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Zhu L, Liu X, Kuang H, Li B, Dou D. Poria ameliorates the side effects of rhubarb in pair treatment. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:977-986. [PMID: 33191221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of Poria and effective constituents on gastrointestinal injury animals in the area of the side effects which caused by Rhubarb. Mice were administered i.g. with Rhubarb until the induction of diarrhea followed by gastrointestinal injury. The gastrointestinal injured mice were treated with high, medium and low doses of poria water extract and it's subfractions for 5 days. All indexes were determined to evaluate the action of poria in the pair treatment. The results showed that the higher dose of poria water decoction was discovered to be the most effective dose to treat gastrointestinal injury induced by rhubarb. Body weight, thymus and spleen indexes, the small intestinal propulsion rate and D-xylose absorption in mice with diarrhea and intestinal injury were analyzed to reveal the significant difference with the model group (P<0.01). EAF (Ethyl Acetate Fraction), PEF (Petroleum Ether Fraction) and CPF (Crude Polysaccharide Fraction) not only increase the levels of AMS, GAS and VIP significantly but also ameliorate diarrhea and intestinal injury situation compared with the model group (P<0.01). EAF, PEF and CPF were the most effective components to alleviate diarrhea and gastrointestinal injury induced by rhubarb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
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Wang F, Li W, Wang G, Yu M, Zhong J, Xu C, Li D, Zhou Y. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based serum metabolic analysis for premature infants and the relationship with necrotizing enterocolitis: a cross-sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:54. [PMID: 31036043 PMCID: PMC6489265 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth and feeding are the most important pathogenic factors of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Metabonomic has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of other diseases, but there is no research on the related diseases of premature infants. Compared with full-term infants, the metabolism of preterm infants has its own specificity, so it can easily lead to NEC and other digestive tract inflammatory diseases. Metabonomic may be applied to the diagnosis of preterm related diseases, such as NEC. METHODS The model was established with premature infant serum samples from 19 premature infants in our hospital, which was compared with the full-term infant control group. Serum was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), coupled with the analysis of serum metabolic characteristics. The variable important in projection, P value and Pearson correlation coefficient of samples were analyzed by using SIMCA, SPSS and other multivariate statistical analysis software. RESULTS Compared to the term infants, premature infants had significantly higher levels of luteolin, and lower levels of xylose, O-succinyl-L-homoserine and lauric acid in the serum. There were some correlations among several different metabolites and clinically related indices (albumin, total bilirubin) for premature birth related diseases. CONCLUSIONS There are metabolic alterations in the serum of premature infants, which make contribution to the diagnosis of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Weizhong Li
- Department of Neonatal, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Guanghuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Menglu Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Chenbin Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Danli Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Yongcui Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong Province, Shantou, 515041 China
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Ji HJ, Kang N, Chen T, Lv L, Ma XX, Wang FY, Tang XD. Shen-ling-bai-zhu-san, a spleen-tonifying Chinese herbal formula, alleviates lactose-induced chronic diarrhea in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 231:355-362. [PMID: 30071269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shen-ling-bai-zhu-san (SLBZS) was firstly documented in ancient Chinese medical works "Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang" in Song-dynasty. It has been widely used for treating gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea with poor appetite for about 900 years. The present study is to observe the effects of SLBZS on high lactose diet-induced chronic diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were subjected to a high lactose diet to induce chronic diarrhea, which were then administrated with SLBZS or smecta. General symptom, body weight, food consumption, water intake and fecal fluid content were recorded every day. The intestinal absorption function was determined by d-xylose uptake assay. The ultrastructures of intestine segments including jejunum, ileum, proximal and distal colon were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, sodium transport proteins including γ-epithelial sodium channel (ENAC-γ) and sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 (ATP1A1) in distal colon were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS Diarrheal rats produced watery or loose, sticky feces, and presented inactiveness and grouping. A high lactose diet caused a significant decline in body weight, serum d-xylose level as well as food consumption rather than water intake. In contrast, general symptoms were improved to a certain extent and body weight loss was alleviated in the rats treated by SLBZS for one week. Fecal fluid content in diarrheal rats treated by SLBZS presented a gradual decrease trend with about 55% in the end, which was significantly less than the model group with about 81%. Meanwhile, SLBZS significantly improved the serum d-xylose level and reversed abnormal changes of tight junctions and microvilli in intestine. Additionally, SLBZS significantly modulated the abnormal expressions of ENAC-γ and ATP1A1 in distal colon of diarrheal rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that SLBZS exhibited ameliorating effects against lactose-induced diarrhea, which might be attributed to its modulations on intestinal absorption function as well as mucosal ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jie Ji
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; Postdoctoral Research Station, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Shanxi Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Nan Kang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lin Lv
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiang-Xue Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
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Yang RF, Jiang ZM, Zhang RQ, Yu B, Wang XH, Wang P. Effect of Ligation of the Thoracic Duct During Oesophagectomy on the Absorption of D-xylose. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2017; 27:153-156. [PMID: 28406774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if prophylactic thoracic duct ligation during oesophagectomy influences the absorptive function of oesophageal cancer patients. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, from August 2014 to December 2015. METHODOLOGY Based on the management of the thoracic duct during oesophagectomy, 60 patients were randomized into two groups. D-xylose absorption test was used to evaluate the absorptive function. The two-independent-samples t-test was employed for statistical analysis with statistical significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS The serum D-xylose concentration of ligation-group was significantly lower than that of no-ligation group on the first day after operation, (t=2.82, p=0.0066). However, there was no significant differences between them even before operation (t=1.34, p=0.1849). CONCLUSION Ligation of the thoracic duct during oesophagectomy immediately affected the absorption of D-xylose, which may lead to malabsorption in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui -Feng Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Zhong -Min Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Run -Qi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery , Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Xiao -Hong Wang
- Department of Digestive System, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
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Chassagne P, Ducrotte P, Garnier P, Mathiex-Fortunet H. Tolerance and Long-Term Efficacy of Polyethylene Glycol 4000 (Forlax®) Compared to Lactulose in Elderly Patients with Chronic Constipation. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:429-439. [PMID: 28346570 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the tolerance and potential nutritional consequences of long-term repeated doses of PEG 4000 (10 to 30 g/day) in elderly patients with chronic constipation as compared to lactulose (10-30 g/day). DESIGN Single blind, randomised, multicentre, parallel group comparative study. SETTING Community-dwelling patients and nursing homes residents aged 70 years and older with a history of chronic constipation. Treatment intervention: PEG 4000 (10-30 g/day) or lactulose (10-30 g/day) for six months. ASSESSMENTS Clinical nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment), blood and stool samples were taken at baseline and after three and six months for assay of nutritional and absorption parameters. A patient diary documented digestive symptoms and adverse events were recorded. Information on efficacy (stool frequency and consistency) was collected as a secondary outcome measure. RESULTS Of the 316 patients screened, 245 eligible patients constituted the ITT population (PEG 4000: N = 118; lactulose group: N = 127). The proportion of patients receiving PEG 4000 with abnormal levels of electrolytes, nutritional markers or vitamins did not significantly change in the six months after initiating laxative treatment and do not differ between the two groups. After a D-xylose challenge test, the proportion of patients with abnormally low xylosaemia (suggesting malabsorption) varied from 24.6% at baseline to 35.8% after six months in the PEG 4000 group and from 29.1% to 42.4% in the lactulose group, with no significant between-group or within-group differences. The proportion of patients with poor nutritional status (MNA score <17) varied from 8.5% at baseline to 9.8% after 6 months in the PEG 4000 group and from 3.9% to 5.0% in the lactulose group. No changes in stool fat or total or soluble stool nitrogen were observed in the minority of patients for whom stool analysis was performed. A significantly higher stool frequency (p <0.05) and improved stool consistency (p <0.05) was observed in the PEG 4000 group compared to the lactulose group at each monthly evaluation period. CONCLUSIONS After six months of treatment with PEG 4000, no clinically relevant changes in biochemical and nutritional parameters and no unanticipated treatment-related adverse events were detected, demonstrating the good clinical tolerance of PEG 4000 in this population of elderly constipated patients. This tolerance was associated with a better clinical efficacy of PEG 4000 compared to lactulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chassagne
- Pr Philippe Chassagne, Department of Geriatrics, Rouen University Hospital, 1 rue de Germont, 76 031 Rouen Cedex, France, Tel.: +33 2 32 88 90 42, E-mail:
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Spallek A, Recknagel S, Breuer J, Koeller G, Schusser GF. Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the D-xylose absorption test. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2013; 126:245-250. [PMID: 23758040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with large colon impaction. To reach the impacted mass, the laxative must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to determine whether the most frequently used saline and lubricant laxatives influence gastric emptying. Six fasted normal adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with five laxative trials (1.8% sodium sulfate [1.8% Na2SO4], 4.2% magnesium sulfate [4.2% MgSO4], mineral oil [MOil], 25% sodium sulfate [25% Na2SO4], 25% magnesium sulfate [25% MgSO4]) and two trials with water (at either 20 ml/kg BW [Water 20] or 4 ml/kg BW [Water 4]), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, a liquid passage marker (0.5 g D-xylose/kg BW as 10% solution) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at pre-determined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (T(max)) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Significant differences were detected for T(max) of 4.2% MgSO4 compared to Water 20 and for T(max), the maximum serum concentration (C(max)) and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 compared to Water 4. Neither 1.8% Na2SO4, nor MOil delayed gastric emptying rate compared to water (Water 20, Water 4, respectively). 4.2% MgSO4 as well as 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 significantly delayed gastric emptying rate in comparison to water (Water 20, Water 4, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Spallek
- Medizinische Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Germany
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Dutta AK, Balekuduru A, Chacko A. Spectrum of malabsorption in India--tropical sprue is still the leader. J Assoc Physicians India 2011; 59:420-422. [PMID: 22315745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two decades ago tropical sprue, Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease (IPSID) and infections were common causes of malabsorption in India. It is possible that implementation of preventive health measures and improved sanitation may have changed the spectrum of disorders causing malabsorption. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the spectrum of malabsorption seen at our center during the past nine years. METHODOLOGY Patients seen at our center with malabsorption from January 2000 to December 2008 were included in this study. The etiological, clinical and investigation details were recorded on uniform structured data forms. The data obtained was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Malabsorption was detected in 124 patients during the study period. The mean age of patients was 31.9+16 years and 60.5% were males. Tropical sprue was the commonest etiology (29%) followed by celiac and Crohn's disease (15.3% each). Other important etiologies included parasitic infestations (9.7%) and immune deficiency disorders (5.6%). Intestinal tuberculosis was seen in only 2.4% patients. CONCLUSIONS We are witnessing a change in etiological spectrum of malabsorption . Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disorders are emerging as important causes and ImmunoProliferative Small Intestinal Disease (IPSID) and intestinal tuberculosis are on the decline. Tropical Sprue however continues to be the commonest cause as in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Dutta
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore 632 004
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) account for up to 60% of postprandial insulin release in healthy people. Previous studies showed a reduced incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes but a robust response to exogenous GLP-1. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether endogenous GLP-1 regulates insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Twelve patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes and eight matched nondiabetic subjects consumed a breakfast meal containing D-xylose during fixed hyperglycemia at 5 mmol/l above fasting levels. Studies were repeated, once with infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin-(9-39) (Ex-9), and once with saline. RESULTS The relative increase in insulin secretion after meal ingestion was comparable in diabetic and nondiabetic groups (44 +/- 4% vs. 47 +/- 7%). Blocking the action of GLP-1 suppressed postprandial insulin secretion similarly in the diabetic and nondiabetic subjects (25 +/- 4% vs. 27 +/- 8%). However, Ex-9 also reduced the insulin response to intravenous glucose (25 +/- 5% vs. 26 +/- 7%; diabetic vs. nondiabetic subjects), when plasma GLP-1 levels were undetectable. The appearance of postprandial ingested d-xylose in the blood was not affected by Ex-9. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that in patients with well-controlled diabetes, the relative effects of enteral stimuli and endogenous GLP-1 to enhance insulin release are retained and comparable with those in nondiabetic subjects. Surprisingly, GLP-1 receptor signaling promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion independent of the mode of glucose entry. Based on rates of D-xylose absorption, GLP-1 receptor blockade did not affect gastric emptying of a solid meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Salehi
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Internal Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Liu YL, Jin ZG. [Effect of acupuncture combined with American ginseng on cardiac function in rats with spleen-deficiency syndrome]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2009; 34:258-261. [PMID: 19916290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the changes of cardiac function of spleen-deficiency syndrome after joint administration of acupuncture and medication. METHODS A total of 48 Wistar rats were randomized into normal control, model, medication (American ginseng, AG) and acupuncture + AG groups. Spleen-deficiency syndrome model was established by monophagia method. Rats of medication group were fed with AG decoction (1 ml/100 g), once daily for 10 days. Acupuncture stimulation (uniform reinforcing and reducing method) was applied to bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) for 1 min (with the needles retained for 20 min), once daily for 10 days. Then, all the rats anesthetized underwent right common carotid artery-left-cardiac catheter and right femoral arterial catheter surgery to accept detection of the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and cardiac output (CO). RESULTS Compared with normal control group, the levels of SBP, DBP, HR and CO of model group were significantly lower (P < 0.05). In comparison with model group, SBP, DBP, HR and CO of medication and acupuncture + AG groups were markedly higher (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between medication and acupuncture + AG groups in SBP, DBP, HR, LVEDP, LVP and CO levels (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Administration of both acupuncture + AG and AG can effectively improve spleen-deficiency syndrome rats' cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Liu
- Department of Acu-moxibustion, General Hospital of Coal, Beijing 100028, China.
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Lins PE, Kollind M, Adamson U. Glipizide does not affect absorption of glucose and xylose in diabetics without residual beta-cell function. Acta Med Scand 2009; 219:189-93. [PMID: 3515865 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1986.tb03297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that oral glipizide suppresses the absorption of xylose in diabetics treated with diet alone. We suggested that glipizide might influence postprandial glucose levels by interfering with absorptive mechanisms. In the present study we have extended our observations to insulin-dependent diabetics (IDDM). Nine non-obese diabetics without residual beta-cell function and with normal respiratory sinus arrhythmia and Valsalva ratio were studied on two occasions. Their ordinary insulin treatment was discontinued 24 hours before the study and glucose control was maintained by i.v. insulin infusion. The experiments began at 8 a.m. after an overnight fast. Insulin was given as a continuous i.v. infusion of 0.01 U/kg/h at 8-11 a.m. and 0.005 U/kg/h at 11 a.m. -2 p.m. At 8 a.m. the patients ingested 25 g of xylose and 15 g of glucose in 300 ml of water. Glipizide (5 mg) or placebo were given 30 min prior to the glucose-xylose load in random order, each patient serving as his own control. Blood samples were taken every 60 min for analysis of glucose, xylose, C-peptide and glipizide. The rise in blood glucose in the control experiment was similar to that previously seen in non-insulin-dependent diabetics (NIDDM) given the same xylose-glucose load. Glipizide did not exert any effects on either blood C-peptide, glucose or xylose levels. We conclude that oral glipizide administered in a therapeutic dose does not reduce xylose absorption in IDDM, in contrast to its previously demonstrated effect in NIDDM.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Exogenous administration of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 improves glucose tolerance by stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, and delay of gastric emptying. It is not known which of these effects is involved in the action of endogenous GLP-1 to control blood glucose. To determine the role of endogenous GLP-1 on islet cell function and gastric emptying independent of variable glycemia, we clamped blood glucose before and during glucose ingestion with and without GLP-1 receptor blockade with exendin-[9-39] (Ex-9). METHODS There were 10 healthy subjects that participated in two experiments each, one a control and one with infusion of 750 pm/kg . min Ex-9. Subjects consumed 75 g oral glucose solution mixed with d-xylose and (13)C-glucose while their blood glucose levels were held fixed at approximately 8.9 mmol/liter. RESULTS Plasma insulin levels during hyperglycemia alone were similar in the two studies (control, 282.5 +/- 42 vs. Ex-9, 263.8 +/- 59 pmol/liter) but were reduced by approximately 30% by Ex-9 after glucose ingestion (control, 1154 +/- 203 vs. Ex-9, 835 +/- 120 pmol/liter; P < 0.05). Blocking the action of endogenous GLP-1 caused an approximate 80% increase in postprandial glucagon concentrations. The appearance of ingested d-xylose in the blood was not affected by Ex-9, suggesting that postprandial secretion of GLP-1 has only minimal effects on gastric emptying of oral glucose. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that GLP-1 is an incretin in healthy humans at modestly supraphysiological blood glucose levels. The primary effect of GLP-1 to regulate oral glucose tolerance is mediated by effects on islet hormones and not on gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Salehi
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Mansoori B, Nodeh H, Modirsanei M, Kiaei MM, Farkhoy M. Influence of dietary tannic acid and polyethylene glycol on growth and intestinal D-xylose absorption of broiler cockerels and activity of serum enzymes. Br Poult Sci 2007; 48:489-95. [PMID: 17701502 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701449261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
1. In an experiment on broiler cockerels, the influence of tannic acid (TA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), weight of intestine and liver, the activities of serum enzymes LDH, AST, ALT and intestinal absorption function were investigated. 2. Broiler cockerels were given either a commercial diet alone (control group) or a commercial diet with TA (20 g/kg), PEG (10 g/kg) or TA plus PEG (20 + 10 g/kg), for 10 d. 3. On the last day of the experiment, all birds and remaining feed were weighed individually and a sample of blood was taken to measure the serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The capacity of intestinal cells for the absorption of D-xylose was measured. Finally all birds were killed humanely and the intestine and liver were weighed. 4. The results showed that TA significantly reduced BWG and FCR, as well as the activity of LDH, AST and ALT. 5. TA also increased the relative weight of the intestine. Adding PEG alone had no effect on any of the measured parameters. 6. However, PEG improved significantly BWG, FCR and the activity of LDH and AST of TA-fed birds. 7. The plasma D-xylose concentration of experimental birds was similar for all dietary treatments most likely because of temporal separation between feeding the dietary TA and administering the D-xylose. 8. It was concluded that the presence of tannins in the GI lumen of the bird was necessary to affect the processes involved in the absorption of simple sugars such as D-xylose, at the level of intestinal absorptive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mansoori
- Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Intestinal barrier function was prospectively examined in the course of a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of lisofylline for reducing cytotoxic therapy-induced intestinal epithelial damage-related infectious morbidity in patients receiving standard remission-induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. The absorption and permeation of oral D-Xylose, lactulose and mannitol were measured weekly from baseline until marrow recovery in adult recipients of idarubicin plus cytarabine for untreated acute myeloid leukaemia. These studies were correlated with non-haematologic chemotherapy-related toxicities reflecting mucosal damage, including nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and systemic infection. D-xylose absorption decreased and lactulose:mannitol ratio reflecting intestinal permeability increased from baseline until the second and third week after the beginning of the treatment followed by recovery. These measures correlated with infection rates, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and increased blood product utilization. Lisofylline was associated with increased intestinal permeability, nausea, vomiting and infection-related morbidity despite a reduction in the duration of neutropaenia. These surrogates of intestinal barrier function correlated well with clinically important outcomes despite the failure to demonstrate reduced morbidity with lisofylline and represent useful objective outcome measurements for future clinical trials of products for the amelioration of the effects of cytotoxic therapy on the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bow
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Wittek T, Schreiber K, Fürll M, Constable PD. Use of the D-xylose absorption test to measure abomasal emptying rate in healthy lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and in cows with left displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 19:905-13. [PMID: 16355689 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[905:uotdat]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the abomasal emptying rates of Holstein-Friesian cows at different stages of lactation, with left displaced abomasum (LDA), or immediately after surgical correction of LDA or abomasal volvulus (AV). D-xylose (0.5 g/kg body weight [BW], 50% solution) was injected into the abomasum in healthy cows (group 1, 4-7 days in milk [DIM], n = 7; group 2, 90-120 DIM, n = 7; group 3, > 300 DIM, n = 7) and in cows with LDA (n = 10; group 4). D-xylose was injected into the abomasum during right flank laparotomy in cows with LDA (n = 22; group 5) and cows with AV (n = 15; group 6). The time to maximal serum D-xylose concentration was used as an index of emptying rate. The abomasal emptying rates for cows in groups 1, 2, and 3 were similar, whereas emptying was slower in cows with LDA and in cows after surgical correction of LDA or AV. The abomasal emptying rate of cows with LDA was slowed to a greater extent immediately after surgery, when compared to the rate obtained before surgery. There was no difference in abomasal emptying rate immediately after surgical correction between cows with LDA or AV. The results indicate that the increased incidence of LDA in the first month of lactation is not associated with an intrinsic decrease in abomasal emptying rate in healthy cows. Our findings also demonstrate that surgical correction further slows the emptying rate in cows with LDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wittek
- Medizinische Tierklinik der Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Hermida C, Corrales G, Martínez-Costa OH, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Aragón JJ. Noninvasive evaluation of intestinal lactase with 4-galactosylxylose: comparison with 3- and 2-galactosylxylose and optimization of the method in rats. Clin Chem 2005; 52:270-7. [PMID: 16384892 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.058446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary excretion of D-xylose by suckling rats after ingestion of a mixture of 4-, 3-, and 2-galactosylxyloses reflects lactase activity in vivo. We aimed to select the most convenient of these disaccharides for detecting changes of the enzyme activity in vivo and to optimize the method. METHODS 4-, 3-, and 2-galactosylxyloses were synthesized and purified, then orally administered to suckling rats of different ages. D-Xylose was measured colorimetrically by the phloroglucinol reaction in urine and plasma. Lactase activity was determined in extracts of small intestine mucosa with lactose, galactosylxyloses, and phlorizin as substrates. RESULTS D-Xylose appeared in the urine in a dose-dependent manner after ingestion of any of the 3 galactosylxylose disaccharides. Correlation between D-xylose elimination and intestinal lactase activity was highest with 4-galactosylxylose (r = 0.97; n = 24), lower with 2-galactosylxylose (r = 0.89; n = 24), and lowest with 3-galactosylxylose (r = 0.34; n = 23). The kinetic properties of intestinal lactase accounted for these differences. D-Xylose concentration in plasma after administration of 4-galactosylxylose also correlated with lactase activity (r = 0.93; n = 33). CONCLUSIONS 4-Galactosylxylose is the most suitable compound for the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo. Measurement of the derived D-xylose in either urine or blood gives an estimate of the total lactose digestive capacity of the small intestine. The optimized method holds promise for development of a simple, low-cost, and reliable new test for the noninvasive diagnosis of hypolactasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hermida
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Most methods used to measure glucose concentrations in biotechnological settings are labour-intensive and/or expensive. With this in mind we have investigated the possibility of employing blood glucose meters, the use of which has the benefit of being fast, convenient and inexpensive, for this purpose. Accu-Chek Advantage (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, U.S.A.) and Precision QID (Medisense, Abbott Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, U.S.A.) meters were tested using glucose samples of known concentration, at pH 7.5 and 4.8. The Accu-Chek Advantage meter uses strips containing the enzyme glucose dehydrogenase. This meter showed a linear response for glucose concentrations between 0.50 and 6.0 g/litre, and the effect of pH was small. The Precision QID meter uses strips containing the enzyme glucose oxidase and is more sensitive to pH. The displayed glucose concentrations at low pH values were consistently lower than at higher pH values. At both pH values the response curve reached a plateau, which limited the effective range of this meter to a range of 0.30-2.5 g/litre. Unlike the Precision QID meter, the Accu-Chek Advantage meter also responded to xylose and arabinose. A synergistic effect of combining sugars was observed when a mixture of sugars consisting of glucose and arabinose, or glucose and xylose, was applied: the displayed concentrations were consistently higher than was expected on the basis of the individual calibration curves. The use of glucose meters is a fast and convenient alternative to existing methods and may be of particular use for screening purposes where a high degree of accuracy is not crucial. The choice of meter should depend on the application, and in this respect the pH, expected concentration range and the presence of other sugars are among the factors that should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer FitzGerald
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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Javid PJ, Kim HB, Duggan CP, Jaksic T. Serial transverse enteroplasty is associated with successful short-term outcomes in infants with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:1019-23; discussion 1023-4. [PMID: 15991189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) has been shown to improve nutritional indices in an animal model of short bowel syndrome. The aim of this study was to review short-term surgical and nutritional outcomes in the first cohort of infants to undergo the STEP procedure at our institution. METHODS All patients who underwent the STEP procedure during a 26-month period from February 2002 to March 2004 were reviewed. Paired t tests were used for comparisons between values pre-STEP and post-STEP (P < .05 deemed significant). Data are expressed as mean and range. RESULTS The STEP was performed on 5 patients, including 1 newborn. The STEP was used as a primary lengthening operation in 4 patients. Intestinal length was significantly increased in all patients with 18 (10-26) stapler applications. There were no perioperative complications and no evidence of intestinal leak or obstruction on routine postoperative contrast study. Nutritional follow-up was available on 3 subjects at 17 (11-26) months post-STEP. Percentage of enteral nutrition was significantly increased in these subjects (P < .05). One subject was fully weaned from total parenteral nutrition 6 weeks after the STEP, and bilirubin in another patient with profound cholestasis who had been listed for liver-small bowel transplant normalized after the STEP. An additional patient, with established cirrhosis before operation, underwent successful liver-small bowel transplantation 8 months after intestinal lengthening. CONCLUSION The STEP procedure is a simple bowel-lengthening procedure with promising early surgical and nutritional outcomes. Further data from a multicenter registry are needed to demonstrate its long-term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Javid
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of psychological stress on small intestinal motility and bacteria and mucosa in mice, and to explore the relationship between small intestinal dysfunction and small intestinal motility and bacteria and mucosa under psychological stress.
METHODS: Sixty mice were randomly divided into psychological stress group and control group. Each group were subdivided into small intestinal motility group (n = 10), bacteria group (n = 10), and D-xylose administered to stomach group (n = 10). An animal model with psychological stress was established housing the mice with a hungry cat in separate layers of a two-layer cage. A semi-solid colored marker (carbon-ink) was used for monitoring small intestinal transit. The proximal small intestine was harvested under sterile condition and processed for quantitation for aerobes (Escherichia coli) and anaerobes (Lactobacilli). The quantitation of bacteria was expressed as log10(colony forming units/g). D-xylose levels in plasma were measured for estimating the damage of small intestinal mucosa.
RESULTS: Small intestinal transit was inhibited (39.80±9.50% vs 58.79±11.47%, P<0.01) in mice after psychological stress, compared with the controls. Psychological stress resulted in quantitative alterations in the aerobes (E. coli). There was an increase in the number of E. coli in the proximal small intestinal flora (1.78±0.30 log10(CFU/g) vs 1.37±0.21 log10(CFU/g), P<0.01), and there was decrease in relative proportion of Lactobacilli and E. coli of stressed mice (0.53±0.63 vs 1.14±1.07, P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the anaerobes (Lactobacilli) between the two groups (2.31±0.70 log10(CFU/g) vs 2.44±0.37 log10(CFU/g), P>0.05). D-xylose concentrations in plasma in psychological stress mice were significantly higher than those in the control group (2.90±0.89 mmol/L vs 0.97±0.33 mmol/L, P<0.01).
