari
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (D.L.); (K.N.)
- Food Hydrocolloid International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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Changder A, Mandal SK, Sarkar S, Paul R, Ghosh A, Paul P, Dua TK, Sahu R, Nandi G, Ghosh LK. Evaluation of Cassia fistula seed galactomannan as tablet-binder in formulation of diclofenac sodium-loaded monolithic matrix tablet. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127173. [PMID: 37783253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate Cassia fistula seed galactomannan (CFSG) as a tablet-binder in the formulation of a monolithic matrix tablet using diclofenac sodium as a model drug. Initially, CFSG was extracted and purified from the seeds of the Cassia fistula tree and then screened for phytochemicals. Native CFSG was characterized with polysaccharide content determination, monosaccharide composition analysis, elemental analysis, FTIR, solid-state 13C NMR, molecular weight, zeta potential, DSC, TGA-DTA, XRD, viscosity, pH and surface tension, rheology, SEM and acute oral toxicity study. Prior to formulation, the drug-CFSG compatibility was checked by FTIR, DSC, and XRD. Diclofenac sodium-loaded granules were prepared by the wet granulation method and evaluated for various granule properties. Finally, granules were compressed into tablets and evaluated for binding and other tablet properties. The granules showed to have optimum micromeritic properties. Tablet hardness and friability were found to be approximately 7 kg/m2 and 0.3 %, respectively, which substantiate the excellent binding capacity of CFSG. Other tablet properties were also found to be within the Pharmacopoeial compliance limit. The tablets with a minimum concentration of CFSG (2.5%w/w) as binder showed appreciable mechanical strength and faster drug release, which ratifies CFSG as an alternative tablet binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Changder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Mandal
- Research and Development, East India Pharmaceutical Works Limited, Kolkata 700061, India
| | - Saurav Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist., Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Riyasree Paul
- Flemming College of Pharmacy, Balarampur, Kolkata 700144, India
| | - Ananya Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Paramita Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist., Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Dua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist., Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist., Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Gouranga Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist., Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
| | - Lakshmi Kanta Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Immelmann R, Gawenda N, Ramírez V, Pauly M. Identification of a xyloglucan beta-xylopyranosyltransferase from Vaccinium corymbosum. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e514. [PMID: 37502316 PMCID: PMC10368651 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain the hemicellulose xyloglucan, whose fine structure may vary depending on cell type, tissue, and/or plant species. Most but not all of the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan sidechains have been identified. Here, we report the identification of several functional glycosyltransferases from blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum bluecrop). Among those transferases is a hitherto elusive Xyloglucan:Beta-xylosylTransferase (XBT). Heterologous expression of VcXBT in the Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant mur3 xlt2, where xyloglucan consists only of an unsubstituted xylosylated glucan core structure, results in the production of the xylopyranose-containing "U" sidechain as characterized by mass spectrometry, glycosidic linkage, and NMR analysis. The introduction of the additional xylopyranosyl residue rescues the dwarfed phenotype of the untransformed Arabidopsis mur3 xlt2 mutant to wild-type height. Structural protein analysis using Alphafold of this and other related xyloglucan glycosyltransferase family 47 proteins not only identifies potential domains that might influence the regioselectivity of these enzymes but also gives hints to specific amino acids that might determine the donor-substrate specificity of these glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Immelmann
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Niklas Gawenda
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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The Glycoside Hydrolase Family 35 β-galactosidase from Trichoderma reesei debranches xyloglucan oligosaccharides from tamarind and jatobá. Biochimie 2023; 211:16-24. [PMID: 36828153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei (anamorph Hypocrea jecorina) produces an extracellular beta-galactosidase from Glycoside Hydrolase Family 35 (TrBga1). Hydrolysis of xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs) by TrBga1 has been studied by hydrolysis profile analysis of both tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) seed storage xyloglucans using PACE and MALDI-ToF-MS for separation, quantification and identification of the hydrolysis products. The TrBga1 substrate preference for galactosylated oligosaccharides from both the XXXG- and XXXXG-series of jatobá xyloglucan showed that the doubly galactosylated oligosaccharides were the first to be hydrolyzed. Furthermore, the TrBga1 showed more efficient hydrolysis against non-reducing end dexylosylated oligosaccharides (GLXG/GXLG and GLLG). This preference may play a key role in xyloglucan degradation, since galactosyl removal alleviates steric hindrance for other enzymes in the xyloglucanolytic complex resulting in complete xyloglucan mobilization. Indeed, mixtures of TrBga1 with the α-xylosidase from Escherichia coli (YicI), which shows a preference towards non-galactosylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides, reveals efficient depolymerization when either enzyme is applied first. This understanding of the synergistic depolymerization contributes to the knowledge of plant cell wall structure, and reveals possible evolutionary mechanisms directing the preferences of debranching enzymes acting on xyloglucan oligosaccharides.
