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Chun DW, Kwon YJ, Heo SJ, Lee JW. Secular trends in dietary energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake among Korean adults, 2010-2020 KHANES. Nutrition 2024; 121:112360. [PMID: 38368797 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The composition and balance of macronutrient intake play key roles in promoting a longer lifespan. In this study, we aimed to investigate the secular trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes in South Koreans from 2010 to 2020. METHODS We examined the dietary nutritional intake of South Koreans using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 60,190 adults aged ≥19 y who completed the 24-h dietary recall interviews in a single day on all survey periods were included in this study. The outcomes included changes in macronutrient intake according to subgroups, such as age; sex; and the presence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, stroke, or heart disease, as well as energy intake from macronutrients. RESULTS The study population showed a significant decrease in total energy intake from 2010 to 2020, with a corresponding decrease in the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates (p-values for trend < 0.001). Conversely, the proportions of energy intake from proteins and fats increased during the same period (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed variations in macronutrient intake trends according to age, sex, obesity status, and underlying diseases. The analysis of trends in energy intake from various fat subtypes, total sugar, and fiber revealed a decrease in the energy intake percentage of total sugar from 2016 to 2020 and an increase in the energy intake percentage of all fat subtypes and fiber from 2013 to 2020. CONCLUSIONS In the past 10 y, the dietary patterns in Korea have shifted toward the consumption of high-fat and high-protein diets with reduced carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Chun
- Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Heo
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Song X, He K, Xu T, Tian Z, Zhang J, He Y, Fang J, Jiang K, Fan X, Tao Y, Jin L. Association of macronutrient consumption quality, food source and timing with depression among US adults: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:641-648. [PMID: 38309482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that meal timing may influence dietary choices and mental health. Thus, this study examined the association between macronutrient consumption quality, food source, meal timing, and depression prevalence in Americans. METHODS 23,313 National Health and Nutrition Survey participants from 2007 to 2016 were included in this cross-sectional study. Macronutrient intake was calculated for all day, dinner, and breakfast and subtypes into 4 classes. Based on the Patient Health Questionnaire, depression was defined as a 9-item score ≥ 10 on the PHQ-9. The correlation between macronutrients and depression prevalence was estimated with multivariable logistic regression models and isocaloric substitution effects. RESULTS Low-quality carbohydrates (OR = 1.54, 95 % CI: 1.11, 2.12) were positively linked to depression compared with the lowest quartile, after adjusting for age and other covariates. In contrast, total high-quality carbohydrate (OR = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.40, 0.66), total animal protein (OR = 0.60, 95 % CI: 0.45, 0.80), and total vegetable protein (OR = 0.61, 95 % CI: 0.43, 0.85) were negatively associated with depression was negatively associated. Replacing low-quality carbohydrates with high-quality carbohydrates throughout the day reduced the risk of depression by approximately 15 %. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional data. CONCLUSION All in all, diet plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of depression. Especially in terms of macronutrient intake, high-quality, moderate intake can reduce the risk of depression. However, different subtypes of macronutrient consumption may have different effects on depression, so it becomes crucial to carefully consider the selection and combination of macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxu Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Kai He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhong Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Yue He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Jiaxin Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Kexin Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaoting Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Yuchun Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
| | - Lina Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China.
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Soto-Mota A, Jansen LT, Norwitz NG, Pereira MA, Ebbeling CB, Ludwig DS. Physiologic Adaptation to Macronutrient Change Distorts Findings from Short Dietary Trials: Reanalysis of a Metabolic Ward Study. J Nutr 2024; 154:1080-1086. [PMID: 38128881 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An influential 2-wk cross-over feeding trial without a washout period purported to show advantages of a low-fat diet (LFD) compared with a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) for weight control. In contrast to several other macronutrient trials, the diet order effect was originally reported as not significant. In light of a new analysis by the original investigative group identifying an order effect, we aimed to examine, in a reanalysis of publicly available data (16 of 20 original participants; 7 female; mean BMI, 27.8 kg/m2), the validity of the original results and the claims that trial data oppose the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity (CIM). We found that energy intake on the LCD was much lower when this diet was consumed first compared with second (a difference of -1164 kcal/d, P = 3.6 × 10-13); the opposite pattern was observed for the LFD (924 kcal/d, P = 2.0 × 10-16). This carry-over effect was significant (P interaction = 0.0004) whereas the net dietary effect was not (P = 0.4). Likewise, the between-arm difference (LCD - LFD) was -320 kcal/d in the first period and +1771 kcal/d in the second. Body fat decreased with consumption of the LCD first and increased with consumption of this diet second (-0.69 ± 0.33 compared with 0.57 ± 0.32 kg, P = 0.007). LCD-first participants had higher β-hydroxybutyrate levels while consuming the LCD and lower respiratory quotients while consuming LFD when compared with LFD-first participants on their respective diets. Change in insulin secretion as assessed by C-peptide in the first diet period predicted higher energy intake and less fat loss in the second period. These findings, which tend to support rather than oppose the CIM, suggest that differential (unequal) carry-over effects and short duration, with no washout period, preclude causal inferences regarding chronic macronutrient effects from this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Soto-Mota
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit. National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran. Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey. School of Medicine. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lisa T Jansen
- Department of Dietetics & Nutrition, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | | | - Mark A Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Cara B Ebbeling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA, United States
| | - David S Ludwig
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen.
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Burke LM, Whitfield J. Ketogenic Diets Are Not Beneficial for Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:756-759. [PMID: 38079311 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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Noakes TD. Ketogenic Diets Are Beneficial for Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:753-755. [PMID: 38079303 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
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Burke LM, Whitfield J. Ketogenic Diets Are Not Beneficial for Athletic Performance: Response to Noakes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:763-765. [PMID: 38485731 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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Waldman HS, O'Neal EK, Barker GA, Witt CR, Lara DA, Huber AK, Forsythe VN, Koutnik AP, D'Agostino DP, Staiano W, Egan B. A Ketone Monoester with Carbohydrate Improves Cognitive Measures Postexercise, but Not Performance in Trained Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:725-736. [PMID: 38051034 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The acute ingestion of a ketone monoester with the coingestion of a carbohydrate (KME + CHO) compared with carbohydrate (CHO) was investigated on cycling performance and cognitive performance in trained females. METHODS Using a two condition, placebo-controlled, double-blinded and crossover design, 12 trained females (mean ± SD: age, 23 ± 3 yr; height, 1.64 ± 0.08 m; mass, 65.2 ± 12.7 kg) completed a baseline assessment of cognitive performance (psychomotor vigilance testing (PVT), task switching, and incongruent flanker), followed by 6 × 5-min intervals at 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, and 65% of their maximal power output (W max ) and then a 10-km time trial, concluding with the same assessments of cognitive performance. Participants consumed either 375 mg·kg -1 body mass of KME with a 6% CHO solution (1 g·min -1 of exercise) or CHO alone, across three boluses (50:25:25). RESULTS Blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations averaged 1.80 ± 0.07 and 0.13 ± 0.01 mM during exercise in KME + CHO and CHO, respectively. Blood glucose decreased after drink 1 of KME + CHO (~15%; P = 0.01) but not CHO, and lactate concentrations were lower in KME + CHO at 50%, 55%, 60%, and 65% W max (all P < 0.05) compared with CHO. Despite these changes, no differences were found between conditions for time trial finishing times (KME + CHO, 29.7 ± 5.7 min; CHO, 29.6 ± 5.7 min; P = 0.92). However, only KME + CHO resulted in increases in psychomotor vigilance testing speed (~4%; P = 0.01) and faster reaction times (~14%; P < 0.01), speed (~15%; P < 0.01), and correct responses (~13%; P = 0.03) in the incongruent flanker during posttesting compared with CHO. CONCLUSIONS The acute ingestion of a KME + CHO elevated blood β-hydroxybutyrate and lowered glucose and lactate across multiple time points during exercise compared with CHO. Although these changes did not affect physical performance, several markers of cognitive performance were improved by the addition of a KME in trained females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter S Waldman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL
| | - Eric K O'Neal
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL
| | - Gaven A Barker
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL
| | - Craig R Witt
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL
| | - David A Lara
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL
| | - Anna K Huber
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL
| | | | | | | | - Walter Staiano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, SPAIN
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Vatavuk-Serrati G, Frank SM, Ng SW, Taillie LS. Trends in Sugar From Packaged Foods and Beverages Purchased by US Households Between 2002 and 2020. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024; 124:481-494.e1. [PMID: 37890585 PMCID: PMC10954417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess sugar consumption is a public health concern in the United States. How sugar purchases have changed over time, whether there are disparities across subpopulations, and the contribution of various food groups are unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess trends in sugar from packaged foods and beverages purchased by US households between 2002 and 2020. DESIGN This is an open cohort study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING We obtained data from the NielsenIQ U.S. Homescan Consumer Panel, which collects data on household purchases of all consumer packaged goods in 52 metropolitan and 24 non-metropolitan markets across the United States. We assessed data on food and beverage purchases for 1,163,447 household-years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes are the total sugar in grams purchased per capita per day and percentage of calories from sugar, by sociodemographic group. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED We used linear regression to estimate trends in total grams of sugar per capita per day, percentage of calories from sugar, and percentage of total sugar purchases by food or beverage group. We estimated means for select years and tested for significance compared with 2002 and with the previous timepoint and calculated the overall P-value for the linear trend using time series regression. RESULTS Total sugar purchases decreased over the study period, both in absolute terms (-37.2 g/capita/day; 95% confidence interval [CI], -38.7, -35.6) and as a percentage of total calories purchased (-5.3 percentage points; 95% CI, -5.5, -5.2). Sugar purchases declined for all sociodemographic groups, but disparities have persisted or widened, particularly among individuals who are non-Hispanic Black, low-income, and with lower educational attainment. Beverages' contributions to sugar purchases decreased 8.1 percentage points (95% CI, -8.4, -7.8). CONCLUSION In the United States, purchases of sugar declined, but disparities by socioeconomic status and race or ethnicity persisted or widened. Policies to further reduce sugar consumption and the burden of diet-related disparities are needed.
