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Catti F, Gallego SH, Benito M, Molins E, Olóndriz FM. Characterization of crystalline forms of gaxilose, a diagnostic drug. Carbohydr Res 2021; 499:108232. [PMID: 33472139 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lactose intolerance is a pathology caused by lactase enzyme deficiency, usually produced in the intestinal cells provoking symptoms as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas and nausea. Gaxilose, 4-O-β-D galactopyranosyl-d-xylose, is used as a diagnostic drug for a non-invasive method for hypolactasia diagnosis. To date, no definitive guide for identifying gaxilose and distinguishing between crystalline forms is available. Data have been collected from a number of different analytical techniques in order to provide a full characterization of the compound and a simple method to discriminate between two solid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Catti
- Interquim S.A., R&D Department, C/Joan Buscallà, 10, 08173, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santos Hernández Gallego
- Interquim S.A., R&D Department, C/Joan Buscallà, 10, 08173, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Benito
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Martínez Vázquez S, Nogueira de Rojas J, Remes Troche J, Coss Adame E, Rivas Ruíz R, Uscanga Domínguez L. The importance of lactose intolerance in individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Martínez Vázquez SE, Nogueira de Rojas JR, Remes Troche JM, Coss Adame E, Rivas Ruíz R, Uscanga Domínguez LF. The importance of lactose intolerance in individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2020; 85:321-331. [PMID: 32482516 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactose intolerance is a condition with an elevated prevalence worldwide, especially in Latin American, Asian, and African countries. The aim of the present narrative review was to highlight the importance of accurately diagnosing lactose intolerance to prevent self-diagnosis that results in the unnecessary elimination of milk and dairy products from the diet and the consequent deprivation of nutrients that could be essential at certain stages of life. The pathophysiologic mechanism of deficient lactose absorption in the intestine can be primary, secondary to other enteropathies, or coexistent with other intestinal diseases with similar symptoms, such as irritable bowel syndrome, bacterial overgrowth syndrome, or celiac disease, causing confusion in relation to diagnosis and treatment. Lactose intolerance consists of a set of symptoms attributed to the consumption of milk and dairy products that are assumed to be due to deficient digestion of that disaccharide. A wide range of tests have been validated to detect deficient digestion that include blood tests, genetic mutation analyses, breath tests, and recently, a urine test, all of which are described in the present article. Nevertheless, there are few validated questionnaires for symptom evaluation and measurement, partly due to the heterogeneity of concepts and the subjectivity of each of the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Martínez Vázquez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán.
| | | | - J M Remes Troche
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas de la Universidad Veracruzana
| | - E Coss Adame
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán
| | - R Rivas Ruíz
- Centro de Adiestramiento e Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L F Uscanga Domínguez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán
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Acute and Chronic Effects of Dietary Lactose in Adult Rats Are not Explained by Residual Intestinal Lactase Activity. Nutrients 2015; 7:5542-55. [PMID: 26184291 PMCID: PMC4517014 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal rats have a high intestinal lactase activity, which declines around weaning. Yet, the effects of lactose-containing products are often studied in adult animals. This report is on the residual, post-weaning lactase activity and on the short- and long-term effects of lactose exposure in adult rats. Acutely, the postprandial plasma response to increasing doses of lactose was studied, and chronically, the effects of a 30% lactose diet fed from postnatal (PN) Day 15 onwards were evaluated. Intestinal lactase activity, as assessed both in vivo and in vitro, was compared between both test methods and diet groups (lactose vs. control). A 50%–75% decreased digestive capability towards lactose was observed from weaning into adulthood. Instillation of lactose in adult rats showed disproportionally low increases in plasma glucose levels and did not elicit an insulin response. However, gavages comprising maltodextrin gave rise to significant plasma glucose and insulin responses, indicative of a bias of the adult GI tract to digest glucose polymers. Despite the residual intestinal lactase activity shown, a 30% lactose diet was poorly digested by adult rats: the lactose diet rendered the animals less heavy and virtually devoid of body fat, whereas their cecum tripled in size, suggesting an increased bacterial fermentation. The observed acute and chronic effects of lactose exposure in adult rats cannot be explained by the residual intestinal lactase activity assessed.