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Fan Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Dai F, Yuan M, Wang F, Bai Y, Deng H. Natural polysaccharides based self-assembled nanoparticles for biomedical applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1240-1255. [PMID: 34678381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) derived from the self-assembly of natural polysaccharides have shown great potential in the biomedical field. Here, we described several self-assembly modes of natural polysaccharides in detail, summarized the natural polysaccharides mostly used for self-assembly, and provided insights into the current applications and achievements of these self-assembled NPs. As one of the most widespread substances in nature, most natural polysaccharides exhibit advantages of biodegradability, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and degradable properties. Therefore, they have been fully explored, and the application of chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, starch, and their derivatives has been extensively studied, especially in the fields of biomedical. Polysaccharides based NPs were proved to improve the solubility of insoluble drugs, enhance tissue target ability and realize the controlled and sustained release of drugs. When modified by hydrophobic groups, the amphiphilic polysaccharides can self-assemble into NPs. Other driven forces of self-assembly include electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds. Up to the present, polysaccharides-based nanoparticles have been widely applied for tumor treatment, antibacterial application, gene therapy, photodynamic therapy and transporting insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Fan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Fangfang Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Mengqin Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Feiyan Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Hongbing Deng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Steck J, Kaufhold L, Bunzel M. Structural Profiling of Xyloglucans from Food Plants by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Parallel Pulsed Amperometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8838-8849. [PMID: 34339210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucans are the dominant hemicelluloses in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants, fulfilling numerous functions. However, routine methods of cell wall analytical chemistry such as methylation analysis are time-consuming and often not adequate to capture the structural diversity of xyloglucans. Here, a xyloglucan profiling method based on the enzymatic release of xyloglucan oligosaccharides by a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-(1→4)-glucanase and subsequent analysis of these oligosaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with parallel pulsed amperometric and mass spectrometric detection was developed. For this purpose, a set of 23 authentic xyloglucan oligosaccharides was generated, structurally characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, and established as analytical standard compounds. Coupling of HPAEC with parallel electrochemical and MS detection was demonstrated to be an excellent tool to analyze xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by characterizing the xyloglucan architecture from a set of nine economically relevant food plants from the botanical orders Caryophyllales (rhubarb, buckwheat, amaranth, and quinoa), Cucurbitales (Hokkaido squash), Laurales (avocado), Myrtales (pomegranate), and Sapindales (mango and orange) for the first time. In future studies, this method can ideally be used to monitor structural alterations of xyloglucans as a result of genetic engineering, plant/tissue maturation, and processing of plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steck
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Larissa Kaufhold
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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Using Solid-State 13C NMR Spectroscopy to Study the Molecular Organization of Primary Plant Cell Walls. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 32617937 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A knowledge of the mobilities of the polysaccharides or parts of polysaccharides in a cell-wall preparation provides information about possible molecular interactions among the polysaccharides in the cell wall and the relative locations of polysaccharides within the cell wall. A number of solid-state 13C NMR techniques have been developed that can be used to investigate different types of polysaccharide mobilities: rigid, semirigid, mobile, and highly mobile. In this chapter techniques are described for obtaining spectra from primary cell-wall preparations using CP/MAS, proton-rotating frame, proton spin-spin, spin-echo relaxation spectra and single-pulse excitation. We also describe how proton spin relaxation editing can be used to obtain subspectra for cell-wall polysaccharides of different mobilities, and how 2D and 3D solid-state NMR experiments have recently been applied to plant cell walls.
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Stratilová B, Kozmon S, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Plant Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferases and the Cell Wall Structure: Subtle but Significant. Molecules 2020; 25:E5619. [PMID: 33260399 PMCID: PMC7729885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) catalogued in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 constitute cell wall-modifying enzymes that play a fundamental role in the cell wall expansion and re-modelling. Over the past thirty years, it has been established that XET enzymes catalyse homo-transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived substrates and hetero-transglycosylation reactions with neutral and charged donor and acceptor substrates other than XG-derived. This broad specificity in XET isoforms is credited to a high degree of structural and catalytic plasticity that has evolved ubiquitously in algal, moss, fern, basic Angiosperm, monocot, and eudicot enzymes. These XET isoforms constitute gene families that are differentially expressed in tissues in time- and space-dependent manners during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of broad specific plant XET enzymes and how their inherently carbohydrate-based transglycosylation reactions tightly link with structural diversity that underlies the complexity of plant cell walls and their mechanics. Based on this knowledge, we conclude that multi- or poly-specific XET enzymes are widespread in plants to allow for modifications of the cell wall structure in muro, a feature that implements the multifaceted roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Han M, Liu Y, Zhang F, Sun D, Jiang J. Effect of galactose side-chain on the self-assembly of xyloglucan macromolecule. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Graft-copolymer of polyacrylamide-tamarind seed gum: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of flocculating potential in peroral paracetamol suspension. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 215:213-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Stratilová B, Firáková Z, Klaudiny J, Šesták S, Kozmon S, Strouhalová D, Garajová S, Ait-Mohand F, Horváthová Á, Farkaš V, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Engineering the acceptor substrate specificity in the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase TmXET6.3 from nasturtium seeds (Tropaeolum majus L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:181-197. [PMID: 30868545 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of substrate specificity of XET enzymes is important for the general understanding of metabolic pathways to challenge the established notion that these enzymes operate uniquely on cellulose-xyloglucan networks. Xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (XETs) (EC 2.4.1.207) play a central role in loosening and re-arranging the cellulose-xyloglucan network, which is assumed to be the primary load-bearing structural component of plant cell walls. The sequence of mature TmXET6.3 from Tropaeolum majus (280 residues) was deduced by the nucleotide sequence analysis of complete cDNA by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, based on tryptic and chymotryptic peptide sequences. Partly purified TmXET6.3, expressed in Pichia occurred in N-glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. The quantification of hetero-transglycosylation activities of TmXET6.3 revealed that (1,3;1,4)-, (1,6)- and (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides were the preferred acceptor substrates, while (1,4)-β-D-xylooligosaccharides, and arabinoxylo- and glucomanno-oligosaccharides were less preferred. The 3D model of TmXET6.3, and bioinformatics analyses of identified and putative plant xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs)/hydrolases (XEHs) of the GH16 family revealed that H94, A104, Q108, K234 and K237 were the key residues that underpinned the acceptor substrate specificity of TmXET6.3. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the single Q108R and K237T, and double-K234T/K237T and triple-H94Q/A104D/Q108R variants exhibited enhanced hetero-transglycosylation activities with xyloglucan and (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides, while those with (1,3;1,4)- and (1,6)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides were suppressed; the incorporation of xyloglucan to (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides by the H94Q variant was influenced most extensively. Structural and biochemical data of non-specific TmXET6.3 presented here extend the classic XET reaction mechanism by which these enzymes operate in plant cell walls. The evaluations of TmXET6.3 transglycosylation activities and the incidence of investigated residues in other members of the GH16 family suggest that a broad acceptor substrate specificity in plant XET enzymes could be more widespread than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Firáková
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sergej Šesták
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Strouhalová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Veveří, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Garajová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Fairouz Ait-Mohand
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ágnes Horváthová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Farkaš
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Matsuzawa T, Watanabe M, Nakamichi Y, Fujimoto Z, Yaoi K. Crystal structure and substrate recognition mechanism of Aspergillus oryzae isoprimeverose-producing enzyme. J Struct Biol 2018; 205:84-90. [PMID: 30445155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Isoprimeverose-producing enzymes (IPases) release isoprimeverose (α-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-d-glucopyranose) from the non-reducing end of xyloglucan oligosaccharides. Aspergillus oryzae IPase (IpeA) is classified as a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3); however, it has unusual substrate specificity compared with other GH3 enzymes. Xylopyranosyl branching at the non-reducing ends of xyloglucan oligosaccharides is vital for IpeA activity. We solved the crystal structure of IpeA with isoprimeverose at 2.4 Å resolution, showing that the structure of IpeA formed a dimer and was composed of three domains: an N-terminal (β/α)8 TIM-barrel domain, α/β/α sandwich fold domain, and a C-terminal fibronectin-like domain. The catalytic TIM-barrel domain possessed a catalytic nucleophile (Asp300) and acid/base (Glu524) residues. Interestingly, we found that the cavity of the active site of IpeA was larger than that of other GH3 enzymes, and subsite -1' played an important role in its activity. The glucopyranosyl and xylopyranosyl residues of isoprimeverose were located at subsites -1 and -1', respectively. Gln58 and Tyr89 contributed to the interaction with the xylopyranosyl residue of isoprimeverose through hydrogen bonding and stacking effects, respectively. Our findings provide new insights into the substrate recognition of GH3 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, HigashiHiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamichi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, HigashiHiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Zui Fujimoto
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Herlet J, Schwarz WH, Zverlov VV, Liebl W, Kornberger P. Addition of β-galactosidase boosts the xyloglucan degradation capability of endoglucanase Cel9D from Clostridium thermocellum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:238. [PMID: 30202433 PMCID: PMC6122707 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing the efficiency of enzymatic biomass degradation is crucial for a more economically feasible conversion of abundantly available plant feedstock. Synergistic effects between the enzymes deployed in the hydrolysis of various hemicelluloses have been demonstrated, which can reduce process costs by lowering the amount of enzyme required for the reaction. Xyloglucan is the only major hemicellulose for which no such effects have been described yet. RESULTS We report the beneficial combination of two enzymes for the degradation of the hemicellulose xyloglucan. The addition of β-galactosidase Bga2B from Clostridium stercorarium to an in vitro hydrolysis reaction of a model xyloglucan substrate increased the enzymatic efficiency of endoglucanase Cel9D from Clostridium thermocellum to up to 22-fold. Furthermore, the total amount of enzyme required for high hydrolysis yields was lowered by nearly 80%. Increased yields were also observed when using a natural complex substrate-tamarind kernel powder. CONCLUSION The findings of this study may improve the valorization of feedstocks containing high-xyloglucan amounts. The combination of the endoglucanase Cel9D and the β-galactosidase Bga2B can be used to efficiently produce the heptasaccharide XXXG. The exploitation of one specific oligosaccharide may open up possibilities for the use as a prebiotic or platform chemical in additional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Herlet
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Vladimir V. Zverlov
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Petra Kornberger
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Peter Albersheim. Glycobiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Zhu X, Cui W, Zhang E, Sheng J, Yu X, Xiong F. Morphological and physicochemical properties of starches isolated from three taro bulbs. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Wenxue Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Erjin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Jieyue Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Xurun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
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17
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Chen J, Travelet C, Borsali R, Halila S. Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides Mimics: Synthesis of Tailored Bottlebrush-Like Xyloglucan Oligosaccharide Glycopolymers as Binders of Nanocrystalline Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3410-3417. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Travelet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Redouane Borsali
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Halila
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Walker JA, Pattathil S, Bergeman LF, Beebe ET, Deng K, Mirzai M, Northen TR, Hahn MG, Fox BG. Determination of glycoside hydrolase specificities during hydrolysis of plant cell walls using glycome profiling. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:31. [PMID: 28184246 PMCID: PMC5288845 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides into simple sugars. To better understand the specificity of enzyme hydrolysis within the complex matrix of polysaccharides found in the plant cell wall, we studied the reactions of individual enzymes using glycome profiling, where a comprehensive collection of cell wall glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies are used to detect polysaccharide epitopes remaining in the walls after enzyme treatment and quantitative nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry (oxime-NIMS) to determine soluble sugar products of their reactions. RESULTS Single, purified enzymes from the GH5_4, GH10, and GH11 families of glycoside hydrolases hydrolyzed hemicelluloses as evidenced by the loss of specific epitopes from the glycome profiles in enzyme-treated plant biomass. The glycome profiling data were further substantiated by oxime-NIMS, which identified hexose products from hydrolysis of cellulose, and pentose-only and mixed hexose-pentose products from the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses. The GH10 enzyme proved to be reactive with the broadest diversity of xylose-backbone polysaccharide epitopes, but was incapable of reacting with glucose-backbone polysaccharides. In contrast, the GH5 and GH11 enzymes studied here showed the ability to react with both glucose- and xylose-backbone polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS The identification of enzyme specificity for a wide diversity of polysaccharide structures provided by glycome profiling, and the correlated identification of soluble oligosaccharide hydrolysis products provided by oxime-NIMS, offers a unique combination to understand the hydrolytic capabilities and constraints of individual enzymes as they interact with plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie A. Walker