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Phalak P, Pratap A, More U, Tilak M. Very low-carbohydrate and keto diet increases unhealthy cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1091. [PMID: 38569779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Phalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Abhijit Pratap
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College and Research Centre, Pune, India.
| | - Umesh More
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Mona Tilak
- Department of Biochemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune, India
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Smee SN, Johnson R, Rush A, Davey RJ. A very low carbohydrate diet for minimising blood glucose excursions during ultra-endurance open-water swimming in type 1 diabetes: a case report. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:554-559. [PMID: 38109711 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-restricted diets are used by people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to help manage their condition. However, the impact of this strategy on blood glucose responses to exercise is unknown. This study describes the nutritional strategies of an athlete with T1D, who follows a very low carbohydrate diet to manage her condition during an ultra-endurance open-water swimming event. The athlete completed the 19.7 km distance in 6 h 43 min. She experienced minimal disruptions to glycaemia, reduced need for supplemental carbohydrate, and no episodes of symptomatic hypoglycaemia. This case report will hopefully encourage further experimental studies that inform and expand current clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shania N Smee
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Whadjuk Noongar Country, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Rio Tinto Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Whadjuk Noongar Country, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Type 1 Diabetes Family Centre, Whadjuk Noongar Country, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Rush
- Type 1 Diabetes Family Centre, Whadjuk Noongar Country, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Raymond J Davey
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Whadjuk Noongar Country, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Nussbaumer H, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary Recommendations for Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 132:182-215. [PMID: 38286422 DOI: 10.1055/a-2166-6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Specialist Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | | | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Tombek
- Diabetes Centre Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute for Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany
- Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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Kim MK, Park J, Kim DM. Resistant starch and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Clinical perspective. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:395-401. [PMID: 38189639 PMCID: PMC10981144 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The immediate and well-documented benefits of carbohydrate restriction include improved glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Starch, a significant source of carbohydrates, is categorized as rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, or resistant starch (RS). RS, which is a non-viscous fermentable fiber, has shown promise in animal studies for antidiabetic effects by improving glucose metabolism. Although the exact mechanism by which RS affects glucose metabolism remains unclear, it is expected to positively impact glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The fermentation of RS by colonic microbiota in the large bowel produces short-chain fatty acids, which exert multiple metabolic effects on glucose regulation and homeostasis. Moreover, RS may influence glucose metabolism via bile acid modulation, independent of its fermentation. Diets rich in RS could aid in blood glucose homeostasis. However, it is uncertain whether they can alter the metabolic pathology associated with glucose regulation. In essence, RS has the potential to lower postprandial glucose levels similarly to a low-glycemic index diet. Yet, its efficacy as a medical nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes needs further investigation. To confirm the role of RS in glycemic control and to possibly recommend it as an additional dietary approach for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a well-designed, large-scale intervention is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juri Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shihwa Medical Center, Shihwa, South Korea
| | - Doo-Man Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee SJL, Van Rens FECA, Peiffer JJ. Effects of In-Exercise Carbohydrate Supplementation on Prolonged High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Oral Contraceptive Users. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:356-364. [PMID: 38237580 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of oral contraceptive (OC) phases on performance, physiological, and subjective responses to prolonged, intensive exercise when carbohydrate (CHO) stores are reduced. METHODS Ten well-trained female cyclists using monophasic OC completed 4 identical trials (>150 min) under conditions of in-trial 60-g·h-1 CHO supplementation (CHO+) or placebo (CHO-) during the sugar- (SUG) and active-pill (ACT) phases of their OC cycle. Each trial comprised two 400-kcal time trials (TT) separated by 1 hour of submaximal cycling at first ventilatory threshold. RESULTS Change in completion time from TT1 to TT2 was minimized in CHO+ compared with CHO- (4.06 [2.55] vs 6.08 [5.33] min; P = .019, effect size = -0.36). An interaction effect of OC and CHO was observed for time to complete TT (P = .006), mean TT power (P = .002), mean TT heart rate (P = .002), and posttrial emotional balance (P = .020) and negative emotional state (P = .033). In ACT, mean TT power and heart rate were higher in CHO+ when compared with CHO-, resulting in faster TTs in CHO+ and improved posttrial emotional well-being. When CHO was not supplemented, TT power and heart rate were higher in SUG when compared with ACT, resulting in faster TTs in SUG and improved posttrial emotional balance. CONCLUSION CHO depletion during ACT negatively influenced TT performance and emotional well-being when compared with SUG. Irrespective of OC pill phase, CHO supplementation should be prioritized to sustain performance and improve postexercise recovery-stress balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene J L Lee
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Mohebati S, Shakeri M, Ranjbar S, Jalali M, Nouri M, Faghih S. The association of dietary carbohydrate quality and quantity with obesity among Iranian adolescents: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:176. [PMID: 38461264 PMCID: PMC10924309 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent obesity is considered as a major health concern worldwide which is closely linked to the quality of diet. The purpose of the present study was to assess the carbohydrate quality and quantity in relation to odds of overweight and obesity in adolescents. METHODS This case-control study with a 1:1 ratio was conducted on 406 adolescents (14 to 18 years old) matched for age and gender. Participants were selected by multistage cluster random sampling method from March to October 2019 in Shiraz, Iran. Dietary intakes of the study population were assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Also anthropometric indices were measured using standard methods and demographic information was recorded via face to face interview. The relation between low carbohydrate diet score (LCDS) and carbohydrate quality index (CQI), and odds of obesity was evaluated by multiple Logistic regression. RESULTS After adjusting the role of potential confounders, the participants in the third tertiles of LCDS (OR = 0.443, 95% CI = (0.260 to 0.755)) and CQI (OR = 0.005, 95% CI = (0.001 to 0.025)) had less odds of being overweight and obese compared to the first tertile. CONCLUSION The present study found an inverse relationship between dietary quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake and the odds of overweight and obesity in a sample of Iranian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohebati
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Shakeri
- Endoocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Ranjbar
- Department of Nutritional sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Jalali
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Shiva Faghih
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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15
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Tandon A, Bhowmik E, Ali Z, Tripathi S, Bk A, Chen Y, Dabadghao P, Sudhanshu S, Bhatia V. Basic carbohydrate counting and glycemia in young people with type 1 diabetes in India: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2024; 119:112318. [PMID: 38181475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on glycemic control and acceptability of basic carbohydrate counting (BCC) in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). METHODS Ninety-two children and young adults (6-25 y of age) with T1DM were randomized to receive either routine nutrition education (RNE), which addressed food groups, glycemic index, and effects of food and exercise on glycemia, or learn BCC with personalized portion size education. A continuous glucose monitoring study and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were performed at baseline and after 12 wk. The primary outcome was a change in time-in-range from baseline through 12 wk. A questionnaire on the acceptability of BCC was administered. RESULTS At 12 wk, there was no significant difference in change in time-in-range between the two groups (BCC group: 1.2 ± 12.2; RNE group: 1.9 ± 12.3; P = 0.786). No significant changes were observed in the percentage of time that blood glucose was >180 or >250 mg/dL; <70 or <54 mg/dL; glycemic variability, percentage of nights with hypoglycemia and HbA1c. In subgroup analysis, there was a significant decrease in HbA1c in the BCC group among participants with higher maternal education (-0.5 versus 0.2, P = 0.042). The total score on the acceptability questionnaire was higher in the BCC group (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION Among children and young adults in our region with T1DM, BCC provided flexibility in food choices and perception of greater ease of insulin adjustment. Although BCC was equivalent to RNE in terms of glycemic control, larger studies may reveal benefit in outcomes in certain subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambica Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Eshita Bhowmik
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Zebish Ali
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sarita Tripathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ajitha Bk
- Department of Statistics, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Preeti Dabadghao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Siddhnath Sudhanshu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Bhatia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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16