CONCLUSION: Small intestinal dysfunction under psychological stress may be related to the small intestinal motility disorder and dysbacteriosis and the damage of mucosa probably caused by psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, Anhui Province, China.
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Beiler HA, Steinorth J, Witt A, Aulmann M, Zachariou Z. Absorption of D(+)-xylose, cobalamin, and folic acid after autologic-allotopic ileum mucosa transplantation in beagles. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39:1362-7. [PMID: 15359391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Ileum mucosa transplantation in a demucosed colon coat was developed as a new method for small bowel elongation. In an animal model, the authors investigated the absorptive capacity of the transplanted mucosa for D(+)-xylose, cobalamin (vitamin B12), and folic acid. METHODS Ileum mucosa was transplanted in a vascularized demucosed segment of transverse colon in 18 beagle dogs. The colon coat-ileum mucosa complex then was integrated in the ileal continuity. Absorptive capacity for D(+)-xylose, cobalamin, and folic acid was measured before and 4 weeks after transplantation. The results were compared and analyzed with the Students' t test for matched pairs. All determined blood values with P values less than.05 were considered to show a significant reduction in the absorptive capacity of the transplanted ileum mucosa. RESULTS Fifteen minutes after application there was no significant difference in the absorption of D(+)-Xylose and cobalamin between normal and transplanted ileum mucosa (P >.1). Absorption of folic acid in the transplanted segment was lower but not significant (P <.1). After 30 minutes D(+)-xylose and cobalamin again showed no difference between the absorptive capacity of normal and transplanted ileum mucosa (P >.1), whereas folic acid continued with the tendency toward an impaired absorption (P <.1). However, after 60 minutes, the difference of the absorptive capacity of the transplanted ileum mucosa was significant (P <.05) for folic acid. D(+)-xylose showed a tendency for an impaired uptake (P <.1), whereas absorption of cobalamin did not differ significantly after transplantation (P >.1). CONCLUSIONS Experimental autologic-allotopic ileum mucosa transplantation is a feasible new method for small bowel elongation in an animal model. Examination of the absorptive capacity of the transplanted ileum mucosa showed a normal uptake for cobalamin, while there was an impaired absorption of D(+)-xylose and folic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Beiler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Li JY, Sun D, Lu Y, Jin H, Jiang XG, Hu S, Sheng ZY. [Change in intestinal function in sepsis in rat]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2004; 16:352-4. [PMID: 15182448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the barrier function, absorption, permeability and peristalsis of intestine in sepsis in rats. METHODS A Wistar rat model of sepsis was reproduced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the intestine combined with endotoxin challenge. Animal were randomly divided into normal, I/R 1 hours (I/R 1), I/R 2 hours (I/R 2), I/R 4 hours (I/R 4) and I/RL groups. The following parameters were measured in the experiments: (1) diamin oxidase activity (DAO), D-lactate and D-xylose levels in blood using spectrophotometry; (2) transit function of small intestine; (3) pathological examination of small intestine by light microscope. RESULTS The results showed that plasma DAO activity was increased in I/R 1, I/R 4 and I/RL (all P<0.05), and small intestinal tissue DAO was decreased in I/R 2 and I/RL (both P<0.05). Negative correlations were found between plasma and intestinal DAO (r=-0.909, P<0.001). Plasma D-lactate was elevated significantly in I/R 1, I/R 2, and I/RL (all P<0.05). D-xylose content was increased at I/R1 and I/RL groups (both P<0.05), and it was significantly higher than controls at 3 hours. Similarly, a positive correlation was found between plasma DAO activity and plasma D-lactate level (r=0.559, P<0.05). CONCLUSION The intestinal barrier function, absorption function, permeability, and transit are impaired after gut ischemia/reperfusion combined with endotoxin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-You Li
- Research Department of Burn Institute, 304th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100037, China
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21
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Abstract
We designed this study to compare the replication potential of turkey coronavirus (TCV) and its effect in chickens and turkeys and to study the effect of singleand combined infection of turkey poults with TCV and astrovirus. We studied the pathogenicity of TCV in experimentally inoculated turkey poults and chickens by observing the dinical signs and gross lesions. Two trials were conducted with 1-day-old and 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free turkey poults and chickens. One-day-old turkey poults developed diarrhea at 48 hr postinoculation. Poults euthanatized at 3, 5, and 7 days postinoculation had flaccid, pale, and thin-walled intestines with watery contents. The 4-wk-old turkeys had no clinical signs or gross lesions. One-day-old and 4-wk-old chicks developed no clinical signs or gross lesions although the TCV was detected in gut contents of the birds throughout the experimental period (14 days). In another experiment, mean plasma D-xylose concentrations in 3-day-old turkey poults inoculated with TCV, turkey astrovirus, or a combination of both viruses were significantly lower than in the uninoculated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ismail
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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22
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Sauter SN, Roffler B, Philipona C, Morel C, Romé V, Guilloteau P, Blum JW, Hammon HM. Intestinal development in neonatal calves: effects of glucocorticoids and dependence of colostrum feeding. Neonatology 2003; 85:94-104. [PMID: 14631155 DOI: 10.1159/000074965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal development of the gastrointestinal tract around parturition in precocious mammals is greatly affected by endocrine factors like glucocorticoids as well as by nutritional factors. We have studied the effects of glucocorticoids and colostrum supply on intestinal morphology, cell proliferation, digestive enzyme activities, and xylose absorption in neonatal calves to test the hypothesis that the intestinal development in neonatal calves is influenced by glucocorticoids, dependent on colostrum feeding. Calves designated GrFD(-) and GrFD(+) were fed a milk-based formula, whereas those designated GrCD(-) and GrCD(+) received colostrum. Dexamethasone (DEXA; 30 microg/kg/day) was injected at feeding times to calves of GrFD(+) and GrCD(+). On day 3, the D-xylose absorption was measured. The calves were euthanized on day 5 of life. Colostrum feeding increased villus sizes in jejunum and ileum, enhanced xylose absorption capacity, and increased peptidase activities in the ileum. DEXA treatment diminished sizes and cell proliferation rates of Peyer's patches in the ileum, yet increased proliferation of crypt cells in the ileum of formula-fed calves. DEXA reduced aminopeptidase N activities in the jejunum of formula-fed calves, but increased the peptidase activities mainly of colostrum-fed calves in the ileum. Thus, DEXA effects depended on intestinal segment and on different feeding, resulting in stimulation of crypt cell proliferation in the less mature ileum (of formula-fed calves) and in stimulation of peptidase activities in the more mature ileum (of colostrum-fed calves). We conclude that the effects of DEXA were related to the developmental stage of the neonatal intestine and promoted the intestinal development, depending on the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Sauter
- Division of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Rychlik A. Effect of metabolic disorders accompanying gastroenteritis on the pancreatic exocrine function in piglets. B. Disturbances of the pancreatic exocrine function in piglets with gastroenteritis. Pol J Vet Sci 2003; 5:175-86. [PMID: 12448080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The study was performed on 90 piglets of both sexes, aged from 21 to 42 days. The control group consisted of 30 healthy piglets, the experimental one included 60 piglets with symptoms of gastroenteritis. Clinical and biochemical tests were performed on all the animals at the age of 21 and 35 days, and 7 days after weaning. Biochemical examinations allowed to determine the total serum activity of amylase and lipase, and the amylase salivary and pancreatic fractions. The total activity of amylase and lipase was also determined in pancreatic homogenates. A biochemical feces analysis (pH and fat content) and a D-xylose test were made in 20 piglets from each of the groups. The results obtained revealed failure of the pancreatic exocrine function in the piglets with gastroenteritis. A decrease in the total amylase activity, resulting from hypoactivity of its pancreatic fraction, was observed in the experimental animals. It was also found that indirect function tests cannot be applied to evaluate the pancreatic exocrine function in piglets with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rychlik
- Clinical Diagnosis Section of Internal Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Masury in Olsztyn 14 Oczapowski Street, PL-10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo II, Poland.