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Lai F. Bergeman
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Emily T. Beebe
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Kai Deng
- US Department of Energy Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551 USA
| | - Maryam Mirzai
- US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Trent R. Northen
- US Department of Energy Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Brian G. Fox
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Matsuzawa T, Kimura N, Suenaga H, Yaoi K. Screening, identification, and characterization of α-xylosidase from a soil metagenome. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:393-9. [PMID: 27074950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel α-xylosidase, MeXyl31, was isolated and characterized from a soil metagenomic library. The amino acid sequence of MeXyl31 showed a slight homology with other characterized α-xylosidases. The optimal pH and temperature of recombinant MeXyl31 were pH 5.5 and 45°C, respectively. Recombinant MeXyl31 had a higher α-xylosidase activity toward pNP α-d-xylopyranoside than pNP α-d-glucopyranoside, isoprimeverose, and other xyloglucan oligosaccharides. The kcat/Km value toward pNP α-d-xylopyranoside was about 750-fold higher than that of isoprimeverose. MeXyl31 activity was strongly inactivated in the presence of zinc and copper ions. MeXyl31 is the first α-xylosidase isolated from the metagenome and, relative to other xyloglucan oligosaccharides, shows higher activity toward pNP α-d-xylopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nobutada Kimura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hikaru Suenaga
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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22
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Mollerup F, Parikka K, Vuong TV, Tenkanen M, Master E. Influence of a family 29 carbohydrate binding module on the activity of galactose oxidase from Fusarium graminearum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:354-62. [PMID: 26518347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galactose oxidase (GaO) selectively oxidizes the primary hydroxyl of galactose to a carbonyl, facilitating targeted chemical derivatization of galactose-containing polysaccharides, leading to renewable polymers with tailored physical and chemical properties. Here we investigate the impact of a family 29 glucomannan binding module on the activity and binding of GaO towards various polysaccharides. Specifically, CBM29-1-2 from Piromyces equi was separately linked to the N- and C-termini of GaO. RESULTS Both GaO-CBM29 and CBM29-GaO were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris, and demonstrated enhanced binding to galactomannan, galactoglucomannan and galactoxyloglucan. The position of the CBM29 fusion affected the enzyme function. Particularly, C-terminal fusion led to greatest increases in galactomannan binding and catalytic efficiency, where relative to wild-type GaO, kcat/Km values increased by 7.5 and 19.8 times on guar galactomannan and locust bean galactomannan, respectively. The fusion of CBM29 also induced oligomerization of GaO-CBM29. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Similar to impacts of cellulose-binding modules associated with cellulolytic enzymes, increased substrate binding impeded the action of GaO fusions on more concentrated preparations of galactomannan, galactoglucomannan and galactoxyloglucan; this was especially true for GaO-CBM29. Given the N-terminal positioning of the native galactose-binding CBM32 in GaO, the varying impacts of N-terminal versus C-terminal fusion of CBM29-1-2 may reflect competing action of neighboring CBMs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study thoroughly examines and discusses the effects of CBM fusion to non-lignocellulytic enzymes on soluble polysaccharides. Herein kinetics of GaO on galactose containing polysaccharides is presented for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Mollerup
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kirsti Parikka
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Thu V Vuong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Emma Master
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Spier VC, Sierakowski MR, Ibrahim AT, Scholze Baum JC, Silveira JLM, de Freitas RA. Time-dependent viscometry study of endoglucanase action on xyloglucan: A real-time approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:461-6. [PMID: 26297307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of xyloglucan from Tamarindus indica and Hymenaea courbaril seeds with endoglucanase (EGII), which randomly breaks the (1→4)-linked β-glycosidic bonds of the polymer chain, was monitored in real time using time-dependent viscometry analysis (TDV). For both samples there was a decrease in the intrinsic viscosity ([η]), viscosity average molar mass (Mv), radius de gyration (Rg) and persistence length (Lp) immediately after the addition of the enzyme. It was observed the formation of oligosaccharides and oligomers composed of ∼2 units, up to 140min. Galactose-containing side chains two positions away from the non-substituted glucose, modulated the action of EGII, and the complete hydrolysis of the XG oligomers occurred after 24h. The results demonstrate for the first time the real-time degradation of xyloglucan as well the macromolecular and oligosaccharide composition during the EGII hydrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Cristina Spier
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Sierakowski
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Amid Tony Ibrahim
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Scholze Baum
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Carbohydrates, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Joana Lea M Silveira
- Laboratory of Plant Carbohydrates, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rilton Alves de Freitas
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Petrelli A, Borsali R, Fort S, Halila S. Oligosaccharide-based block copolymers: metal-free thiol-maleimide click conjugation and self-assembly into nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:109-16. [PMID: 25839800 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic oligosaccharide-based block copolymers (OBCPs) are able to self-assemble either into nanoparticles with biocompatible oligosaccharides corona in aqueous solution or in sub-nanopatterned thin-films originating from the high incompatibility between the different blocks. For these reasons, these biosourced OBCPs are valuable structures for applications in nanomedicine and nanoelectronics. Up to now, the synthesis of those OBCPs was obtained through grafting-onto method using Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). However, complete removal of metal catalyst residues from the resultant copolymer chains is critical and hampers electronic and biomedical applications. In this study, we report an efficient and convenient metal-free click chemistry approach consisting in coupling thiol-containing oligosaccharide blocks to maleimide-terminated polystyrenes. Upon self-assembly in water, spherical micelles of similar size than those obtained by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition were formed as evidenced using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petrelli