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Heianza Y, Zhou T, Wang X, Furtado JD, Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Qi L. MTNR1B genotype and effects of carbohydrate quantity and dietary glycaemic index on glycaemic response to an oral glucose load: the OmniCarb trial. Diabetologia 2024; 67:506-515. [PMID: 38052941 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A type 2 diabetes-risk-increasing variant, MTNR1B (melatonin receptor 1B) rs10830963, regulates the circadian function and may influence the variability in metabolic responses to dietary carbohydrates. We investigated whether the effects of carbohydrate quantity and dietary glycaemic index (GI) on glycaemic response during OGTTs varied by the risk G allele of MTNR1B-rs10830963. METHODS This study included participants (n=150) of a randomised crossover-controlled feeding trial of four diets with high/low GI levels and high/low carbohydrate content for 5 weeks. The MTNR1B-rs10830963 (C/G) variant was genotyped. Glucose response during 2 h OGTT was measured at baseline and the end of each diet intervention. RESULTS Among the four study diets, carrying the risk G allele (CG/GG vs CC genotype) of MTNR1B-rs10830963 was associated with the largest AUC of glucose during 2 h OGTT after consuming a high-carbohydrate/high-GI diet (β 134.32 [SE 45.69] mmol/l × min; p=0.004). The risk G-allele carriers showed greater increment of glucose during 0-60 min (β 1.26 [0.47] mmol/l; p=0.008) or 0-90 min (β 1.10 [0.50] mmol/l; p=0.028) after the high-carbohydrate/high-GI diet intervention, but not after consuming the other three diets. At high carbohydrate content, reducing GI levels decreased 60 min post-OGTT glucose (mean -0.67 [95% CI: -1.18, -0.17] mmol/l) and the increment of glucose during 0-60 min (mean -1.00 [95% CI: -1.67, -0.33] mmol/l) and 0-90 min, particularly in the risk G-allele carriers (pinteraction <0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study shows that carrying the risk G allele of MTNR1B-rs10830963 is associated with greater glycaemic responses after consuming a diet with high carbohydrates and high GI levels. Reducing GI in a high-carbohydrate diet may decrease post-OGTT glucose concentrations among the risk G-allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Biogen Epidemiology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Cousineau CM, Loftus K, Churchill GA, Bridges D. Cross-sectional association between blood cholesterol and calcium levels in genetically diverse strains of mice. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:426-433. [PMID: 38129969 PMCID: PMC10909986 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse outbred mice allow for the study of genetic variation in the context of high dietary and environmental control. Using a machine learning approach, we investigated clinical and morphometric factors that associate with serum cholesterol levels in 840 genetically unique Diversity Outbred mice of both sexes (n = 417 male and 423 female), and on both a control chow (% kcals in diet: protein 22%, carbohydrate 62%, fat 16%, no cholesterol) and high fat high sucrose (% kcals in diet: protein 15%, carbohydrate 41%, fat 45%, 0.05% cholesterol). We find expected elevations of cholesterol in male mice, as well as in mice with elevated serum triglycerides and/or fed a high fat high sucrose diet. The third strongest predictor was serum calcium which correlated with serum cholesterol across both diets and sexes (r = 0.39-0.48) in both Diversity Outbred (P = 3.0 × 10-43 ) and BXD (P = 0.005) mice. This is in-line with several human cohort studies which show associations between calcium and cholesterol, and calcium as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody M. Cousineau
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kaelin Loftus
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMIUSA
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18
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Li M, Ning XP, Gao TT, Fazry S, Othman BA, Najm AAK, Law D. Rice husk ash based growing media impact on cucumber and melon growth and quality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5147. [PMID: 38429352 PMCID: PMC10907565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice husk, an agricultural waste from the rice industry, can cause serious environmental pollution if not properly managed. However, rice husk ash (RHA) has been found to have many positive properties, making it a potential replacement for non-renewable peat in soilless planting. Thus, this study investigated the impact of a RHA composite substrate on the growth, photosynthetic parameters, and fruit quality of cucumber (Yuyi longxiang variety) and melon (Yutian yangjiaomi variety). The RHA, peat, vermiculite, and perlite were blended in varying proportions, with the conventional seedling substrate (peat:vermiculite:perlite = 1:1:1 volume ratio) serving as the control (CK). All plants were cultivated in barrels filled with 10L of the mixed substrates. The results from this study found that RHA 40 (RHA:peat:vermiculite:perlite = 4:4:1:1 volume ratio) significantly enhanced substrate ventilation and positively influenced the stem diameter, root activity, seedling index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of cucumber and melon plants. Additionally, plant planted using RHA 40, the individual fruit weight of cucumber and melon found to increase by 34.62% and 21.67%, respectively, as compared to the control. Aside from that, both cucumber and melon fruits had significantly higher sucrose, total soluble sugar, vitamin C, and soluble protein levels. This subsequently improved the activity of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase in both cucumber and melon. In conclusion, the RHA 40 found to best promote cucumber and melon plant growth, increase plant leaf photosynthesis, and improve cucumber and melon fruit quality, making it a suitable substrate formula for cucumber and melon cultivation in place of peat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, Henan, China
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Xian-Peng Ning
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 10564, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Tian Gao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 10564, Guangdong, China
| | - Shazrul Fazry
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Babul Airianah Othman
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Abdul Kareem Najm
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Douglas Law
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
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19
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Yang H, Yang H, Zhang T, Chen L, Zhao Y, Xia Y. Dietary carbohydrate types, genetic predisposition, and risk of adult-onset asthma: A longitudinal cohort study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129824. [PMID: 38290630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations among carbohydrate intake types, genetic predisposition, and risk adult onset asthma (AOA). A dataset of 96,487 participants from UK Biobank was included with 1830 cases of incident AOA during an average follow-up of 9.68 years. Participants with the highest intake of total sugar, free sugar, and fiber intake, as compared to those with the lowest intake of total sugar, free sugar, and fiber intake, showed a 17 % and 22 % increased risk of incident AOA, and a 16 % decreased risk of AOA, respectively. Substitution of 5 % energy from free sugars with 5 % energy from non-free sugars was associated with a significantly lower risk of AOA (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.93, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.88, 0.99). Participants with high genetic risk and the highest intake of free sugar showed a 112 % (HR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.68, 2.68) increased risk of incident AOA. Participants with low genetic risk and highest intake of fiber showed a 50 % (HR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.39, 0.64) reduced risk of AOA. This study highlights the critical role of carbohydrate types in AOA prevention, with an emphasis on reduced free sugar, moderate non-free sugar, and increased fiber intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehua Zhang
- Clinical Trials and Translation Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangsu Zhang
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Puhe Road No.77, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning province 110122, China
| | - Huijun Yang
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Honghao Yang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingjing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Clinical Trials and Translation Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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20
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Zhu L, Shu Y, Ran J, Zhang C. Glycemic load, but not glycemic index, is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res 2024; 123:67-79. [PMID: 38281319 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The association between glycemic index (GI),glycemic load (GL) and ovarian cancer risk remains unclear. Carbohydrate intake promotes insulin secretion, leading to cell proliferation and invasion. We hypothesized that high GI and GL intake may increase ovarian cancer risk. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis after systematically searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to December 2022. Fixed- or random-effect models calculated the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup, sensitivity, publication bias analysis, and dose-response analysis were performed. Nine original studies were included, involving 4716 cases and 119,960 controls. No significant association was observed between GI or GL and ovarian cancer risk (GI: RR = 1.02 [95% CI, 0.83-1.26]; GL: RR = 1.11 [95% CI, 0.84-1.47]). Subgroup analysis suggested the results were not significantly modified by any group. Sensitivity analysis identified the sources of heterogeneity. No publication bias was observed. A linear positive dose-response relationship was observed between dietary GL and ovarian cancer risk after removing heterogeneous sources (RR = 1.11 [95% CI, 1.05-1.17], I2 = 32.9%, P = .23 at 50 U/d; RR = 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.07], I2 = 19.1%, P = .29 at 20 U/d). These outcomes suggest that high dietary GL, but not GI, is associated with significantly increased ovarian cancer risk. Thus, sufficient intake of a low dietary GL is important for reducing ovarian cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Shu
- Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Ran
- Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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21
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Sciarrillo CM, Guo J, Hengist A, Darcey VL, Hall KD. Flawed reanalysis fails to support the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity. J Nutr 2024; 154:1058-1060. [PMID: 38286396 PMCID: PMC10997902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Sciarrillo
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Juen Guo
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Valerie L Darcey
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kevin D Hall
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
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22
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Mendes SG, Teixeira GP, Balieiro LCT, Fahmy WM, Gontijo CA, Maia YCDP, Crispim CA. Is the Caloric Midpoint Associated with Food Cravings and Food Intake in Pregnant Women? J Am Nutr Assoc 2024; 43:236-243. [PMID: 37677101 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2255244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The field of chrononutrition suggests that mealtime can influence food intake. Previous studies have linked the caloric midpoint - defined as the time at which 50% of the daily energy is consumed - with different aspects of food consumption. However, its relationship with food craving remains unexplored. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between caloric midpoint, food craving, and food consumption in pregnant women.Methods: The study comprised 233 pregnant women classified as early eaters (caloric midpoint ≤ 1:00pm) and late eaters (caloric midpoint >1:00pm). Food craving were assessed using Food Craving Trait and State Questionnaires. Energy and nutrient intake, as well as mealtimes, were assessed using a 24-h food recall.Results: No association between caloric midpoint and food craving was found. However, late eaters consumed more calories (2039.47 kcal vs 1843.44 kcal; p < 0.001), carbohydrates (255.06 g vs 211.12 g; p = 0.002), total fat (73.1 g vs 64.8 g; p = 0.003), monounsaturated fat (21.33 mg vs 18.59 mg; p = 0.002) and saturated fat (24.37 mg vs 22.21 mh; p = 0.01) and had higher consumption of calories and macronutrients in the first (calories: 275.63 vs 213.41, p = 0.007; carbohydrate: 170.42 vs 142.54, p = 0.01; total fat: 56.49 vs 50.17, p = 0.04) and second (calories: 213.21 vs 151.59, p = 0.04; carbohydrate: 130.44 vs 96.6, p = 0.04; protein: 15.17 vs 13.71, p = 0.03) afternoon snack, dinner (calories: 576.89 vs 412.4, p < 0.001; carbohydrate: 230.76 vs 169.45, p < 0.001; protein: 80.48 vs 68.9, p = 0.02; total fat: 212.77 vs 147.12, p < 0.001) and late-night snack (calories: 135.75 vs 68.3, p = 0.04; total fat: 13.23 vs 22.45, p = 0.04) than early eaters.Conclusion: Pregnant women who concentrate their meals at later times consumed more calories, macro and micronutrients throughout the day and in the night meals when compared to early eaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Gonçalves Mendes
- Chrononutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pereira Teixeira
- Chrononutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiana Araújo Gontijo
- Molecular Biology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Yara Cristina de Paiva Maia
- Molecular Biology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Cibele Aparecida Crispim
- Chrononutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Yuan X, Ouyang Y, Wei Y, Jiang H, Dong M, Dong X, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang B, Zhang J. [Relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity among adult residents in 15 provinces of China in 1991-2018]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2024; 53:189-208. [PMID: 38604952 DOI: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity in Chinese adult residents, and analyze the cut-off values of macronutrients for predicting obesity. METHODS Data was collected in China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)in 1991-2018. Adults who participated in at least two waves of the surveys and were not obese at baseline were selected as the study subjects. Obesity was defined as body mass index(BMI)≥28.0 kg/m~2. Generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and BMI and obesity, and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) was used to analyze the cut-off values of percentage of energy intake from macronutrients to predict obesity. RESULTS The percentage of energy intake from protein and fat of adult residents in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) in China showed an increasing trend(P<0.01), and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate showed a decreasing trend(P<0.01) between 1991 and 2018. After adjusting for covariates, the group of percentage of energy intake from fat in 20%~30%(β=0.05, 95%CI 0.01-0.08)and ≥30%(β=0.15, 95%CI 0.11-0.18)were positively correlated with BMI compared with the group of percentage of energy intake from fat <20%, and the risk of obesity in 20%-30% and ≥ 30% was increased by 17%(OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.04-1.31)and 6%(OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.24-1.56), respectively. Compared with the group of the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate < 50%, the group of 50% to 65%(β=-0.08, 95% CI-0.11--0.05) and ≥ 65%(β=-0.17, 95%CI-0.20--0.13) was negatively correlated with BMI, and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate ≥ 65% reduced the risk of obesity(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.63-0.80). CONCLUSION Carbohydrate intake was inversely correlated with the risk of obesity, and fat intake was positively correlated with the risk of obesity. Moderate intake of carbohydrates and reduced fat intake can prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yuan
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yifei Ouyang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanli Wei
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongru Jiang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mengru Dong
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiguo Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
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24
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Zhang Q, Bai X, Jin H, Dong N. Combined effect of dietary calcium consumption and physical activity on dental caries in children and adolescents: a study of the NHANES database. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:281. [PMID: 38419086 PMCID: PMC10900671 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca) is a nutritional factor that associated with dental caries. A recent study showed that in the case of adequate Ca intake, a higher level of physical activity may contribute to bone mass accumulation. However, the combined effect between Ca intake and physical activity on caries experience is unclear. Herein, we aimed to explore the above combined effect on dental caries in children and adolescents. METHODS Data of 5,917 children and adolescents were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database in 2015-2020 in this cross-sectional study. The NHANES assessed the dietary Ca intake through the 24-hour dietary recalls, and the physical activity level was self-reported using the questionnaires. Also, the dental caries was diagnosed according to the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth/Surfaces (DMFT/S) index. Weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to screen the covariates and to investigate the associations of dietary Ca intake and physical activity with dental caries, respectively, and assess the combined effect between dietary Ca intake and physical activity on dental caries. The evaluation indexes were odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses of age, obesity, and total sugar intake were also performed. RESULTS Among the eligible participants, 2,687 had caries experience. After adjusting for the covariates, we found that children and adolescents who not reach the recommendation level of Ca intake combined with physical activity less than 7 time in 1 week seemed to have higher odds of dental caries [OR = 1.77, 95%CI: (1.38-2.27)], compared with those who reached the standards. In addition, this potential combined effect was also found in age < 12 years old [OR = 1.62, 95%CI: (1.23-2.14)], non-obesity [OR = 1.88, 95%CI: (1.49-2.35)], and total sugar intake (all P < 0.05) subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Ca intake and physical activity had a potential combined effect on dental caries in children and adolescents, but the causal relationships between them needed further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhongtu Building, No.85 North Street, Lianhu District, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Bai
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhongtu Building, No.85 North Street, Lianhu District, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huan Jin
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhongtu Building, No.85 North Street, Lianhu District, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ning Dong
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhongtu Building, No.85 North Street, Lianhu District, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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Leonhardt TPM, Bristol A, McLaurin N, Forbes SC, Tanaka H, Frings-Meuthen P, Pesta D, Rittweger J, Chilibeck PD. Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall. Nutrients 2024; 16:564. [PMID: 38398888 PMCID: PMC10893199 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper dietary intake is important for masters athletes because of the physiological changes that occur with aging and the unique nutritional needs when competing at high levels. We evaluated the dietary intake of masters athletes competing at the World Masters Athletics Championships (outdoor games, Tampere, Finland, 2022, and indoor games, Torun, Poland, 2023). A total of 43 athletes (16 females and 27 males, mean age 59.2 ± 10.3 y, height 168 ± 8 cm, and body mass 62.3 ± 10.8 kg) participating in endurance (n = 21), sprint (n = 16), jumping (2), multi-component (e.g., decathlon; n = 3), and throwing (n = 1) events provided 24 h dietary recalls while participating in the games. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommended levels for endurance athletes. Protein intake was below the recommended levels for masters athletes, except for female athletes involved in power events (i.e., sprinters and jumpers). Other nutrient intakes that were below the recommended levels included vitamins D and E, calcium, potassium, vitamin A (except for female endurance athletes), folate (except for female power athletes), vitamin C for female endurance athletes, vitamin K and fiber for males, and zinc for endurance athletes. We conclude that while competing at world championships, many athletes are not consuming the recommended levels of carbohydrates, protein, and micronutrients. Athletes attending these games would benefit from increased nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor P. M. Leonhardt
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Ainsley Bristol
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Natalie McLaurin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (N.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (N.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
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Jahromi MK, Ahmadirad H, Farhadnejad H, Norouzzadeh M, Mokhtari E, Teymoori F, Saber N, Heidari Z, Mirmiran P, Rashidkhani B. High-protein diet scores, macronutrient substitution, and breast cancer risk: insights from substitution analysis. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:121. [PMID: 38360741 PMCID: PMC10870721 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from recent studies suggested that variation in the quantity and quality of macronutrients in the diet may potentially play a role in predicting the risk of breast cancer (BC). In the current study, we aimed to assess the association of different high-protein diet scores and replacing fats and carbohydrate (CHO) with protein in the diet with the BC risk among Iranian women. METHODS The current hospital-based case-control study was conducted on 401 participants, aged ≥ 30 years old, including 134 women in the case group who had been diagnosed with histologically confirmed BC and 267 women in the control group. Dietary intake data was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and high protein diet scores were determined. Logistic regression models were used to determine the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of BC across tertiles of high protein diet scores. Also, we assessed how substituting protein with other macronutrients affected BC odds while adjusting for the various confounding variables. RESULTS Participants' mean ± SD of age and body mass index were 47.9 ± 10.3 years and 29.4 ± 5.5 kg/m2, respectively. The scores of high-protein-low-CHO and fat diet, high-protein and CHO-low-fat diet, and high-protein and fat-low-CHO diet in participants were 16.5 ± 3.8, 16.5 ± 6.7, and 16.4 ± 5.9, respectively. In the multivariable model, individuals in the highest tertile of high-protein-low-CHO and fat diet score (OR:0.71;95%CI:0.56-0.90) and high-protein and CHO-low-fat diet (OR:0.76;95%CI:0.60-0.97) had lower odds of BC compared to those in the lowest tertile (P < 0.05). However, no significant association was found between high-protein and fat-low-CHO diet and BC risk. Our results showed that replacing fat by protein (ORdifferences:-0.40;95%CI:-0.73,-0.07) and also replacing refined-CHO by plant protein (ORdifferences:-0.66;95%CI:-1.26,-0.07) in the diet are associated inversely with risk of BC(P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggested that higher adherence to a high-protein-low-CHO and fat diet, characterized by a higher intake of plant proteins and a lower intake of refined grains and saturated fat can play a protective role against the odds of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Kazemi Jahromi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadirad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Norouzzadeh
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mokhtari
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farshad Teymoori
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Niloufar Saber
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Heidari
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Rashidkhani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang L, Zhao L, Xiao X, Zhang X, He L, Zhang Q. Association of dietary carbohydrate and fiber ratio with postmenopausal bone mineral density and prevalence of osteoporosis: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297332. [PMID: 38354209 PMCID: PMC10866481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the associations of carbohydrate to dietary fiber ratio with bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. METHODS This cross-sectional study retrieved the data of 2829 postmenopausal women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Weighted univariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the correlations of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, or carbohydrate to fiber ratio with osteoporosis. RESULTS Higher dietary fiber intake was correlated with decreased odds ratio of osteoporosis [odds ratio(OR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93 to 0.99]. The odds ratio of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was elevated as the increase of carbohydrate to fiber ratio (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.10 to 2.96). Carbohydrate to fiber ratio >17.09 was related to increased odds ratio of osteoporosis (OR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.04 to 2.56). Compared to the carbohydrate to fiber ratio ≤11.59 group, carbohydrate to fiber ratio >17.09 was associated with decreased total femur BMD (β = -0.015, 95%CI: -0.028 to -0.001) and femur neck BMD (β = -0.020, 95%CI: -0.033 to -0.006) in postmenopausal women. The femur neck BMD in postmenopausal women was decreased with the increase of carbohydrate to fiber ratio (β = -0.015, 95%CI: -0.028 to -0.001). CONCLUSION In postmenopausal women, a high carbohydrate/fiber ratio >17.09 is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and lower hip BMD and high fiber intake is associated with less osteoporosis and higher hip BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushuang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Liubiqi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangxi Guigang people’s Hospital, Guigang, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Hartley C, Carr A, Roberts SSH, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing, Cycling Performance and Individual Complex Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity. Nutrients 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38337743 PMCID: PMC10857552 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of individual complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity on cycling performance with complex carbohydrate oral rinsing. Ten male participants completed five cycling time trials in a fasted state with a seven-day washout period between each trial. Participants completed a fixed amount of work (738.45 ± 150.74 kJ) as fast as possible on a cycle ergometer while rinsing with an oral rinse for 10 s every 12.5% of the trial. An oral rinse (maltodextrin, oligofructose, glucose, sucralose or water control) was given per visit in a randomised, crossover, blinded design. Afterwards, participants had their taste assessed with three stimuli, complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin), sweet (glucose) and sour (citric acid), using taste assessment protocol to determine individual taste sensitivity status. Participants were subsequently grouped according to their complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity and complex carbohydrate taste intensity. There were no significant effects of the oral rinses on cycling performance time (p = 0.173). Participants who did not have improvements in exercise performance with the maltodextrin rinse experienced a stronger taste intensity with complex carbohydrate stimuli at baseline (p = 0.047) and overall (p = 0.047) than those who did have improvements in performance. Overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse was ineffective in significantly improving cycling performance in comparison with a water control. However, when participants were grouped according to complex carbohydrate taste intensity, differences in exercise performance suggest that individual sensitivity status to complex carbohydrates could impact the efficacy of a carbohydrate-based oral rinse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Spencer S. H. Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Russell S. J. Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