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Hermida C, Martínez-Costa OH, Corrales G, Teruel C, Sánchez V, Sánchez JJ, Sarrión D, Ariza MJ, Codoceo R, Calvo I, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Aragón JJ. Improvement and validation of d-xylose determination in urine and serum as a new tool for the noninvasive evaluation of lactase activity in humans. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:478-86. [PMID: 24659338 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phloroglucinol assay is the current method for d-xylose determination in urine/plasma/serum. However, its sensitivity is limited when low amounts of d-xylose are to be measured, such as in the noninvasive evaluation of intestinal lactase with 4-galactosylxylose (gaxilose). An improved assay was therefore needed. METHODS We developed and validated a modified version of the phloroglucinol-based assay for quantification of d-xylose in urine/serum samples. A method for gaxilose determination by gas chromatography (GC) was also optimized. RESULTS Linearity ranged from 0.125 to 5.0 mg/l (5-200 mg/l in original sample). Accuracy at LOQ (0.125 mg/l) was 0.97/2.49% in spiked urine/serum; for other quality controls (QC), it was <1.27%. Intra- and interassay precision at LOQ were 6.02% and 6.45% for urine, and 8.86% and 10.00%, respectively, for serum; for other QC, precision was <2.15%. Linearity of gaxilose determination by GC was 3.90-195.17 for urine and 9.75-195.17 mg/l for serum with acceptable sensitivity and reproducibility. The method proved adequate for the d-xylose determination in healthy and hypolactasic subjects after oral administration of gaxilose. CONCLUSIONS The modified method provides high sensitivity and robustness for d-xylose quantification in urine/serum for routine clinical use especially in the noninvasive diagnosis of intestinal lactase deficiency with the gaxilose test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hermida
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; Venter Pharma SL, Madrid, Spain
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Phase I and phase IB clinical trials for the noninvasive evaluation of intestinal lactase with 4-galactosylxylose (gaxilose). J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47:501-8. [PMID: 23328304 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e318272f507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GOALS AND BACKGROUND Hypolactasia is widespread, yet reliable diagnostic tests are lacking. A new test based on oral administration of 4-galactosylxylose (gaxilose) and urine or serum measurement of D-xylose after cleavage by intestinal lactase is under clinical development. We investigated the optimal dose of gaxilose and calculate cutoff values of D-xylose for that dose. STUDY In the randomized, dose-finding, phase I study, urine and serum pharmacokinetics of D-xylose were determined after oral administration of 6 ascending doses of gaxilose (and placebo) to 12 healthy adult volunteers. In the open, parallel, phase Ib study, 30 volunteers received the doses established for the urine and blood tests and D-xylose was measured. Cutoff values were calculated as 1.96 × SD below the mean value. Safety was assessed through reporting of adverse events. RESULTS Gaxilose administration showed a progressive, dose-dependent increase in D-xylose in urine and serum. An optimal gaxilose dose of 0.45 g and urine collection periods of 4 and 5 hours were selected for further studies. For the blood test, a 2.7 g dose was selected and C max measured at 90 minutes. The calculated cutoff values of D-xylose for normal lactase activity were 27.58 and 37.87 mg for the 4- and 5-hour urine tests, respectively, and 0.97 mg/dL for the blood test. There were no treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The methodology described provides a simple, safe test for the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo. Further evaluation of the test as a noninvasive diagnosis of hypolactasia is ongoing in patients with lactose intolerance.