- CERMAV, CNRS and Grenoble Alpes Université, BP53, 38000 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - R Borsali
- CERMAV, CNRS and Grenoble Alpes Université, BP53, 38000 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - S Fort
- CERMAV, CNRS and Grenoble Alpes Université, BP53, 38000 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - S Halila
- CERMAV, CNRS and Grenoble Alpes Université, BP53, 38000 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Yu X, Zhou L, Zhang J, Yu H, Xiong F, Wang Z. Comparison of starch granule development and physicochemical properties of starches in wheat pericarp and endosperm. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:148-57. [PMID: 24740388 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were: (i) to characterize structural development of starch granule in pericarp and endosperm during wheat caryopsis growth; (ii) to compare physicochemical properties of starches in pericarp and endosperm; (iii) to further discover the relationships between pericarp starches and endosperm starches. Wheat pericarp and endosperm at different development stages were observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Structural properties of starches were determined using X-ray power diffraction and (13) C solid nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS Pericarp starch granules (PSG) accumulated in amyloplasts and chloroplasts, and showed a typical accumulation peak at 5 days after fertilization (DAF), and then gradually decomposed during 5-22 DAF. PSG in the abdominal region showed a higher rate of decomposition compared to the dorsal region of pericarp. Endosperm starch granules (ESG) accumulated in amyloplasts, and occurred in endosperm cells at 5 DAF, then rapidly enriched the endosperm cells until 22 DAF. Compared with ESG, PSG were compound granules of irregular shape and small size distribution. The results also suggested lower amylose content and V-type single-helix content and higher proportions of double helices for PSG compared to ESG. CONCLUSION Based on the structural development of PSG and ESG, we speculated that the saccharides resulting from decomposition of PSG, on one hand, enabled the pericarp to survive before maturity of wheat caryopsis and, on the other hand, provided extra nutrition for the growth of ESG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurun Yu
- Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology of the Jiangsu Province and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Quéméner B, Vigouroux J, Rathahao E, Tabet JC, Dimitrijevic A, Lahaye M. Negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a method for sequencing and determining linkage position in oligosaccharides from branched hemicelluloses. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:247-64. [PMID: 25601700 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucans of apple, tomato, bilberry and tamarind were hydrolyzed by commercial endo β-1-4-D-endoglucanase. The xylo-gluco-oligosaccharides (XylGos) released were separated on CarboPac PA 200 column in less than 15 min, and, after purification, they were structurally characterized by negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF), a hybrid linear ion trap (LTQ)/Orbitrap and a hybrid quadrupole Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers. In order to corroborate the fragmentation routes observed on XylGos, some commercial galacto-manno-oligosaccharides (GalMOs) and glucurono-xylo-oligosaccharides were also studied. The fragmentation pathways of the ionized GalMos were similar to those of XylGos ones. The product ion spectra were mainly characterized by prominent double cleavage (D) ions corresponding to the entire inner side chains. The directed fragmentation from the reducing end to the other end was observed for the main glycosylated backbone but also for the side-chains, allowing their complete sequencing. Relevant cross-ring cleavage ions from (0,2)X(j)-type revealed to be diagnostic of the 1-2-linked- glycosyl units from XylGos together with the 1-2-linked glucuronic acid unit from glucuronoxylans. Resonant activation in the LTQ Orbitrap allowed not only determining the type of all linkages but also the O-acetyl group location on fucosylated side-chains. Moreover, the fragmentation of the different side chains using the MS(n) capabilities of the LTQ/Orbitrap analyzer also allowed differentiating terminal arabinosyl and xylosyl substituents inside S and U side-chains of XylGos, respectively. The CID spectra obtained were very informative for distinction of isomeric structures differing only in their substitution pattern. These features together makes the fragmentation in negative ionization mode a relevant and powerful technique useful to highlight the subtle structural changes generally observed during the development of plant organs such as during fruit ripening and for the screening of cell wall mutants with altered hemicellulose structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Quéméner
- INRA, Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblage, Rue de la Géraudière BP 71627, F-44316, Nantes, France
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Eda M, Ishimaru M, Tada T, Sakamoto T, Kotake T, Tsumuraya Y, Mort AJ, Gross KC. Enzymatic activity and substrate specificity of the recombinant tomato β-galactosidase 1. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1454-60. [PMID: 25105231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The open reading frame of tomato β-galactosidase 1 was expressed in yeast, and the enzymatic properties and substrate specificity were investigated. The enzyme had peak activity at pH 5.0 and 40-50°C. TBG1 was active on β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-galactobiose and lactose. TBG1 released galactose from lupin galactan, tomato fruit alkali soluble pectin, arabinogalactan, gum arabic and methyl β-(1,6)-galactohexaoside, but not from labeled β-(1,4)-galactoheptaose. TBG1 was assessed for its ability to degrade three galactosyl-containing cell wall fractions purified from different development and ripening stages of tomato fruit. TBG1 released galactose from all of the fractions from all of the stages tested. TBG1 activity was highest on the hemicellulose fraction at the 10 and 20d after pollination stage. This result is not correlated the with TBG1 expression pattern. TBG1 might act on a small but specific set of polysaccharide containing galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Eda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishimaru
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
| | - Toshiji Tada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Andrew J Mort
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3035, USA
| | - Kenneth C Gross
- Produce Quality and Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Building 002, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Area Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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Generation and structural validation of a library of diverse xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides, including an update on xyloglucan nomenclature. Carbohydr Res 2014; 402:56-66. [PMID: 25497333 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucans are structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides that are involved in cell growth and expansion, energy metabolism, and signaling. Determining the structure-function relationships of xyloglucans would benefit from the availability of a comprehensive and structurally diverse collection of rigorously characterized xyloglucan oligosaccharides. Here, we present a workflow for the semi-preparative scale generation and purification of neutral and acidic xyloglucan oligosaccharides using a combination of enzymatic and chemical treatments and size-exclusion chromatography. Twenty-six of these oligosaccharides were purified to near homogeneity and their structures validated using a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, high-performance anion exchange chromatography, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry and analytical chromatography were compared as methods for xyloglucan oligosaccharide quantification. 1H chemical shifts were assigned using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. A comprehensive update of the nomenclature describing xyloglucan side-chain structures is provided for reference.