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Jespersen JC, de Paula Dorigam JC, Whelan R, Dilger AC, Oelschlager ML, Sommer KM, Gorenz BE, White RR, Dilger RN. Defining optimal dietary starch, oil, and amino acid inclusion levels for broilers experiencing a coccidiosis challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103335. [PMID: 38176364 PMCID: PMC10806127 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative methods to alleviate coccidiosis in broilers are of interest to producers, including dietary strategies to minimize disruptions in growth rate and efficiency when faced with health challenges. Our objective was to determine optimal combinations of dietary starch, amino acids (AA), and oil to benefit productivity of broilers experiencing Eimeria-induced immune activation. Two trials were conducted using 1,536 male Ross 308 broiler chicks in floor pens randomly assigned to 1 of 17 experimental treatments. All birds received common starter (d 0-10) and finisher (d 24-35) diets, and only differed based on their assigned experimental grower diet (d 10-24). Trial 1 experimental grower diets ranged from 2,700 to 3,300 kcal/kg AME. Trial 2 included 10 experimental grower diets following a simplex lattice design consisting of 3 basal lots formulated to have the highest starch (45.4%), oil (10.2%), or AA density (120, 1.33% digestible Lys) and mixed in 4 equally spaced levels for each component (0, 0.33, 0.67, 1). These mixtures enabled varying densities of AA (80-120% of recommendation), starch:oil (4:1-20:1), and AME (2,940-3,450 kcal/kg). Bird and feeder weights were collected on d 0, 10, 24, and 35, and birds were exposed to an Eimeria challenge on d 11 or 12. In trial 2, excreta samples were collected for AME determination and carcasses were processed on d 36. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t test, or regression. In Trial 1, BW gain and feed conversion were improved (P < 0.05) by increasing dietary AME. In Trial 2, birds receiving diets containing AA at 93 to 107% of recommendations and higher oil exhibited improved (P < 0.05) performance, but increased starch at the expense of oil reduced performance (P < 0.05). Relative breast and fat pad weights were not influenced by diet in Trial 2. We determined that broilers mildly challenged with Eimeria would exhibit highest BW gain when receiving diets containing 35.8% starch, 8.9% oil, and 101.3% of AA recommendations, which can be utilized by producers to maintain productivity under health-challenged conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jespersen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - R Whelan
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Nutrition & Care, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - A C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M L Oelschlager
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K M Sommer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - B E Gorenz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R R White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Backsburg, VA, USA
| | - R N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Stables RG, Hannon MP, Costello NB, McHaffie SJ, Sodhi JS, Close GL, Morton JP. Acute fuelling and recovery practices of academy soccer players: implications for growth, maturation, and physical performance. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:37-51. [PMID: 36351858 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2146178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Academy soccer players frequently train in the evening (i.e. 1700-2000 h), hence limited time to nutritionally prepare and recover due to schooling, travel and sleep schedules. Accordingly, we assessed timing and quantity of energy intake in the pre-training and post-training period. Over a 3-day in-season training period, male players (n=48; n=8 from under (U) 12, 13, 14, 15/16, 18 and 23 players) from an English Premier League academy self-reported dietary intake and physical activity levels (via the remote food photography method and activity diary, respectively) in the four hours pre- and post-training. Timing of pre-training energy intake ranged from 40 ± 28 mins (U15/U16 players) to 114 ± 71 mins (U18) before training and mean carbohydrate (CHO) intake ranged from 0.8±0.4 g.kg-1 (U23) to 1.5±0.9 g.kg-1 (U12). Timing of post-training energy intake ranged from 39 ± 27 mins (U14) to 70 ± 84 mins (U23) and mean CHO intake ranged from 1.6±0.8 g.kg-1 (U12) to 0.9±0.5 g.kg-1 (U14). In contrast to CHO, all age groups consumed sufficient protein intake in the post-training period (i.e. > 0.3 g.kg-1). We conclude academy soccer players habitually practice sub-optimal fuelling and recovery strategies, the consequence of which could impair growth, maturation and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben G Stables
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marcus P Hannon
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nessan B Costello
- Carnegie Faculty, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Sam J McHaffie
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jazz S Sodhi
- Aston Villa Football Club, Bodymoor Heath Training Ground, Tamworth, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Brietzke C, Vinícius Í, Ribeiro WA, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vasconcelos GC, Hettinga FJ, Santos TM, Pires FO. Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves performance of mentally fatigued cyclists despite null effects on psychological responses. Physiol Behav 2024; 274:114428. [PMID: 38065422 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mental fatigue reduces exercise performance through an impaired psychological response such as increased perceived exertion. Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinses improve exercise performance and perceived exertion likely due to an improved activation in cerebral reward areas, then we investigated if the CHO mouth rinse-improved exercise performance in mentally fatigued individuals was associated with ameliorated reward-related psychological responses. We hypothesised that CHO mouth rinse would be beneficial for mentally fatigued cyclists mainly in high-metabolic disturbance intensities. After familiarization and baseline sessions, well trained cyclists (n = 20) performed a maximal incremental test (MIT) after mental fatigue induction. They completed the MIT either without mouth rinse (MF) or rinsing their mouth with CHO (MF+CHO) or placebo (FM+PLA) solutions at every 25 % of the MIT. Psychological responses such as ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation were assessed throughout the MIT, while performance was assessed as peak power output and time of exercise. Mental fatigue reduced MIT performance (P < 0.05), but CHO mouth rinse was effective to counteract this deleterious mental fatigue effect (P < 0.05). However, we found null effects of CHO mouth rinses in psychological responses above the VT2 (P > 0.05) such as RPE, affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation. Correlational analysis showed a significant, but moderate negative correlation between motivation and time of exercise above the VT2 when participants used CHO mouth rinse. In conclusion, the ergogenic CHO mouth rinse effects on MIT performance of mentally fatigued cyclists were irrespective of ameliorated psychological responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil.
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Wesley Alves Ribeiro
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Gustavo César Vasconcelos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Florentina Johanna Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Physical Education Program, Research Center for Performance and Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 52071-030, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
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Ghoshal UC, Mustafa U, Mukhopadhyay SK. FODMAP meal challenge test: a novel investigation to predict response to low-FODMAP diet in non-constipating irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:297-304. [PMID: 38014751 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though a low-FODMAP diet improves 50% irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, regional dietary variations, vegetarianism, and long-term nutritional consequences challenge its implementation. We aimed developing a FODMAP meal challenge test (FMCT). We prospectively studied whether (i) high- than low-FODMAP foods produce more breath H2 among IBS patients than controls; (ii) post-meal symptoms relate to breath H2 ; and (iii) novel FMCT predicts response to a low-FODMAP diet? METHODS Forty Rome III IBS and 20 healthy controls underwent an eight-hour H2 breath test following a low- (rice, brinjal, corn, and banana [450 Kcal]) and a high-FODMAP meal (wheat, kidney bean, pulse, and card [450 Kcal]). Breath H2 (every 15 min) and symptoms following low- and high-FODMAP meals were recorded. IBS-symptom severity scores were recorded every month for 3-months on low-FODMAP diet. RESULTS Forty Rome III IBS (19 Rome IV positive) were comparable to 20 controls in age and gender. IBS patients (n = 39 excluding one H2 non-producer) and controls produced more breath H2 after high- (greater in IBS) than low-FODMAP meal. Post-meal symptoms were commoner in IBS (4/40 [10%] and 27/40 [67.5%] with low- and high-FODMAP, respectively [P < 0.00001]; none in healthy). IBS patients developing post-high-FODMAP meal symptoms produced greater H2 (18 PPM [IQR 10.5-23] vs 6 [0-7.2]; P < 0.001). A positive FMCT (breath H2 > 10 PPM above basal with symptoms following high-FODMAP food) had sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 78.6%, 66.6%, and 75.6%, respectively, to predict low-FODMAP diet response. CONCLUSIONS The novel FMCT predicts response to a low-FODMAP diet in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Uzma Mustafa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
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Riccardi G, Vaccaro O. Association of glycaemic index and glycaemic load with type 2 diabetes and related conditions in prospective studies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:85-86. [PMID: 38272609 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Riccardi
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Olga Vaccaro
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples 80131, Italy