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Roffler B, Fäh A, Sauter SN, Hammon HM, Gallmann P, Brem G, Blum JW. Intestinal morphology, epithelial cell proliferation, and absorptive capacity in neonatal calves fed milk-born insulin-like growth factor-I or a colostrum extract. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1797-806. [PMID: 12778590 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of nonnutritional factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), in bovine colostrum are high and can modulate neonatal gastrointestinal tract development and function. In neonatal calves, we have investigated effects on intestinal epithelial cell morphology, proliferation, and absorption of feeding milk-born human IGF-I (hIGF-I) or a bovine colostrum extract. Calves were fed a milk-based formula containing amounts of nutrients comparable to colostrum for the first 3 d and a milk replacer from d 4 on. Formula and milk replacer contained only traces of nonnutritional factors. In experiment 1, supraphysiological amounts of hIGF-I (3.8 mg/L formula; secreted by transgenic rabbits with their milk) were added to the formula. Xylose appearance in blood (after feeding xylose on d 5) and intestinal traits (after euthanasia on d 8) did not differ between groups. In experiment 2, an extract of first-milked bovine colostrum that provided physiological amounts of IGF-I (0.50, 0.15, and 0.09 mg of IGF-I/L formula on d 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and 0.09 mg of IGF-I/L milk replacer on d 4) was added to formula or milk replacer. Plasma xylose concentration in the control group was transiently higher than in calves fed the colostrum extract. On d 5 (after euthanasia), villus circumferences and heights in small intestine, and epithelial cell proliferation rate in intestine were higher in calves fed the colostrum extract than in controls. In conclusion, orally administered hIGF-I from transgenic rabbits had no effect on the intestinal tract. However, feeding a bovine colostrum extract enhanced intestinal villus size, although it appeared to transiently decrease the absorptive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roffler
- Division of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the preceding phase of the migrating motor complex (MMC) and postprandial motility in the small intestine was studied. METHODS In eight healthy subjects small-bowel manometry was performed, and a 55-ml caloric liquid bolus (280 kJ) containing paracetamol and 14C-D-xylose was instilled into the duodenum during phase I and late phase II of the intestinal MMC, respectively, in randomized order. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals and analysed for insulin, gastrin, glucose, paracetamol, and 14C-D-xylose. RESULTS After bolus administration during late phase II a phase-III-like activity succeeded by quiescence occurred in the duodenum in seven of eight subjects, whereas administration during phase I initiated irregular contractions in seven of eight subjects (P < 0.05). The caloric bolus induced a significant increase in serum insulin and gastrin. Areas under the curves for serum insulin, gastrin, glucose, paracetamol, and 14C-D-xylose were not modulated by the preceding phase of the MMC. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that a nutrient bolus instilled into the intestinal lumen induces MMC-like activity when administered during late phase II. These findings provide further evidence of interference between MMC and postprandial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Medhus
- Dept. of Medicine, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Doerfler RE, Cain LD, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Qureshi MA, Havenstein GB. D-xylose absorption as a measurement of malabsorption in poult enteritis and mortality syndrome. Poult Sci 2000; 79:656-60. [PMID: 10824952 PMCID: PMC7107153 DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.5.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe wasting of body tissues, diarrhea, high morbidity and mortality, and stunting are all characteristics of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). The wasting of musculature and loss of nearly all adipose tissue suggested that even though the PEMS-infected poults were eating some feed, nutrient intake was not sufficient to meet body requirements for maintenance and growth. Because epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be a target of the undefined etiological agent (or agents) that causes PEMS, a study was conducted in which PEMS-infected poults were evaluated for malabsorption through 3 wk of age. D-Xylose, a poorly metabolized pentose, was given per os as a bolus, and blood samples were obtained from the ulnar vein in the wing of control and PEMS-infected poults over a 3-h period to estimate intestinal absorption. D-Xylose absorption in control poults peaked 30 to 60 min after the oral treatment, similar to results reported earlier. The PEMS-infected poults did not show a peak in absorption. The PEMS-infected poults showed significant delays in D-xylose absorption at 4, 7, and 11 d after PEMS challenge. The severe malabsorption and metabolic deficiency problem associated with PEMS was postulated to be a direct effect of the undefined infectious agent or agents that cause the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Doerfler
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7635, USA
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27
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Rauprich AB, Hammon HM, Blum JW. Influence of feeding different amounts of first colostrum on metabolic, endocrine, and health status and on growth performance in neonatal calves. J Anim Sci 2000; 78:896-908. [PMID: 10784179 DOI: 10.2527/2000.784896x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum intake is important for health and postnatal development of neonatal calves. We studied the effects of enhanced first colostrum feeding on growth, health status, and metabolic and endocrine traits in calves during their 1st wk of life. Calves of group CL (GrCL; n = 7) were fed colostrum of milkings 1 to 6 twice daily during the first 3 d of life, followed by milk replacer (MR) up to d 7. Calves of group CH (GrCH; n = 7) were fed colostrum of the first milking during the first 3 d and then colostrum (of the first milking) twice daily, which on d 4, 5, 6, and 7 was diluted with 25, 50, 75, and 75 parts of MR, respectively. Pre- and postprandial blood samples were taken on d 1, 2, 3, and 7 for the determination of various metabolic and endocrine traits, and on d 5 intestinal absorption capacity was measured using the xylose absorption test. Rectal temperatures and fecal scores were higher (P < .05) in GrCH than in GrCL. Plasma concentrations of total protein and albumin were higher (P < .05) on d 7, IgG on d 2 and 3, and urea on d 2, 3, and 7 in GrCH than in GrCL. Plasma concentrations of triglycerides were higher (P < .05) on d 2 and of phospholipids and cholesterol were higher (P < .01) on d 7 in GrCH than in GrCL. Plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were higher (P < .05) in GrCH than in GrCL, whereas prolactin and growth hormone concentrations were higher (P < .05) in GrCL than in GrCH. Enhanced colostrum intake had no effects on xylose absorption on d 5. Higher plasma protein, urea, and lipid concentrations in GrCH partly mirrored higher protein and fat intake but additionally pointed to higher protein synthesis and lipid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Rauprich
- Division of Nutrition Pathology, Institute of Animal Breeding, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Kühne S, Hammon HM, Bruckmaier RM, Morel C, Zbinden Y, Blum JW. Growth performance, metabolic and endocrine traits, and absorptive capacity in neonatal calves fed either colostrum or milk replacer at two levels. J Anim Sci 2000; 78:609-20. [PMID: 10764068 DOI: 10.2527/2000.783609x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum (CO) contains high amounts, whereas whole milk and milk replacer (MR) contain small amounts, of bioactive and growth-promoting substances, such as IGF-I. An experiment was designed to study the effects of feeding CO or MR on the first 3 d to neonatal calves, followed by whole milk up to d 7, at low and high density. Intestinal absorptive capacity, plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations, and growth performance were measured during the 1st wk of life. Body weight increased (P < .05) similarly in calves fed low or high amounts of CO but did not rise in MR-fed calves. Loose feces were more frequent (P < .05) and absorption of xylose on d 5 was lower (P < .01) in MR- than in CO-fed calves, but there were no effects of feeding density within CO-fed or within MR-fed groups. However, high feeding density within CO-fed groups enhanced (P < .05) total protein, globulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, and insulin concentrations, whereas in the initially high and low MR-fed groups only plasma glucose and insulin after the first meal and plasma NEFA on d 2 were modified (P < .05) by different feeding density. Thus, feeding different amounts of CO partly influenced protein and fat metabolism in calves during the 1st wk of life, but it did not measurably affect intestinal function. However, feeding different amounts of MR, in the absence of CO, barely affected metabolic and endocrine traits and absorptive capacity. Thus, high density CO feeding, and therefore a high supply of nutrients, together with greater amounts of bioactive and growth-promoting substances influenced neonatal metabolism and growth more than a high density of MR feeding containing only small amounts of bioactive and growth-promoting substances. Factors in addition to nutrient density seem to be important for the development of neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kühne
- Division of Nutrition Pathology, Institute of Animal Breeding, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Fujita Y, Kojima H, Hidaka H, Fujimiya M, Kashiwagi A, Kikkawa R. Increased intestinal glucose absorption and postprandial hyperglycaemia at the early step of glucose intolerance in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Diabetologia 1998; 41:1459-66. [PMID: 9867213 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats are reported to be obese Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic rats with insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. To investigate the contribution of intestinal glucose absorption to postprandial hyperglycaemia, we determined the plasma xylose concentrations after an 0.8 g/kg oral xylose load which was used as a test of small intestinal glucose absorption in 6-week-old OLETF rats and weight-matched Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. An oral glucose tolerance test showed that OLETF rats developed hyperglycaemia at 60 and 90 min after the glucose load, though the fasting plasma glucose concentration, insulin concentration and insulin-induced in vivo glucose utilization rate were similar. Consistently, in an oral D-xylose loading test, the peak concentration of plasma xylose in OLETF rats was increased by 58.7% compared with that of LETO rats (p < 0.005). The disappearance rate of plasma xylose concentrations after intravenous xylose loading did not differ between the two strains. Co-treatment with 0.4 g/kg phlorizin, a specific inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), abolished both plasma glucose and xylose concentrations after the loads. Morphological studies showed that both the small intestinal wet weight and surface area were 30% larger in the OLETF rats than in the LETO rats. Furthermore, the SGLT1 mRNA content of OLETF rats also increased compared with LETO rats. These results suggest that an increased SGLT1 expression concomitant with intestinal hypertrophy in OLETF rats is partly associated with postprandial hyperglycaemia before the onset of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujita
- Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Abstract
To determine whether the increases in growth hormone that occur during sleep alter carbohydrate tolerance the following morning, two groups of volunteers were studied on two occasions. In one group saline alone was injected and infused (i.e. no octreotide) on one occasion and on the other octreotide was injected at 23.00 hours to inhibit endogenous growth hormone secretion followed by saline infusion to create a state of relative nocturnal growth hormone deficiency. In the other group the octreotide injection was followed on one occasion by a constant growth hormone infusion designed to maintain growth hormone concentrations at "basal" levels throughout the night whereas on the other it was followed by a constant infusion plus two supplemental growth hormone infusions given at midnight and 02.30 hours to mimic the normal nocturnal rise in growth hormone. The next morning, subjects were fed a radiolabelled mixed meal. The differences in the nocturnal growth hormone concentrations had no effect on the glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon concentrations following breakfast ingestion nor did they alter postprandial rates of glucose production, disappearance or substrate oxidation. Thus, the normal nocturnal rise in growth hormone does not appear to be an important regulator of carbohydrate tolerance the following morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Nielsen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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31
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Defilippi C, Salas K, Michea L, Lagos N. [Effect of casein derived peptides on D-xylose absorption and small intestinal motility in dogs]. Rev Med Chil 1998; 126:520-4. [PMID: 9731433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of food in the intestinal lumen increases absorption from an isolated intestinal loop, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Casein, and its respective hydrolysate, increased D-xylose absorption in both normal volunteers and experimental animals; this effect was associated with prolonged small intestinal transit time and a decrease of motor activity. AIMS To separate from casein hydrolysate, groups of peptides and to investigate their effects on both D-xylose absorption and small intestinal motility. MATERIAL AND METHODS Studies were performed on five dogs with a surgically implanted duodenal cannula. Three groups of peptides were separated by means of a Silica Gel 60 column and were continuously infused through the duodenal cannula. After 15 min, 5 g of D-xylose were injected in the duodenum, plasma levels were measured, and the area under the curve was estimated. Motility was recorded by means of infused catheters and external transducers. RESULTS Plasma levels of D-xylose were significantly increased during the infusion of one group of peptides compared to the others. In addition, the area under the curve: 3366 +/- 885 mg x min-1 observed with this group was significantly greater than the other two groups: 1432 +/- 183 mg x min-1 and 1137 +/- 280 mg x min-1 respectively. No statistically significant differences in motor activity were observed between the different groups of peptides. CONCLUSIONS A group of peptides derived from casein was characterized by increasing D-xylose absorption. The presence of beta casomorphines might be the possible mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Defilippi
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile
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Abstract
The present experiments sought to determine whether glucagon concentrations mimicking those observed in people with diabetes mellitus alter postprandial carbohydrate metabolism in nondiabetic humans. We measured the gastric emptying of solids and liquids, the systemic rate of appearance of ingested glucose, and endogenous glucose production either when postprandial suppression of glucagon was prevented by infusing glucagon at a rate of 0.65 ng/kg/min, when postprandial glucagon concentrations were elevated by infusing glucagon at a rate of 3.0 ng/kg/min, or when postprandial suppression of glucagon was permitted by infusion of saline. Despite marked differences in glucagon concentrations, postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations did not differ on any occasion. Although gastric emptying of liquids and solids was comparable on all three occasions, the high-dose, but not the low-dose, glucagon infusion caused a slight delay in the systemic appearance of ingested glucose and a significant decrease (P < .01) in postprandial D-xylose concentrations, suggesting a delay in carbohydrate absorption. However, this was offset by an increase (P < .05) in endogenous glucose production, resulting in no difference in postprandial glucose appearance. We conclude that in the absence of insulin deficiency, neither a lack of suppression of glucagon nor an elevation of glucagon to levels encountered in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus cause postprandial hyperglycemia in nondiabetic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Frank
- Gastroenterology Unit, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Carlson SJ, Deutsch JC, Craig RM. Physiologic response to a protein, carbohydrate, fat meal in patients with human immunodeficiency virus who underwent small intestinal enteropathy as characterized by a kinetic model of D-xylose absorption. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22:27-30. [PMID: 9437651 DOI: 10.1177/014860719802200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small intestinal human immunodeficiency virus enteropathy is characterized by profound absorptive dysfunction unrelated to histology or pathogens. Frequently an attempt is made to compensate for this intestinal failure by supplementing nutrient intake with nourishing liquid meals. It is not known how the diminished absorptive function in these patients will respond to this intake. With the use of a D-xylose kinetic model of absorption, we determined the absorptive response of patients with small intestinal enteropathy to an isotonic liquid feeding. METHODS Seven male patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diarrhea, weight loss, and no detectable pathogens (stool studies and duodenal biopsy) were enrolled. After an overnight fast, the patients were studied on three separate days. On day 1, the patients received 15 g oral D-xylose. On day 2, 10 g i.v. D-xylose was given. On day 3, 15 g oral D-xylose was again given along with 250 mL of a liquid polymeric isotonic diet. Serum and urine collections were obtained to calculate the kinetic rate constants and extent of D-xylose absorption. RESULTS Mean values for the rate constant for absorption of D-xylose, Ka, (0.26/h; N > 0.65) and the rate constant for nonabsorptive loss, K0' (2.47/h; N < 0.353) were very abnormal before the meal. Mean K0 improved (decreased to 0.66), but Ka and bioavailability, F, did not have a statistically significant change after the meal. The improvement in mean K0 with the meal was much more pronounced in the five subjects with high K0 values before the meal (without meal 3.22: with meal 0.67; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS (1) An isotonic liquid polymeric diet leads to less nonabsorptive loss of D-xylose, but does not affect the extent of D-xylose absorption in this group as a whole. This is probably due to the meal slowing gastric emptying. (2) Improvement in nonabsorptive loss with a meal is most pronounced when there is excessive nonabsorptive loss, K0, without a meal. (3) Improvement in nonabsorptive losses with a meal might predict which patients will benefit from antimotility agents and continued feedings vs those requiring i.v. hyperalimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Carlson
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Colostrum contains numerous components that influence gastrointestinal development in neonates. To test the influence of differences in duration of colostrum feeding in newborn calves on gastrointestinal absorptive capacity, .5 g xylose/kg BW was administered on d 5 of life. Calves of group GrC6 were fed colostrum from the first six milkings on the first 3 d and then milk replacer. Calves of group GrC1 were fed first colostrum only and then milk replacer in the same amounts as calves of group GrC6. Calves of group GrM were fed only milk replacer: they received no colostrum. The rise of plasma xylose after xylose intake was greater (P < .05) in GrC6 and GrC1 than in GrM but not significantly greater in GrC6 than in GrC1. Basal and mean plasma glucose concentrations on d 5 of life were higher in GrC6 than in GrM, but there was no difference in the magnitude of its postprandial rise. The data indicate greater xylose absorptive capacity in calves after prolonged colostrum intake compared with calves fed only milk replacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hammon
- Division of Nutrition Pathology, Institute of Animal Breeding, University, Berne, Switzerland
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Sørensen SH, Proud FJ, Rutgers HC, Markwell P, Adam A, Batt RM. A blood test for intestinal permeability and function: a new tool for the diagnosis of chronic intestinal disease in dogs. Clin Chim Acta 1997; 264:103-15. [PMID: 9267707 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose and lactulose may be quantified accurately in blood by HPLC and pulsed amperometric detection, thus enabling studies of intestinal permeability and function to be carried out using plasma samples. Prior to HPLC, the endogenous glucose was enzymatically modified to gluconic acid and the protein precipitated. The precision of the quantification of the sugars in plasma (CV: 2.2-5.7%; 8.7-10.6% at very low concentrations) compared well with the quantification in urine. The results for groups of 8 dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and 12 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease were shown to be significantly different from a group of 20 normal control dogs (P < 0.001), demonstrating the test's value as a diagnostic tool. The normal ranges in blood 2 h post oral administration were determined to be 0.05-0.17 for the lactulose/rhamnose ratio and 0.45-0.65 for the xylose/3-O-methylglucose ratio. This method may be employed advantageously when the collection of urine in intestinal permeability and function tests is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Sørensen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK