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Feng T, Yan KP, Mikkelsen MD, Meyer AS, Schols HA, Westereng B, Mikkelsen JD. Characterisation of a novel endo-xyloglucanase (XcXGHA) from Xanthomonas that accommodates a xylosyl-substituted glucose at subsite -1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9667-79. [PMID: 24898632 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A xyloglucan-specific endo-1,4β-glucanase (XcXGHA) from Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae has been cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterised. The XcXGHA enzyme belongs to CAZy family GH74 and has catalytic site residues conserved with other xyloglucanases in this family. At its optimal reaction conditions, pH 7.0 and 40 °C, the enzyme has a k cat/K M value of 2.2 × 10(7) min(-1) M(-1) on a tamarind seed xyloglucan substrate. XcXGHA is relatively stable within a broad pH range (pH 4-9) and up to 50 °C (t 1/2, 50 °C of 74 min). XcXGHA is proven to be xyloglucan-specific, and a glycan microarray study verifies that XcXGHA catalyses cleavage of xyloglucan extracted from both monocot and dicot plant species. The enzyme catalyses hydrolysis of tamarind xyloglucan in a unique way by cleaving XXXG into XX and XG (X is xylosyl-substituted glucose; G is unsubstituted glucose), is able to degrade more complex xyloglucans and notably is able to cleave near more substituted xyloglucan motifs such as L [i.e. α-L-Fucp-(1 → 2)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 2)-α-D-Xylp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp]. LC-MS/MS analysis of product profiles of tamarind xyloglucan which had been catalytically degraded by XcXGHA revealed that XcXGHA has specificity for X in subsite -1. The 3D model suggests that XcXGHA consists of two seven-bladed β-propeller domains with the catalytic center formed by the interface of these two domains, which is conserved in xyloglucanases in the GH74 family. However, the XcXGHA has two amino acids (D264 and R472) that differ from the conserved residues of other GH74 xyloglucanases. These two amino acids were predicted to be located on the opposite side of the active site pocket, facing each other and forming a closing surface above the active site pocket. These two amino acids may contribute to the unique substrate specificity of the XcXGHA enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Eklöf JM, Shojania S, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Brumer H. Structure-function analysis of a broad specificity Populus trichocarpa endo-β-glucanase reveals an evolutionary link between bacterial licheninases and plant XTH gene products. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15786-99. [PMID: 23572521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The large xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene family continues to be the focus of much attention in studies of plant cell wall morphogenesis due to the unique catalytic functions of the enzymes it encodes. The XTH gene products compose a subfamily of glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH16), which also comprises a broad range of microbial endoglucanases and endogalactanases, as well as yeast cell wall chitin/β-glucan transglycosylases. Previous whole-family phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the closest relatives to the XTH gene products are the bacterial licheninases (EC 3.2.1.73), which specifically hydrolyze linear mixed linkage β(1→3)/β(1→4)-glucans. In addition to their specificity for the highly branched xyloglucan polysaccharide, XTH gene products are distinguished from the licheninases and other GH16 enzyme subfamilies by significant active site loop alterations and a large C-terminal extension. Given these differences, the molecular evolution of the XTH gene products in GH16 has remained enigmatic. Here, we present the biochemical and structural analysis of a unique, mixed function endoglucanase from black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), which reveals a small, newly recognized subfamily of GH16 members intermediate between the bacterial licheninases and plant XTH gene products. We postulate that this clade comprises an important link in the evolution of the large plant XTH gene families from a putative microbial ancestor. As such, this analysis provides new insights into the diversification of GH16 and further unites the apparently disparate members of this important family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Eklöf
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Property evaluations of dry-cast reconstituted bacterial cellulose/tamarind xyloglucan biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaewthai N, Gendre D, Eklöf JM, Ibatullin FM, Ezcurra I, Bhalerao RP, Brumer H. Group III-A XTH genes of Arabidopsis encode predominant xyloglucan endohydrolases that are dispensable for normal growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:440-54. [PMID: 23104861 PMCID: PMC3532273 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.207308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of primary wall extension endures as one of the central enigmas in plant cell morphogenesis. Classical cell wall models suggest that xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activity is the primary catalyst (together with expansins) of controlled cell wall loosening through the transient cleavage and religation of xyloglucan-cellulose cross links. The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 33 phylogenetically diverse XYLOGLUCAN ENDO-TRANSGLYCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE (XTH) gene products, two of which were predicted to be predominant xyloglucan endohydrolases due to clustering into group III-A. Enzyme kinetic analysis of recombinant AtXTH31 confirmed this prediction and indicated that this enzyme had similar catalytic properties to the nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) xyloglucanase1 responsible for storage xyloglucan hydrolysis during germination. Global analysis of Genevestigator data indicated that AtXTH31 and the paralogous AtXTH32 were abundantly expressed in expanding tissues. Microscopy analysis, utilizing the resorufin β-glycoside of the xyloglucan oligosaccharide XXXG as an in situ probe, indicated significant xyloglucan endohydrolase activity in specific regions of both roots and hypocotyls, in good correlation with transcriptomic data. Moreover, this hydrolytic activity was essentially completely eliminated in AtXTH31/AtXTH32 double knockout lines. However, single and double knockout lines, as well as individual overexpressing lines, of AtXTH31 and AtXTH32 did not demonstrate significant growth or developmental phenotypes. These results suggest that although xyloglucan polysaccharide hydrolysis occurs in parallel with primary wall expansion, morphological effects are subtle or may be compensated by other mechanisms. We hypothesize that there is likely to be an interplay between these xyloglucan endohydrolases and recently discovered apoplastic exo-glycosidases in the hydrolytic modification of matrix xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jens M. Eklöf
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Farid M. Ibatullin