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Jenkins DJA, Willett WC, Yusuf S, Hu FB, Glenn AJ, Liu S, Mente A, Miller V, Bangdiwala SI, Gerstein HC, Sieri S, Ferrari P, Patel AV, McCullough ML, Le Marchand L, Freedman ND, Loftfield E, Sinha R, Shu XO, Touvier M, Sawada N, Tsugane S, van den Brandt PA, Shuval K, Khan TA, Paquette M, Sahye-Pudaruth S, Patel D, Siu TFY, Srichaikul K, Kendall CWC, Sievenpiper JL. Association of glycaemic index and glycaemic load with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of mega cohorts of more than 100 000 participants. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:107-118. [PMID: 38272606 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is debate over whether the glycaemic index of foods relates to chronic disease. We aimed to assess the associations between glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, diabetes-related cancers, and all-cause mortality. METHODS We did a meta-analysis of large cohorts (≥100 000 participants) identified from the Richard Doll Consortium. We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for cohorts that prospectively examined associations between GI or GL and chronic disease outcomes published from database inception to Aug 4, 2023. Full-article review and extraction of summary estimates data were conducted by three independent reviewers. Primary outcomes were incident type 2 diabetes, total cardiovascular disease (including mortality), diabetes-related cancers (ie, bladder, breast, colorectal, endometrial, hepatic, pancreatic, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma), and all-cause mortality. We assessed comparisons between the lowest and highest quantiles of GI and GL, adjusting for dietary factors, and pooling their most adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates using a fixed-effects model. We also assessed associations between diets high in fibre and whole grains and the four main outcomes. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023394689. FINDINGS From ten prospective large cohorts (six from the USA, one from Europe, two from Asia, and one international), we identified a total of 48 studies reporting associations between GI or GL and the outcomes of interest: 34 (71%) on various cancers, nine (19%) on cardiovascular disease, five (10%) on type 2 diabetes, and three (6%) on all-cause mortality. Consumption of high GI foods was associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes (RR 1·27 [95% CI 1·21-1·34]; p<0·0001), total cardiovascular disease (1·15 [1·11-1·19]; p<0·0001), diabetes-related cancer (1·05 [1·02-1·08]; p=0·0010), and all-cause mortality (1·08 [1·05-1·12]; p<0·0001). Similar associations were seen between high GL and diabetes (RR 1·15 [95% CI 1·09-1·21]; p<0·0001) and total cardiovascular disease (1·15 [1·10-1·20]; p<0·0001). Associations between diets high in fibre and whole grains and the four main outcomes were similar to those for low GI diets. INTERPRETATION Dietary recommendations to reduce GI and GL could have effects on health outcomes that are similar to outcomes of recommendations to increase intake of fibre and whole grain. FUNDING Banting and Best and the Karuna Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J A Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea J Glenn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andrew Mente
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Miller
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferrari
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Alpa V Patel
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erikka Loftfield
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Bobigny, France; French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Piet A van den Brandt
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, and Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute-School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Tauseef Ahmad Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Paquette
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Sahye-Pudaruth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Darshna Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Teenie Fei Yi Siu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Korbua Srichaikul
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cyril W C Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mavroeidi I, Manta A, Asimakopoulou A, Syrigos A, Paschou SA, Vlachaki E, Nastos C, Kalantaridou S, Peppa M. The Role of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in the Dietary Approach of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2024; 16:399. [PMID: 38337683 PMCID: PMC10857473 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder that often develops during pregnancy, characterized by glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR). To ensure the well-being of both the mother and the fetus, the body undergoes multiple metabolic and immunological changes that result in peripheral IR and, under certain hereditary or acquired abnormalities, GDM in predisposed women. The adverse short- and long-term effects of GDM impact both the mother and the fetus. Nutrition seems to play an important role to prevent GDM or improve its evolution. An emphasis has been given to the proportion of carbohydrates (CHO) relative to protein and lipids, as well as dietary patterns, in GDM. The effects of CHO on postprandial glucose concentrations are reflected in the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). Diets rich in GI and GL may induce or exacerbate IR, whereas diets low in GI and GL appear to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glycemic control. These positive outcomes may be attributed to direct interactions with insulin and glucose homeostasis or indirect effects through improved body composition and weight management. This comprehensive narrative review aims to explore the significance of nutrition, with a focus on the critical evaluation of GI and GL in the dietary management of women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mavroeidi
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12461 Athens, Greece
| | - Aspasia Manta
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12461 Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Asimakopoulou
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Syrigos
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia Vlachaki
- Hematological Laboratory, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokrateion Hospital, Aristotle University, 54640 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantinos Nastos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12461 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Kalantaridou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12461 Athens, Greece
| | - Melpomeni Peppa
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12461 Athens, Greece
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Partsalaki I, Markantes GK, Michalaki MA. Low-Glycemic Load Diets and Thyroid Function: A Narrative Review and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2024; 16:347. [PMID: 38337632 PMCID: PMC10857036 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and calorie intake are associated with subtle changes of thyroid function tests in subjects with an intact Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. Iodine deficiency and extreme fluctuations in calorie intake, such as those that occur during periods of starvation or overfeeding could lead to alterations in thyroid hormones. The dietary macronutrient and micronutrient composition could also influence the thyroid function. Recently, Low-Glycemic Load (LGL) diets have become very popular and are effective in the treatment and/or prevention of several medical conditions, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and epilepsy. In this review, we report on the available data from the literature regarding the association between LGL diets and thyroid function or dysfunction. Several studies conducted in this field to date have yielded inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Partsalaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece;
| | - Georgios K. Markantes
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece;
| | - Marina A. Michalaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece;
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Chryssanthopoulos C, Souglis A, Tsalouhidou S, Hulton AT, Bogdanis GC, Petridou A, Philippou A, Maridaki M, Theos A. Dietary Intake of Soccer Players before, during and after an Official Game: Influence of Competition Level and Playing Position. Nutrients 2024; 16:337. [PMID: 38337622 PMCID: PMC10856869 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical demands in soccer differ according to league level and playing position and may influence nutritional requirements. This study examined the effect of competition level and playing position on dietary intake in male soccer players (SP). Diet was weighed and recorded by 123 SP for 3 days; before, on the day, and the day after an official match. SP in the Super League (SL, n = 33) division reported higher (p < 0.05) average three-day energy (195 ± 36 kJ/kg), carbohydrate (6.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), and protein (2.2 ± 0.5 g/kg) intakes compared to the intakes reported by SP in the 2nd (n = 30) (energy: 159 ± 31 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.6 ± 1.2 g/kg; protein: 1.9 ± 0.4 g/kg), 3rd (n = 30) (energy: 153 ± 34 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.5 ± 1.2 g/kg; protein: 1.7 ± 0.4 g/kg), and 4th (n = 30) (energy: 152 ± 36 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.2 ± 1.2 g/kg; protein: 1.7 ± 0.5 g/kg) national leagues (mean ± SD). Furthermore, when data were analyzed by playing position (pooled data), wide midfielders reported higher (p < 0.05) energy (183 ± 33 kJ/kg), carbohydrate (5.4 ± 1.2 g/kg), and fat (1.5 ± 0.4 g/kg) intakes compared to central defenders (energy: 147 ± 37 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.1 ± 1.1 g/kg; fat: 1.2 ± 0.4 g/kg). The dietary intake of SP may differ according to the playing position and competition level, possibly due to different metabolic demands in training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Souglis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
| | - Sofia Tsalouhidou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Andrew T. Hulton
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
| | - Anatoli Petridou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Maridaki
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
| | - Apostolos Theos
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine & Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Prieto-Bellver G, Diaz-Lara J, Bishop DJ, Fernández-Sáez J, Abián-Vicén J, San-Millan I, Santos-Concejero J. A Five-Week Periodized Carbohydrate Diet Does Not Improve Maximal Lactate Steady-State Exercise Capacity and Substrate Oxidation in Well-Trained Cyclists compared to a High-Carbohydrate Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:318. [PMID: 38276556 PMCID: PMC10820927 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists. Seventeen trained cyclists (VO2peak = 70.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) were divided into two groups, a periodized (PCHO) group and a high-carbohydrate (HCHO) group. Both groups performed the same training sessions for five weeks. In the PCHO group, 13 training sessions were performed with low carbohydrate availability. In the HCHO group, all sessions were completed following previous carbohydrate intake to ensure high pre-exercise glycogen levels. In both groups, there was an increase in the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (PCHO: 244.1 ± 29.9 W to 253.2 ± 28.4 W; p = 0.008; HCHO: 235.8 ± 21.4 W to 246.9 ± 16.7 W; p = 0.012) but not in the time to exhaustion at MLSS intensity. Both groups increased the percentage of muscle mass (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.042) and decreased the percent body fat (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.012). We found no differences in carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, heart rate, and post-exercise lactate concentration. Periodizing the CHO intake in well-trained cyclists during a 5-week intervention did not elicit superior results to an energy intake-matched high-carbohydrate diet in any of the measured outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Prieto-Bellver
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - Javier Diaz-Lara
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray VIC 3011, Australia;
| | - José Fernández-Sáez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain;
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - Iñigo San-Millan
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA;
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
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Brady AJ, Egan B. Acute Ingestion of a Ketone Monoester without Co-ingestion of Carbohydrate Improves Running Economy in Male Endurance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:134-142. [PMID: 37565450 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester, with and without co-ingestion of carbohydrate, was investigated for effects on running economy (RE), time to exhaustion (TTE), and other related indices of endurance running performance. METHODS Using a three condition, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design, 11 male middle- and long-distance runners ran at five submaximal speeds (10-14 km·h -1 ) on a motorized treadmill for 8 min each, immediately followed by a ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Participants consumed either a 10% carbohydrate solution (CHO), a 10% carbohydrate solution with 750 mg·kg -1 body mass of an ( R )-3-hydroxybutyl ( R )-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester (CHO + KE), or 750 mg·kg -1 body mass of the ketone monoester in flavored water (KE) before (two-thirds of the dose) and during (one-third of the dose) exercise. RESULTS β-hydroxybutyrate concentration averaged 1.8 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.3 mM during exercise in CHO + KE and KE, respectively. RE was lower at each submaximal running speed (effect size = 0.48-0.98) by an average of 4.1% in KE compared with CHO, but not between CHO + KE and CHO. TTE did not differ between CHO (369 ± 116 s), CHO + KE (342 ± 99 s), or KE (333 ± 106 s) ( P = 0.093). CONCLUSIONS Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester without carbohydrate, but not when coingested with carbohydrate, improved RE in middle- and long-distance runners at a range of submaximal running speeds and did not alter TTE in a short-duration ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Further investigation is required to examine if these differences translate into positive performance outcomes over longer durations of exercise.
