Experimental and theoretical investigation of the dynamics of the SCR - DeNOx reaction

Study on the kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of NH3 on Fe/H-BEA zeolite

In this paper, a Fe/HBEA zeolite (Si/Al: 12.5), representing an effective catalyst for the NH3-SCR process, was physico-chemically characterized and investigated towards the kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of...

Square-root unscented Kalman filter for ammonia coverage ratio and input ammonia estimations in diesel-engine urea-SCR system

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a resultful technical approach to diminish the NOx emission in the diesel-engine exhaust. And closed-loop control is of vital importance for SCR system to realize high NOx reduction and low ammonia tailpipe leakage. The input ammonia and the ammonia coverage ratio are two crucial parameters, but the cost of a sensor measuring the former is high, and the latter cannot be obtained by the sensor directly. Thus an observer based on square-root unscented Kalman filter is designed to estimate the two parameters. Meanwhile, a three-state model is established to mathematically describe the SCR system. The simulation results show that the observer can make an outstanding estimation on the state variables, and it shows strong robustness to the external interference.

Experimental Evidence of the Mechanism of Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 over Fe-Containing BEA Zeolites

Various temperature-programmed techniques were used as tools in mechanistic studies of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of Fe-containing BEA zeolites. Moreover, FTIR studies of adsorbed NH₃ and NO were conducted to determine the interactions of reactants with the catalyst surface. Iron was introduced into BEA zeolite by three different methods: i) two-step post-synthesis; ii) conventional wet impregnation; iii) ion exchange. The catalytic activity was dependent on the method used for iron introduction. The reactivities of NH₃ and NO adsorbed on iron-modified zeolites obtained by impregnation and ion-exchange methods were higher than those measured for the catalyst obtained by a two-step post-synthesis method. The activity of Fe-containing zeolites in SCR was related to the form of deposited iron species, as well as to the nature, strength, and concentration of acid sites. Possible reaction pathways of NO reduction over the FeBEA zeolite catalysts were presented and discussed.

A particle filter for ammonia coverage ratio and input simultaneous estimations in Diesel-engine SCR system

As NOx emissions legislation for Diesel-engines is becoming more stringent than ever before, an aftertreatment system has been widely used in many countries. Specifically, to reduce the NOx emissions, a selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system has become one of the most promising techniques for Diesel-engine vehicle applications. In the SCR system, input ammonia concentration and ammonia coverage ratio are regarded as essential states in the control-oriental model. Currently, an ammonia sensor placed before the SCR Can is a good strategy for the input ammonia concentration value. However, physical sensor would increase the SCR system cost and the ammonia coverage ratio information cannot be directly measured by physical sensor. Aiming to tackle this problem, an observer based on particle filter(PF) is investigated to estimate the input ammonia concentration and ammonia coverage ratio. Simulation results through the experimentally-validated full vehicle simulator cX-Emission show that the performance of observer based on PF is outstanding, and the estimation error is very small.

Ammonium adsorption on Brønsted acidic centers on low-index vanadium pentoxide surfaces

Vanadium-based catalysts are used in many technological processes, among which the removal of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from waste gases is one of the most important. The chemical reaction responsible for this selective catalytic reaction (SCR) is based on the reduction of NO_x molecules to N₂, and a possible reductant in this case is pre-adsorbed NH₃. In this paper, NH₃ adsorption on Brønsted OH acid centers on low-index surfaces of V₂O₅ (010, 100, 001) is studied using a theoretical DFT method with a gradient-corrected functional (RPBE) in the embedded cluster approximation model. The results of the calculations show that ammonia molecules are spontaneously stabilized on all low-index surfaces of the investigated catalyst, with adsorption energies ranging from −0.34 to −2 eV. Two different mechanisms of ammonia adsorption occur: the predominant mechanism involves the transfer of a proton from a surface OH group and the stabilization of ammonia as an NH₄⁺ cation bonded to surface O atom(s), while an alternative mechanism involves the hydrogen bonding of NH₃ to a surface OH moiety. The latter binding mode is present only in cases of stabilization over a doubly coordinated O(2) center at a (100) surface. The results of the calculations indicate that a nondirectional local electrostatic interaction with ammonia approaching a surface predetermines the mode of stabilization, whereas hydrogen-bonding interactions are the main force stabilizing the adsorbed ammonia. Utilizing the geometric features of the hydrogen bonds, the overall strength of these interactions was quantified and qualitatively correlated (R = 0.93) with the magnitude of the stabilization effect (i.e., the adsorption energy).

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