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Ines Ezcurra
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Harry Brumer
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
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Leppänen AS, Xu C, Parikka K, Eklund P, Sjöholm R, Brumer H, Tenkanen M, Willför S. Targeted allylation and propargylation of galactose-containing polysaccharides in water. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 100:46-54. [PMID: 24188837 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Galactose units of spruce galactoglucomannan (GGM), guar galactomannan (GM), and tamarind (galacto)xyloglucan (XG) were selectively allylated. Firstly aldehyde functionalities were formed at the C-6 position via enzymatic oxidation by galactose oxidase. The formed aldehydes were further derivatized by an indium mediated Barbier-Grignard type reaction, resulting in the formation of homoallylic alcohols. In addition to allylic halides, the same reaction procedure was also applicable for GGM, when using propargyl bromide as halide. All reaction steps were done in water, thus the polysaccharides were modified in a one-pot reaction. The formation of the allylated, or propargylated, product was identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. All polysaccharide products were isolated and further characterized by GC-MS or NMR spectroscopy. By this chemo-enzymatic process, we have demonstrated a novel method for derivatization of GGM and other galactose-containing polysaccharides. The derivatized polysaccharides are potential platforms for further functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie Leppänen
- Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
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Andersen MR, Giese M, de Vries RP, Nielsen J. Mapping the polysaccharide degradation potential of Aspergillus niger. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:313. [PMID: 22799883 PMCID: PMC3542576 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The degradation of plant materials by enzymes is an industry of increasing importance. For sustainable production of second generation biofuels and other products of industrial biotechnology, efficient degradation of non-edible plant polysaccharides such as hemicellulose is required. For each type of hemicellulose, a complex mixture of enzymes is required for complete conversion to fermentable monosaccharides. In plant-biomass degrading fungi, these enzymes are regulated and released by complex regulatory structures. In this study, we present a methodology for evaluating the potential of a given fungus for polysaccharide degradation. Results Through the compilation of information from 203 articles, we have systematized knowledge on the structure and degradation of 16 major types of plant polysaccharides to form a graphical overview. As a case example, we have combined this with a list of 188 genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes from Aspergillus niger, thus forming an analysis framework, which can be queried. Combination of this information network with gene expression analysis on mono- and polysaccharide substrates has allowed elucidation of concerted gene expression from this organism. One such example is the identification of a full set of extracellular polysaccharide-acting genes for the degradation of oat spelt xylan. Conclusions The mapping of plant polysaccharide structures along with the corresponding enzymatic activities is a powerful framework for expression analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Applying this network-based approach, we provide the first genome-scale characterization of all genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes identified in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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35
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A general route to xyloglucan-peptide conjugates for the activation of cellulose surfaces. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:116-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of xylogluco-oligosaccharides and their interactions with cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The ability of β-glucanases to cleave xyloglucans, a family of highly decorated β-glucans ubiquitous in plant biomass, has traditionally been overlooked in functional biochemical studies. An emerging body of data indicates, however, that a spectrum of xyloglucan specificity resides in diverse glycoside hydrolases from a range of carbohydrate-active enzyme families-including classic "cellulase" families. This chapter outlines a series of enzyme kinetic and product analysis methods to establish degrees of xyloglucan specificity and modes of action of glycosidases emerging from enzyme discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Eklöf
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Sivam AS, Waterhouse GIN, Zujovic ZD, Perera CO, Sun-Waterhouse D. Structure and Dynamics of Wheat Starch in Breads Fortified with Polyphenols and Pectin: an ESEM and Solid-State CP/MAS 13C NMR Spectroscopic Study. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Flavobacterium johnsoniae as a model organism for characterizing biopolymer utilization in oligotrophic freshwater environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6931-8. [PMID: 21803894 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00372-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are important substrates for heterotrophic bacteria in oligotrophic freshwater environments, but information on bacterial growth kinetics with biopolymers is scarce. The objective of this study was to characterize bacterial biopolymer utilization in these environments by assessing the growth kinetics of Flavobacterium johnsoniae strain A3, which is specialized in utilizing biopolymers at μg liter(-1) levels. Growth of strain A3 with amylopectin, xyloglucan, gelatin, maltose, or fructose at 0 to 200 μg C liter(-1) in tap water followed Monod or Teissier kinetics, whereas growth with laminarin followed Teissier kinetics. Classification of the specific affinity of strain A3 for the tested substrates resulted in the following affinity order: laminarin (7.9 × 10(-2) liter·μg(-1) of C·h(-1)) ≫ maltose > amylopectin ≈ gelatin ≈ xyloglucan > fructose (0.69 × 10(-2) liter·μg(-1) of C·h(-1)). No specific affinity could be determined for proline, but it appeared to be high. Extracellular degradation controlled growth with amylopectin, xyloglucan, or gelatin but not with laminarin, which could explain the higher affinity for laminarin. The main degradation products were oligosaccharides or oligopeptides, because only some individual monosaccharides and amino acids promoted growth. A higher yield and a lower ATP cell(-1) level was achieved at ≤10 μg C liter(-1) than at >10 μg C liter(-1) with every substrate except gelatin. The high specific affinities of strain A3 for different biopolymers confirm that some representatives of the classes Cytophagia-Flavobacteria are highly adapted to growth with these compounds at μg liter(-1) levels and support the hypothesis that Cytophagia-Flavobacteria play an important role in biopolymer degradation in (ultra)oligotrophic freshwater environments.