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Salahuddin M, Hiramatsu K, Al-Amin M, Imai Y, Kita K. Low dietary carbohydrate induces structural alterations in enterocytes of the chicken ileum. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13919. [PMID: 38287469 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the role of dietary carbohydrates in the maintenance of the enterocyte microvillar structure in the chicken ileum. Male chickens were divided into the control and three experimental groups, and the experimental groups were fed diets containing 50%, 25%, and 0% carbohydrates of the control diet. The structural alterations in enterocytes were examined using transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescent techniques for β-actin and villin. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 and proglucagon mRNA were detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Fragmentation and wide gap spaces were frequently observed in the microvilli of the 25% and 0% groups. The length, width, and density of microvilli were also decreased in the experimental groups. The experimental groups had shorter terminal web extensions, and there were substantial changes in the mitochondrial density between the control and experimental groups. Intensities of β-actin and villin immunofluorescence observed on the apical surface of enterocytes were lower in the 0% group. The frequency of GLP-2-immunoreactive and proglucagon mRNA-expressing cells decreased with declining dietary carbohydrate levels. This study revealed that dietary carbohydrates contribute to the structural maintenance of enterocyte microvilli in the chicken ileum. The data from immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays suggest the participation of GLP-2 in this maintenance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Md Al-Amin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuriko Imai
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kita
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Lehmann L, Giacomoni M, Del Sordo G, Raymond JJ, Duché P, Margaritis I. Energy and Macronutrient Intakes in Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:3-16. [PMID: 37956875 DOI: 10.1055/a-2108-5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of differences in energy and macronutrient intakes between young athletes and non-athletes, considering age, gender and sport characteristics. The study included original research articles that compared energy and macronutrient intakes of 8 to 18-year-old athletes to non-athletes. Mean difference (MD) meta-analyses were performed to quantify energy and macronutrient intake differences between athletes and non-athletes. Eighteen observational studies were included. Results revealed that the energy and carbohydrate consumption of athletes was higher than that of non-athletes (MD=4.65kcal/kg/d, p<0.01 and MD=1.65% of total energy intake, p<0.01, respectively). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant effect of total training time on the observed mean differences between athletes and non-athletes. As practice time increased, the differences between athletes and non-athletes increased for carbohydrate and decreased for protein. Sport type analysis revealed a higher protein intake by mixed sport athletes compared to endurance and power sports. Analyses also indicated an age effect: the older the athletes, the smaller the differences between athletes and non-athletes for energy intake. However, the methods used to match groups and estimate dietary intakes forced us to moderate the results. More rigorous research methods are needed to define the dietary intakes of athletes and non-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lehmann
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
| | - Magali Giacomoni
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
| | - Giovanna Del Sordo
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Raymond
- Laboratoire IAPS, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Toulon - La Seyne-sur-Mer, Toulon, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon - Campus de La Garde, Toulon, France
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Tsumura A, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Kawakami H, Yamamoto S, Oura M, Tatano H, Ohminami H, Masuda M, Taketani Y. Investigation of Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles of Japanese Diets Using the Food Exchange Lists for Diabetes Diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2024; 70:25-35. [PMID: 38417849 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.70.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese provide target values for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. However, they do not provide information on reference values for amino acids (AAs) and fatty acids (FAs), which determine the quality of foods in detail. Therefore, we evaluated AAs and FAs using the Food Exchange Lists-Dietary Guidance for Persons with Diabetes (in Japanese) Utilization, Second Edition Sample Menus and Practice (FELD) as an ideal Japanese diet. Based on FELD, 15 different daily meal patterns were employed with combinations of three levels of carbohydrates %energy (high carbohydrate [HC], 60%; middle carbohydrate [MC], 55%; and low carbohydrate [LC], 50%) and five levels of energy (1,200-2,000 kcal). Using the Japanese Food Composition Table 2020 adjusted for 1,000 kcal, 18 AAs, 49 FAs, and calorie densities (CDs, kcal/g) were calculated and compared among the three groups. Dietary AA was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and leucine; in order, no significant differences were observed among HC, MC, and LC for 18 AAs. Dietary FA was higher for 18:1 total, 16:0, and 18:2 n-6. Moreover, 16:0, 20:0, and 18:1 total in LC and 22:0 and 18:3 n-3 in MC were significantly higher than those in HC. The HC, MC, and LC CD was low at 0.82, 0.84, and 0.93 kcal/g, respectively. No significant differences in 18 AAs and CD were noted among HC, MC, and LC in FELD; however, significant differences were observed in the FA profiles. This study suggests the importance of evaluating diet using AA and FA units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayari Tsumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Doshisha Women College of Liberal Arts
| | - Hana Kawakami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Mayu Oura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Hiroshi Tatano
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane
| | - Hirokazu Ohminami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Yutaka Taketani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
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Nogueira PLB, Coimbra de Paula C, Dock-Nascimento DB, Aguilar-Nascimento JED. Metabolic effects of an oral carbohydrate-whey protein supplement after fasting in volunteers: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Nutrition 2024; 117:112251. [PMID: 37944409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral supplements containing carbohydrates (CHOs) can be used to reduce preoperative fasting time. The aim of this study was to investigate the early metabolic and acute phase responses to a clear, oral supplement containing CHO and whey protein (WP) in young, healthy volunteers during a fasting-induced organic response. METHODS In this controlled crossover clinical trial, volunteers were randomized into groups after a 12-h fast: the CHO+WP group consumed 200 mL CHO enriched with WP (n = 30); the CHO group members consumed 200 mL water plus maltodextrin (n = 30), and the Fast group was fasted only (n = 30). Blood samples were collected after fasting and 3 h after ingestion of the supplement. The samples were analyzed for glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, C-reactive protein, β-hydroxybutyrate, triacylglycerols, albumin, chlorine, and sodium. After 7 d, the groups were inverted, so all volunteers entered the three groups. RESULTS The nutritional intervention did not change the biochemical parameters related to the acute phase response or insulin resistance; however, there was a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.001) in serum β-hydroxybutyrate in the CHO+WP group (0.05 ± 0.08 mmol/L) compared with the other two groups (Fast group: 0.11 ± 0.08 mmol/L; CHO group: 0.09 ± 0.13 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS After overnight fasting, the oral supplement containing CHO and WP decreased ketosis. These findings may help select the most efficient oral supplement to be given 2 to 3 h before elective surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo L B Nogueira
- UNIVAG Medical School, Varzea Grande and Health Sciences Postgraduate Department, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.
| | | | - Diana Borges Dock-Nascimento
- Nutrition School and Health Sciences Postgraduate Department. Medical School, University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo de Aguilar-Nascimento
- UNIVAG Medical School, Varzea Grande and Health Sciences Postgraduate Department, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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Ghorbanian B, Wong A, Iranpour A. The effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction and aerobic exercise on retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) in middle-aged men with metabolic syndrome - CORRIGENDUM. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:2208. [PMID: 37303160 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Kristensen KB, Ranjan AG, McCarthy OM, Holst JJ, Bracken RM, Nørgaard K, Schmidt S. Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate-High-Protein Pre-Exercise Meal in Type 1 Diabetes-a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:208-216. [PMID: 37463489 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current guidelines for exercise-related glucose management focus on reducing bolus and/or basal insulin doses and considering carbohydrate intake. Yet far less attention has been paid to the potential role of other macronutrients alongside carbohydrates on glucose dynamics around exercise. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a low-carbohydrate-high-protein (LCHP) compared with a high-carbohydrate-low-protein (HCLP) pre-exercise meal on the metabolic, hormonal, and physiological responses to exercise in adults with insulin pump-treated type 1 diabetes. METHODS Fourteen adults (11 women, 3 men) with insulin pump-treated type 1 diabetes (median [range] HbA1c of 50 [43-59] mmol/mol (6.7% [6.1%-7.5%]), age of 49 [25-65] years, and body mass index of 24.0 [19.3-27.1] kg/m2) completed an unblinded, 2-arm, randomized, crossover study. Participants ingested isocaloric meals that were either LCHP (carbohydrate 21%, protein 52%, fat 27%) or HCLP (carbohydrate 52%, protein 21%, fat 27%) 90 minutes prior to undertaking 45 minutes of cycling at moderate intensity. Meal insulin bolus was dosed according to meal carbohydrate content but reduced by 25%. Basal insulin rates were reduced by 35% from meal ingestion to end of exercise. RESULTS Around exercise the coefficient of variability was lower during LCHP (LCHP: 14.5 ± 5.3 vs HCLP: 24.9 ± 7.7%, P = .001). Over exercise, LCHP was associated with a lesser drop (LCHP: Δ-1.49 ± 1.89 vs HCLP: Δ-3.78 ± 1.95 mmol/L, P = .001). Mean insulin concentration was 30% lower during exercise for LCHP compared with HCLP (LCHP: 25.5 ± 11.0 vs HCLP: 36.5 ± 15.9 mU/L, P < .001). CONCLUSION Ingesting a LCHP pre-exercise meal lowered plasma glucose variability around exercise and diminished the drop in plasma glucose over exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Kristensen
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ajenthen G Ranjan
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Olivia M McCarthy
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, UK
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, UK
| | - Kirsten Nørgaard
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Signe Schmidt
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Venegas Hargous C, Orellana L, Strugnell C, Corvalan C, Allender S, Bell C. Adapting the Planetary Health Diet Index for children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:146. [PMID: 38098050 PMCID: PMC10722829 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tools for measuring adherence to sustainable healthy diets among children and adolescents are lacking. OBJECTIVE To advance methods for measuring adherence to sustainable healthy diets among children and adolescents by adapting an existing index, compare scores obtained using the original and adapted versions of the index in a sample of Chilean children, and describe the adapted index association with diet characteristics. METHODS The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) was adapted to better reflect children's and adolescents' nutritional requirements. The adapted index (PHDI-C) comprises 16 components with a maximum score of 150 points. PHDI-C was piloted among a sample of 958 Chilean children (3-6 years) using dietary data collected in 2016 through single 24-h recalls. A decision tree and food disaggregation methodology were developed to guide the calculation of scores. Scores obtained using the original and adapted versions of the index were compared. Linear regression models adjusted by child's gender and age were fitted to explore associations between total PHDI-C score, dietary recall characteristics and nutritional composition of children's diets. RESULTS PHDI accounted for 75.7% of children's total caloric intake, whereas PHDI-C accounted for 99.6%. PHDI & PHCI-C scores were low among this sample of children; however, mean total score was lower when using PHDI compared to PHDI-C [40.7(12.1) vs 50.1(14.6)]. Children's scores were very low for nuts & peanuts, legumes, dark green vegetables, whole cereals, tubers & potatoes, and added sugars components across both indices, but were higher for dairy products and eggs & white meats components when using the PHDI-C due to adjustments made to ensure nutritional adequacy. Mean total PHDI-C score was significantly lower on weekends and special occasions, and significantly higher when children reported having a special diet (e.g., vegetarian). Total PHDI-C score was negatively associated with total sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, and animal-based protein intake, and positively associated with total protein, plant-based protein, total carbohydrates, and total fibre intake. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a replicable method for measuring adherence to sustainable healthy diets among children and adolescents that can be used to monitor trends and measure the effectiveness of actions targeting improving children's diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Venegas Hargous
- Deakin University, Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, Australia
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Liliana Orellana
- Deakin University, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Claudia Strugnell
- Deakin University, Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, Australia
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Australia
| | - Camila Corvalan
- University of Chile, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Steven Allender
- Deakin University, Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, Australia
| | - Colin Bell
- Deakin University, Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, Australia.