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Bow EJ, Loewen R, Cheang MS, Shore TB, Rubinger M, Schacter B. Cytotoxic therapy-induced D-xylose malabsorption and invasive infection during remission-induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia in adults. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:2254-61. [PMID: 9196138 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1997.15.6.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the sequential changes in the intestinal absorption of an oral pentose probe, D-xylose, in patients receiving therapy for untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to correlate these changes to infectious morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serial D-xylose absorption studies were conducted in 110 consecutive adult patients admitted to a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital for remission-induction therapy for untreated newly diagnosed AML. Serial serum D-xylose levels were obtained 1 hour after a 5-g oral dose of D-xylose at baseline and weekly for 4 weeks until marrow recovery. These results were correlated with invasive infection using multivariate techniques. RESULTS The mean (+/- SEM) serum D-xylose levels were 0.88 +/- 0.03, 0.69 +/- 0.03, 0.58 +/- 0.02, 0.53 +/- 0.02, and 0.73 +/- 0.02 mmol/L at baseline and weeks 1 to 4, respectively (P < .0001, analysis of variance [AN-OVA]). Time to malabsorption varied with induction regimen (P = .007, log-rank test). Bloodstream infections during week 2 correlated with malabsorption (P = .007). Neutropenic enterocolitis correlated independently with induction regimen (P = .009), malabsorption at week 2 (P = .02), and the development of candidemia (P = .005). Hepatosplenic fungal infection correlated with induction regimen (P = .03), malabsorption at week 2 (P = .02), and fever at diagnosis (P = .003). Malabsorption was unrelated to the duration of severe neutropenia and the administration of parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSION Serial D-xylose absorption studies in subjects with AML produced a characteristic profile of cytotoxic therapy-related damage to the functional integrity of the intestinal epithelium that was regimen dependent, myelosuppression independent, and predictive for invasive infectious complications. Further study to validate these observations appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bow
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba and The Manitoba Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation, Winnipeg, Canada
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Sulochana KN, Ramakrishnan S, Vasanthi SB, Madhavan HN, Arunagiri K, Punitham R. First report of congenital or infantile cataract in deranged proteoglycan metabolism with released xylose. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81:319-23. [PMID: 9215063 PMCID: PMC1722171 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.81.4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the chemical pathology in the blood and lens, in cases of congenital or infantile cataract in children excreting predominantly non-reducing carbohydrates in urine. METHODS Urine samples from children with congenital or infantile cataract, and age and sex-matched controls, were analysed for (i) inherited errors of metabolism, (ii) paper chromatography of sugars, (iii) spectrophotometric assay of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), (iv) cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide test, (v) electrophoresis using Alcian blue, (vi) ion exchange chromatography with IR 120 resin, and (vii) HPLC for xylose. Blood and lens material were also tested for GAG fragments and xylose. beta Glucuronidase was assayed in lymphocytes and urine. RESULTS Of 220 children of both sexes below 12 years of age, with congenital or infantile cataract treated in Sankara Nethralaya, Madras, India, during a period of 2 years, 145 excreted fragments of GAG (heparan and chondroitin sulphates) in their urine. There was no such excretion among the control group of 50 children. The same was found accumulated in the blood and lenses of affected children. In addition, xylose was present in small amounts in the urine and blood and xylitol was present in the lens. There was a significant elevation in the activity of beta glucuronidase in lymphocytes and urine, when compared with normals. All the above findings suggest deranged proteoglycan metabolism. As the urine contained mostly GAG fragments and very little xylose, Benedict's reagent was not reduced. This ruled out galactosaemia. CONCLUSION An increase of beta glucuronidase activity might have caused extensive fragmentation of GAG with resultant accumulation in the blood and lens and excretion in urine. Small amounts of xylose may have come from xylose links between GAG and core protein of proteoglycans. Owing to their polyanionic nature, GAG fragments in the lens might abstract sodium, and with it water, thereby increasing the hydration of the lens. Excessive hydration and the osmotic effect of xylitol from xylose might cause cataract. While corneal clouding has been reported in inborn acid mucopolysaccharidosis, congenital or infantile cataract with deranged metabolism of proteoglycans (acid mucopolysaccharide-xylose-protein complex) is reported in children for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Sulochana
- Department of Biochemistry, Vision Research Foundation, Madras, India
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Bardella MT, Velio P, Baldassarri AR, Rossi G, Gatti S, Fassati LR, Galmarini D, Bianchi P. FK 506 and cyclosporine: effect on D-xylose absorption in pigs with orthotopic liver-small bowel allotransplants. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2531-2. [PMID: 8907937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M T Bardella
- Istituto di Scienze Mediche, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Barbato M, Miglietta MR, Viola F, Iulianella VR, Frediani T, Lucarelli S, Tozzi AE, Cardi E. Impact of modification of diagnostic techniques and criteria on the presentation of celiac disease in the last 16 years. Observation in Rome. Minerva Pediatr 1996; 48:359-63. [PMID: 8968150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Age of diagnosis and clinical pattern were studied in 97 celiac patients, diagnosed with jejunal biopsy, between 1976-1991. They were selected on the basis of clinical and laboratory patterns. The laboratory tests utilized were steatorrhea and xylose in the first years, while in recent years AGA, ARA and AEA were also utilized. The patients were divided into two groups, based on the year of first biopsy. The first group includes 36 cases diagnosed between 1976-1985, the second one 61 cases diagnosed between 1986-1991. In recent years an increase in the number of cases has been observed in our centre, particularly in patients over 2 years of age, while the number of diagnoses in children under 2 years of age was essentially the same. So-called typical symptoms prevailed in the first group, while so-called atypical symptoms are more frequent in the second. If an increase of incidence of celiac disease within the population is confirmed, a mass screening will be necessary in order to identify the atypical forms, utilizing laboratory tests, for the purpose of selecting patients to be subjected to an intestinal biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbato
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Roma, La Sapienza
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Uil JJ, van Elburg RM, Mulder CJ, Heymans HS. The value of the D-xylose test compared with the differential sugar absorption test in recognizing coeliac disease. Neth J Med 1996; 49:68-72. [PMID: 8824107 DOI: 10.1016/0300-2977(96)00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the value of the differential sugar absorption test (SAT) with the blood and urine D-xylose tests (DXTs and DXTu) in diagnosing coeliac disease (CD) the SAT and the standard DXTs and DXTu were performed in 14 coeliacs with abnormal small bowel histology and in 12 patients with aspecific gastrointestinal complaints. METHODS In the SAT a solution of lactulose (L) and mannitol (M) was given to the fasting patient after which the L/M ratio was measured in 5 h urine by gas chromatography. In the DXTs and DXTu a solution of 25 g D-xylose was given to the fasting patient and blood was drawn at 0, 30 and 120 min and urine was collected for 5 h, respectively. RESULTS To measure the power in diagnosing CD of the SAT, DXTs 30 min, DXTs 120 min and DXTu, the test results were plotted in ROC curves and the areas under the curves (AUCs) were calculated. The AUCs were 0.97, 0.77, 0.78 and 0.63, respectively. CONCLUSION In our opinion, the DXTs and DXTu are no longer useful in the investigation of mucosal function of the small bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Uil
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem, Netherlands
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Abstract
Children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have a higher prevalence of intestinal malabsorption. Anemia is also a common feature in these children. The aims of this work were (a) to establish the prevalence of iron deficiency in HIV-infected children, (b) to test the hypothesis that iron deficiency is related to intestinal malabsorption, (c) to see whether it may contribute to anemia, and (d) to evaluate the sensitivity of oral iron load in the investigation of intestinal function. To accomplish these goals, 71 HIV-infected symptomatic children were enrolled. Iron serum values were determined before and after oral load with ferrous sulfate. The correlation between basal and post-load iron levels was evaluated by linear regression. Xylose level after oral load, fecal fat, and fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration were also determined. Iron deficiency was detected in 48% of patients, and it was significantly associated with intestinal iron malabsorption. Sugar malabsorption, steatorrhea, and fecal protein loss were detected in 26, 36, and 17% of patients, respectively. Low hemoglobin levels were detected in 66% of patients. The majority of children with iron deficiency also had anemia. Preliminary data showed that oral iron administration was sufficient for raising hemoglobin in children with normal iron absorption, whereas parenteral administration was required in those with iron malabsorption. We conclude that (a) iron deficiency is a major feature of pediatric HIV infection, (b) it is related to intestinal malabsorption, and (c) it contributes to anemia. Finally, oral iron load is a sensitive test for investigating intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castaldo
- Department of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Gutzwiller A, Blum JW. Effects of oral lactose and xylose loads on blood glucose, galactose, xylose, and insulin values in healthy calves and calves with diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:560-3. [PMID: 8712525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 2 hypotheses were tested: calves with acute, mild diarrhea digest lactose less efficiently than healthy calves, and they are in a catabolic state, which influences plasma glucose concentration after glucose absorption. DESIGN Clinical study; 2 treatments with 10 repetitions/treatment. ANIMALS 20 preruminant Brown Swiss and Simmental Red Holstein calves; 10 calves with mild diarrhea, and 10 age-matched healthy calves. PROCEDURE Blood metabolite and hormone concentrations were determined before and after an oral lactose load. Plasma xylose concentration was determined after an oral xylose load. III calves were tested 1 day after the onset of diarrhea. RESULTS Calves with diarrhea (cryptosporidia, coronavirus) had lower preprandial concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin-like growth factor 1, and 3,5,3-triiodothyronine (P < 0.01) and a higher concentration of free fatty acids (P < 0.03) than did healthy calves. After the oral lactose and xylose loads, blood galactose and plasma xylose concentrations were lower in ill calves (P = 0.10 and P = 0.07, respectively). In calves with diarrhea, there was a larger increase of plasma glucose concentration (P = 0.12) and a smaller increase of plasma insulin concentration (P = 0.04) above baseline values after lactose ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Lactose digestion is slightly impaired in calves with mild diarrhea. Calves with acute diarrhea are in a catabolic state and, therefore, respond with a larger increase of plasma glucose concentration to a given amount of absorbed glucose than do healthy calves. CLINICAL-RELEVANCE: Plasma glucose concentration is not a reliable measure for glucose absorption in animals that are in a catabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gutzwiller