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Chemical, physico-chemical and cytotoxicity characterisation of xyloglucan from Guibourtia hymenifolia (Moric.) J. Leonard seeds. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Effect of the label of oligosaccharide acceptors on the kinetic parameters of nasturtium seed xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET). Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:357-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bootten TJ, Harris PJ, Melton LD, Newman RH. Using solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to study the molecular organisation of primary plant cell walls. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 715:179-96. [PMID: 21222085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-008-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the mobilities of polysaccharides or parts of polysaccharides in a cell-wall preparation may give clues about the molecular interactions among the polysaccharides in the cell wall and the relative locations of polysaccharides within the cell wall. A number of solid-state (13)C NMR techniques have been developed that can be used to investigate different types of polysaccharide mobilities: rigid, semi-rigid, mobile, and highly mobile. In this chapter, techniques are described for obtaining spectra from primary cell-wall preparations using CP/MAS, proton-rotating frame, proton spin-spin, spin-echo relaxation spectra, and single-pulse excitation. We also describe how proton spin relaxation editing can be used to obtain subspectra for cell-wall polysaccharides of different mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Bootten
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Pillay Narrainen A, Lovell PA. Mechanism and kinetics of free-radical degradation of xyloglucan in aqueous solution. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Teeri TT, Brummer H. Discovery, Characterisation and Applications of Enzymes from the Wood-forming Tissues of Poplar: Glycosyl Transferases and Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420310001618492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Parikka K, Leppänen AS, Pitkänen L, Reunanen M, Willför S, Tenkanen M. Oxidation of polysaccharides by galactose oxidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:262-271. [PMID: 20000571 DOI: 10.1021/jf902930t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase was used as a catalyst to oxidize selectively the C-6 hydroxyls of terminal galactose to carbonyl groups. The polysaccharides studied included spruce galactoglucomannan, guar galactomannan, larch arabinogalactan, corn fiber arabinoxylan, and tamarind seed xyloglucan, with terminal galactose contents varying from 6% to 40%. A multienzyme system was used, with catalase and horseradish peroxidase to enhance the action of galactose oxidase. An analysis technique was developed for the quantification of the reactive aldehydes with GC-MS, utilizing NaBD4 reduction and acidic methanolysis. The best oxidation degrees of terminal galactosyls were obtained with xyloglucan (85% of galactose) and spruce galactoglucomannan (65% of galactose). The highest oxidation degree based on total carbohydrates was achieved with guar gum (28%), which had the highest galactose content. The oxidation resulted in changes in the physicochemical properties of the polysaccharide solutions, and the changes observed varied between the polysaccharides. The clearest change was in tamarind xyloglucan, which formed a gel after the oxidation. After the oxidation, larger particles were present in the solution of spruce galactoglucomannan, but changes in its rheological properties were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Parikka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Bootten TJ, Harris PJ, Melton LD, Newman RH. Solid-state 13C NMR study of a composite of tobacco xyloglucan and Gluconacetobacter xylinus cellulose: molecular interactions between the component polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2961-7. [PMID: 19817435 DOI: 10.1021/bm900762m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate possible molecular interactions between xyloglucans (XGs) and cellulose in plant cell walls, a model composite was produced using cellulose from the bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus and XG from the walls of a tobacco cell-suspension culture that had been incubated with (13)C-labeled glucose. Solid-state (13)C NMR with cross-polarization (CP) and magic-angle spinning (MAS) was used in combination with proton spin-relaxation editing to separate signals from crystalline (rigid) and less rigid domains of the composite. Signals from XG were confined to subspectra of less rigid domains, with no detectable signals from XG attached to surfaces of cellulose crystallites. Signal displacements indicated XGs were more rigid than the mobile coil (twisted backbone) conformation expected for unattached XGs. Similar (13)C chemical shifts were observed in a single-pulse excitation experiment. The results were not compatible with extensive hydrogen bonding between XG and cellulose, but were consistent with a composite structure in which cellulose crystallites were embedded in a matrix of XG with a semirigid (straightened backbone) conformation, that is, a matrix that is partly ordered rather than amorphous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Bootten
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zhou Q, Baumann MJ, Piispanen PS, Teeri TT, Brumer H. Xyloglucan and xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET): Tools forex vivocellulose surface modification. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500538217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ishimaru M, Smith DL, Mort AJ, Gross KC. Enzymatic activity and substrate specificity of recombinant tomato beta-galactosidases 4 and 5. PLANTA 2009; 229:447-456. [PMID: 18987878 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The open reading frames of tomato beta-galactosidase (TBG) 4 and 5 cDNAs were expressed in yeast, and the enzymes properties and substrate specificities were investigated. The two enzymes had peak activities between pH 4-4.5 and 37-45 degrees C. TBG4 specifically hydrolyzed beta-(1-->4) and 4-linked galactooligosaccharides. TBG5 had a strong preference to hydrolyze beta-(1-->3) and beta-(1-->6)-linked galactooligosaccharides. Exo-beta-galactanase activity of the TBG enzymes was measured by determining the release of galactosyl residues from native tomato cell wall fractions throughout fruit development and ripening. Both TBGs released galactose from all of the fractions and stages tested. TBG4 activity was highest using chelator soluble pectin and alkali soluble pectin at the turning stage of ripening. Using aminopyrene trisulfonate labeled substrates, TBG4 was the only enzyme with strong exo-beta-(1-->4)-galactanase activity on 5 mer or greater galactans. TBG4 and TBG5 were both able to degrade galactosylated rhamnogalacturonan. Neither enzyme was able to degrade galactosylated xyloglucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Ishimaru
- Produce Quality and Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Building 002, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Area Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Mishra A, Malhotra AV. Tamarind xyloglucan: a polysaccharide with versatile application potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b911150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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