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia.
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Minari TP, Tácito LHB, Yugar LBT, Ferreira-Melo SE, Manzano CF, Pires AC, Moreno H, Vilela-Martin JF, Cosenso-Martin LN, Yugar-Toledo JC. Nutritional Strategies for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5096. [PMID: 38140355 PMCID: PMC10746081 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thinking about greater adherence to dietary planning, it is extremely important to be aware of all nutritional strategies and dietary prescriptions available in the literature, and of which of them is the most efficient for the management of T2DM. METHODS A search was carried out in 2023 for randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo, Web of Science, CrossRef and Google Scholar. In total, 202 articles were collected and analyzed. The period of publications was 1983-2023. RESULTS There is still no consensus on what the best nutritional strategy or ideal dietary prescription is, and individuality is necessary. In any case, these references suggest that Mediterranean Diet may of greater interest for the management of T2DM, with the following recommended dietary prescription: 40-50% carbohydrates; 15-25% proteins; 25-35% fats (<7% saturated, 10% polyunsaturated, and 10% monounsaturated); at least 14 g of fiber for every 1000 kcal consumed; and <2300 mg sodium. CONCLUSIONS Individuality is the gold standard for dietary prescriptions, however, the Mediterranean diet with low levels of carbohydrates and fats seems to be the most promising strategy for the management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Palotta Minari
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Bonalume Tácito
- Department of Endocrinology, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sílvia Elaine Ferreira-Melo
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Hypertension Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Freitas Manzano
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Pires
- Department of Endocrinology, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Moreno
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Hypertension Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Vilela-Martin
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Cosenso-Martin
- Department of Endocrinology, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
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Liu Z, Huang H, Xie J, Hou L, Xu C. Different dietary carbohydrate component intakes and long-term outcomes in patients with NAFLD: results of longitudinal analysis from the UK Biobank. Nutr J 2023; 22:67. [PMID: 38062487 PMCID: PMC10704713 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between the intake of different dietary carbohydrate components and the long-term outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS We used prospective data from 26,729 NAFLD participants from the UK Biobank cohort study. Dietary information was recorded by online 24-hour questionnaires (Oxford WebQ). Consumption of different carbohydrate components was calculated by the UK Nutrient Databank Food Composition Table. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A substitution model was used to estimate the associations of hypothetical substitution for free sugars. RESULTS During a median of 10.5 (IQR: 10.2-11.2) years and a total of 280,135 person-years of follow-up, 310 incident end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and 1750 deaths were recorded. Compared with the lowest quartile, the multi-adjusted HRs (95% CI) of incident ESLD in the highest quartile were 1.65 (1.14-2.39) for free sugars, 0.51 (0.35-0.74) for non-free sugars, and 0.55 (0.36-0.83) for fiber. For overall mortality, the multi-adjusted HRs (95% CI) in the highest quartile were 1.21 (1.04-1.39) for free sugars, 0.79 (0.68-0.92) for non-free sugars, and 0.79 (0.67-0.94) for fiber. Substituting free sugars with equal amounts of non-free sugars, starch or fiber was associated with a lower risk of incident ESLD and overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS A lower intake of free sugars and a higher intake of fiber are associated with a lower incidence of ESLD and overall mortality in NAFLD patients. These findings support the important role of the quality of dietary carbohydrates in preventing ESLD and overall mortality in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhening Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hangkai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Linxiao Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Chen X, Gu J, Huang Y. High dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids is associated with improved insulin resistance - a cross-sectional study based on the NHANES database. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:216. [PMID: 38053162 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A moderate intake of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) is associated positively with improved insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids/total fats (UFA/TF) and insulin resistance. METHODS 15,560 participants were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database enrolled between March 2017 and 2020, and excluded those under 20 years of age, pregnant, or with missing data for key research items. Finally, 7,630 participants were included in the study. R software was used for data analysis that included: (1) general descriptive statistics; (2) comparison of differences in baseline information of three UFA/TF groups, namely low, medium, and high ratios; (3) calculation of the correlation between the UFA/TF ratio and markers of insulin resistance: triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); (4) stratification of the study subjects into two groups, with or without insulin resistance, using a cut-off value of HOMA-IR ≥ 2, followed by logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between UFA/TF and insulin resistance status in the two groups; and (5) further stratification of the subjects according to age, gender, body mass index (BMI), race, total energy intake, total protein, total carbohydrate, total sugars, total dietary fiber, total fat, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia to analyze the impact of UFA/TF on insulin resistance status in different subgroups. RESULTS (1) A high UFA/TF level was associated with a low TyG index and HOMA-IR [β (vs. TyG index) = -0.559, 95% CI: (-0.821~-0.297), P < 0.001; β (vs. HOMA-IR) = -0.742, 95% CI: (-1.083~-0.402), P < 0.001]. This negative relationship became more pronounced when UFA/TF exceeded 57.9% (i.e., the higher group). (2) Logistic regression analysis showed that a higher UFA/TF level was associated with a lower risk of developing insulin resistance [Q3 vs. Q1: 0.838 (95%CI: 0.709 ~ 0.991); P for trend = 0.038]. After adjusting for covariates such as gender, age, and BMI, this protective effect remained significant (P value < 0.05). (3) Analysis also showed that increased UFA/TF intake reduced the risk of developing insulin resistance (OR = 0.266, 95% CI: (0.075 ~ 0.946), P = 0.041). Subgroup analysis showed that although elevated UFA/TF intake showed no statistically significant difference in its effect in most subgroups, the large study population in this study provides valuable insights on potential changes. Increased UFA/TF intake may confer relatively greater benefits within specific subgroups, particularly among the elderly [Q3 age group, OR = 0.114, 95%CI: (0.012 ~ 1.078), P = 0.058], females [OR = 0.234, 95%CI: (0.041 ~ 1.333), P = 0.102], those with a BMI ≤ 25 kg/m²[OR = 0.191, 95%CI: (0.016 ~ 2.344), P = 0.196], and individuals without hypercholesterolemia [OR = 0.207, 95%CI: (0.042 ~ 1.013), P = 0.0519]. The impact of high UFA/TF levels within subgroups based on the presence or absence of coronary heart disease and stroke displayed contrasting trends. In those without coronary heart disease, there was a significant protective effect against insulin resistance [OR = 0.254, 95% CI: (0.07 ~ 0.929), P = 0.0384], while in the stroke subgroup, a significantly protective effect against insulin resistance was observed [OR = 0.002, 95%CI: (0 ~ 0.695), P = 0.0376]. CONCLUSION A high dietary intake of UFA relative to total fat consumption could be a protective factor against the risk of developing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Department of General Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of General Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhao L, Li M, Li Y, Hao H, Zhao S, Ma A, Cai J. Association between macronutrients intake and liver dysfunction among tuberculosis patients in rural China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2023; 32:444-459. [PMID: 38135480 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202312_32(4).0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Macronutrients play a vital role in liver dysfunction and affect tuberculosis treatment and prognosis. However, macronutrients intake was inadequate for most tuberculosis patients. This study aimed to clarify the associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dys-function in tuberculosis patients. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, 2581 active tu-berculosis patients aged ≥18 years were included from local tuberculosis clinics in Linyi, China. Macronutrients intake and energy percentages were assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls. The concentration of alanine transferase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) greater than 40 U/L was defined as liver dysfunction. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was applied to determine the dose-response relationships. RESULTS Liver dysfunction was assessed for 14.6% (377 patients) of tuberculosis patients. Higher protein (Q2-Q4 in model 1 and 2) or fat intake and fat-to-energy percentages and lower carbohydrate-to-energy percentages (Q4 in model 1) were associated with a decreased incidence of liver dysfunction (p-trend < 0.05). Among those who were male, normal BMI, or consumed energy <1636 kcal/d, inverse associations between protein or fat intake and the risks of liver dysfunction in models were suggested (p-trend < 0.05). Moreover, J-shaped curves in RCS were evident in liver dysfunction tuberculosis patients with protein or fat intake (p-nonlinearity < 0.05). Conclu-sions: Significant linear associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dysfunction prevalence were found only in male, normal BMI, or less energy intake patients. The shapes of liver dysfunction-morbidity differed significantly by macronutrients intake or energy percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Hao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Shanliang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital East Branch, Linyi, China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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