- Swiss Federal Research Station for Animal Production, Posieux, Switzerland
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D'Alessio DA, Vogel R, Prigeon R, Laschansky E, Koerker D, Eng J, Ensinck JW. Elimination of the action of glucagon-like peptide 1 causes an impairment of glucose tolerance after nutrient ingestion by healthy baboons. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:133-8. [PMID: 8550824 PMCID: PMC507071 DOI: 10.1172/jci118380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an insulinotropic hormone released after nutrient ingestion which is known to augment insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, and promote insulin-independent glucose disposition. To determine the overall effect of GLP-1 on glucose disposition after a meal we studied a group of healthy, conscious baboons before and after intragastric glucose administration during infusions of saline, and two treatments to eliminate the action of GLP-1: (a) exendin-[9-39] (Ex-9), a peptide receptor antagonist of GLP-1; or (b) an anti-GLP-1 mAb. Fasting concentrations of glucose were higher during infusion of Ex-9 than during saline (4.44 +/- 0.05 vs. 4.16 +/- 0.05 mM, P < 0.01), coincident with an elevation in the levels of circulating glucagon (96 +/- 10 vs. 59 +/- 3 ng/liter, P < 0.02). The postprandial glycemic excursions during administration of Ex-9 and mAb were greater than during the control studies (Ex-9 13.7 +/- 2.0 vs. saline 10.0 +/- 0.8 mM, P = 0.07; and mAb 13.6 +/- 1.2 vs. saline 10.6 +/- 0.9 mM, P = 0.044). The increments in insulin levels throughout the absorption of the glucose meal were not different for the experimental and control conditions, but the insulin response in the first 30 min after the glucose meal was diminished significantly during treatment with Ex-9 (Ex-9 761 +/- 139 vs. saline 1,089 +/- 166 pM, P = 0.044) and was delayed in three of the four animals given the neutralizing antibody (mAb 946 +/- 262 vs. saline 1,146 +/- 340 pM). Thus, elimination of the action of GLP-1 impaired the disposition of an intragastric glucose meal and this was at least partly attributable to diminished early insulin release. In addition to these postprandial effects, the concurrent elevation in fasting glucose and glucagon during GLP-1 antagonism suggests that GLP-1 may have a tonic inhibitory effect on glucagon output. These findings demonstrate the important role of GLP-1 in the assimilation of glucose absorbed from the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A D'Alessio
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Rana S, Gupta D, Malik A, Katyal R, Mehta SK. Mild-to-moderate malnutrition and small intestine of young rhesus monkeys. Nutrition 1995; 11:292-5. [PMID: 8541700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of severe malnutrition and protein deficiency on small intestine has been documented, but the literature on the effect of mild-to-moderate protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) on small intestine is scant. Mild-to-moderate PEM is most prevalent in India. Twenty-four young rhesus monkeys weighing 1.5-2.0 kg were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Mild-to-moderate PEM was induced in the experimental group by giving half of the required normal diet providing 2.42 g protein.kg-1.day-1 and 55 kcal.kg-1.day-1. Body weight, serum protein, and D-xylose were measured before starting the experiment, at PEM stage, and after rehabilitation. Experimental monkeys representing group I were killed after a 25-30% reduction in body weight along with control group 1 animals at 12 wk. The rest of the experimental animals were rehabilitated for another 10-12 wk and killed along with their respective controls (control group 2). Brush-border membrane vesicles were prepared from three parts of the small intestine. Viable vesicles were used for the uptake of [U-14C]L-proline. Alkaline phosphatase and enterokinase were also measured. Uptake of L-proline amino acid and the activity of both enzymes were found to be decreased significantly in the PEM group; a D-xylose test was abnormal. All animals recovered after rehabilitation. These results indicate that even mild-to-moderate malnutrition affects the absorptive and digestive capacity of the brush border of the small intestine, which reversed back on rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Goodgame RW, Kimball K, Ou CN, White AC, Genta RM, Lifschitz CH, Chappell CL. Intestinal function and injury in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1075-82. [PMID: 7698574 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The pathogenesis of the diarrhea in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related cryptosporidiosis is not known. The hypothesis of this study was that the intestinal dysfunction and injury are related to the number of organisms infecting the intestinal mucosa. The aim of this study was to study the influence of intensity of infection on intestinal function and injury in AIDS-related cryptosporidiosis. METHODS In 16 patients with AIDS with intestinal Cryptosporidium infection, the intensity of infection was quantified by counting the total number of fecal oocysts excreted in 24 hours and by determining the percent of duodenal epithelium covered by organisms. Intestinal function was assessed by vitamin B12 absorption and serum D-xylose test. Intestinal injury was assessed by morphology of duodenal mucosa, differential urinary excretion of lactulose and mannitol, and fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin clearance. Measurements were repeated after treatment with paromomycin. RESULTS Vitamin B12 and D-xylose absorption negatively correlated with intensity of infection. Villus atrophy occurred only in patients with oocyst excretion of > 10(8) oocyst/24 hours. Lactulose/mannitol urinary excretion ratio showed a positive correlation with intensity of infection. Intestinal function and injury improved in patients whose oocyst counts were reduced by treatment with paromomycin. CONCLUSIONS Cryptosporidium infection in patients with AIDS causes malabsorption and intestinal injury in proportion to the number of organisms infecting the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Goodgame
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Abstract
Milk replacers containing skim milk powder or a mixture of whey and soy protein provided by a hydrolyzed soy protein isolate or a heated soybean flour were fed to 1-mo-old calves for 101 d. The isolate and the flour provided 56 and 72% of dietary proteins, respectively. Digestibility of feed constituents was measured between 9 to 14 d and 65 to 70 d of treatment. Digestive function was evaluated by measurement of ruminal pH, plasma kinetics of triglyceride and glucose concentrations, and xylose absorption. Antibody production was also recorded. Growth and carcass characteristics were satisfactory for the control diet and the diet based on soy isolate, partly because of high apparent digestibility of protein and lack of antibody synthesis in response to soy isolate. In contrast, protein from soybean flour was poorly digested and highly immunogenic. Ruminal pH at 2.5 h after the meal was unaffected by dietary treatments. Postprandial changes in concentrations of triglycerides and glucose in plasma suggested a lack of abomasal clotting with both diets based on soy. Xylose concentration in plasma was only slightly affected by dietary treatment and calf age. Hydrolyzed soy protein is suitable for veal calves and can account for at least half of protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lalles
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rennes, France
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Abstract
The absorption of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I(rhIGF-I), [125I]rhIGF-I, xylose and [3H]lysine, administered into a clamped jejunal segment in anesthetized neonatal calves, was studied by measuring their appearance in the mesenteric vein draining the gut segment. Only trace amounts of IGF-I and of [125I]rhIGF-I and/or 125I were absorbed following dissolution in saline, buffer or colostrum. The absorption rate of both [3H]lysine and/or 3H and of xylose was much greater than the absorption of rhIGF-I, [125I]rhIGF-I and/or 125I but was also transient. Biological effects of ingested IGF-I in neonatal calves should barely occur as a consequence of intestinal absorption even in 1-day-old calves, known to absorb various peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Vacher
- Division of Nutrition Pathology, Institute of Animal Breeding, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) isotope dilution assay for xylose was developed using tertbutyldimethylsilyl-derivatized xylose and [13C]1xylose, and applied to human serum samples. A calibration curve in serum using this assay showed < 3% variation (< 10 mg/L) for any given point. The correlation coefficient for xylose measurements made on 27 sera between a colorimetric method performed by a national commercial reference laboratory and the GC/MS method developed here was .952. However, xylose determinations of 10 of 27 samples differed by > 10% (up to 150 mg/L) when colorimetric values were compared to GC/MS. Two of these samples had borderline-low xylose values by GC/MS, but were well within the normal range by colorimetric analysis. gas chromatography/mass spectrometric isotope dilution assay appears to be an accurate method to measure xylose in serum. These data also suggest that further prospective studies comparing GC/MS to colorimetric methods are indicated for subjects undergoing oral xylose testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Deutsch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Bardella MT, Biffi R, Velio P, Baldassarri AR, De Rai P, Morganti D, Segala M, Andreoni B, Bianchi PA. D-xylose absorption in pigs receiving cyclosporine or deoxyspergualin after total orthotopic small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 1994; 26:1590-1. [PMID: 8030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M T Bardella
- Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
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Ferrante PL, Freeman DE, Ramberg CF, Kronfeld DS. Kinetic analysis of D-xylose absorption after its intragastric administration to mares deprived of food. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54:2110-4. [PMID: 8116947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multicompartmental analysis was applied to study the kinetics of D-xylose distribution after its intragastric administration to healthy mares deprived of food for 12, 36, 72, and 96 hours. Disposition of D-xylose was described by a 5-compartment model. Maximal plasma D-xylose concentration was similar for 12 and 36 hours of food deprivation and was greater (P = 0.0001) than the values for 72 and 96 hours. Peak concentration of D-xylose appeared progressively later as food deprivation proceeded (P = 0.0001). Fractional rate of transfer (k1,6) was less after 96 hours of food deprivation, compared with 12 hours (P = 0.0001), and percentage of D-xylose absorbed was reduced (P = 0.0441) after food deprivation. Fractional rate of transfer (k6,5), representing gastric emptying, tended to progressively decrease with food deprivation. Results indicated that formal kinetic analysis can be applied to D-xylose absorption kinetics in horses. Reduction in the extent of D-xylose absorption after food deprivation may be partly caused by decreased rate of D-xylose absorption across the small intestinal mucosa, but other factors, such as gastric emptying and nonabsorptive losses, may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Ferrante
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348
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