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Hermida C, Corrales G, Cañada FJ, Aragón JJ, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Optimizing the enzymatic synthesis of β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-xyloses for their use in the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4836-40. [PMID: 17512743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Disaccharides 2-O-, 3-O-, and 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xyloses (2, 3, and 1, respectively) were obtained by beta-galactosidase-catalyzed reactions for their use in the evaluation of intestinal lactase activity in vivo. Their administration to suckling rats followed by determination of the derived D-xylose in the urine and measurement of lactase activity in intestinal homogenates showed 1 to be the most suitable disaccharide for a potential test of the deficiency of intestinal lactase. The synthesis of 1 was further studied by evaluating the effect of different variables on the yield and regioselectivity of the enzymatic galactosylation, and the purification process was optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hermida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Hermida C, Corrales G, Martínez-Costa OH, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Aragón JJ. Noninvasive evaluation of intestinal lactase with 4-galactosylxylose: comparison with 3- and 2-galactosylxylose and optimization of the method in rats. Clin Chem 2005; 52:270-7. [PMID: 16384892 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.058446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary excretion of D-xylose by suckling rats after ingestion of a mixture of 4-, 3-, and 2-galactosylxyloses reflects lactase activity in vivo. We aimed to select the most convenient of these disaccharides for detecting changes of the enzyme activity in vivo and to optimize the method. METHODS 4-, 3-, and 2-galactosylxyloses were synthesized and purified, then orally administered to suckling rats of different ages. D-Xylose was measured colorimetrically by the phloroglucinol reaction in urine and plasma. Lactase activity was determined in extracts of small intestine mucosa with lactose, galactosylxyloses, and phlorizin as substrates. RESULTS D-Xylose appeared in the urine in a dose-dependent manner after ingestion of any of the 3 galactosylxylose disaccharides. Correlation between D-xylose elimination and intestinal lactase activity was highest with 4-galactosylxylose (r = 0.97; n = 24), lower with 2-galactosylxylose (r = 0.89; n = 24), and lowest with 3-galactosylxylose (r = 0.34; n = 23). The kinetic properties of intestinal lactase accounted for these differences. D-Xylose concentration in plasma after administration of 4-galactosylxylose also correlated with lactase activity (r = 0.93; n = 33). CONCLUSIONS 4-Galactosylxylose is the most suitable compound for the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo. Measurement of the derived D-xylose in either urine or blood gives an estimate of the total lactose digestive capacity of the small intestine. The optimized method holds promise for development of a simple, low-cost, and reliable new test for the noninvasive diagnosis of hypolactasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hermida
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Fessner WD, Juárez Ruiz JM. Regiospecific synthesis of lactose analog Gal-(β 1,4)-Xyl by transgalactosylation. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A short enzymatic synthesis of disaccharide 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose (1) has been developed, which is of interest as a lactose analog for a non-invasive medicinal determination of lactose intolerance. The starting material, benzyl α-D-xyloside, was obtained by a Fischer-type glycosidation of D-xylose with benzyl alcohol, followed by anomeric differentiation of mixed glycosides using a glycosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. From several commercial β-galactosidases, which were screened for their transgalactosylation capacity, the enzyme from Escherichia coli was found to catalyze a virtually regio- and stereospecific galactosyl transfer from donor compounds o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactoside or lactose to the α-D-xyloside. Subsequent hydrogenolytic deprotection furnished desired disaccharide 1.Key words: oligosaccharide synthesis, β-galactosidase, lactose intolerance.
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Montero E, Alonso J, Cañada FJ, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Martín-Lomas M. Regioselectivity of the enzymatic transgalactosidation of D- and L-xylose catalysed by beta-galactosidases. Carbohydr Res 1997; 305:383-91. [PMID: 9648257 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)10002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The regioselectivity of enzymatic transgalactosidation depends on the source of the beta-galactosidase used. When the galactosyl acceptor only contains secondary hydroxyl groups, e.g., D- or L-xylose, it is possible to find an enzyme that catalyses preferentially the synthesis of any of the three regioisomers 4-, 3- and 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose (1, 2 and 3, respectively) or 4-, 3- and 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-L-xylose (4, 5 and 6, respectively). Enriched mixtures in 1, 2 or 3 were obtained using beta-galactosidases from Escherichia coli, bovine testes or Aspergillus oryzae, respectively, by transgalactosidation reaction of O-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and D-xylose, and enriched mixtures in 4, 5 or 6 were obtained in a similar way using beta-galactosidases from Aspergillus oryzae, lamb small-intestine (intestinal lactase-phloridzin hydrolase) or Saccharomyces fragilis, respectively, using L-xylose as acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Montero
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Aragón JJ, Cañada FJ, Fernández-Mayoralas A, López R, Martín-Lomas M, Villanueva D. A direct enzymatic synthesis of beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylopyranosides and their use to evaluate rat intestinal lactase activity in vivo. Carbohydr Res 1996; 290:209-16. [PMID: 8823908 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)00113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
By enzymatic beta-D-galactosylation of D-xylose a mixture of 4-, 3-, and 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xyloses (1, 4, and 7, respectively) was obtained in 50% isolated yield. Disaccharides 1, 4, and 7 are substrates of intestinal lactase isolated from lamb small intestine with K(m) values of 250.0, 4.5, and 14.0 mM, respectively. The mixture was used to monitor the normal decline in lactase activity in rats that takes place after weaning. The data obtained by this method correlated with the levels of intestinal lactase activity in the same animals after being sacrificed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Aragón
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Asensio JL, López R, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Jiménez-Barbero J. Conformational studies on β-galactopyranosyl-(1->3) and (1->4)-xylopyranosides by NMR, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and semiempirical. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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