1
|
Lee SJL, Peiffer JJ, Haakonssen E, Van Rens FECA. Can period-related symptoms predict menstrual manipulation among Australian female cyclists? J Sports Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38590213 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2334485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the extent of menstrual manipulation and its associated impact on period-related symptoms and training disruptions in Australian Female Cyclists. 205 female cyclists, from recreational to elite level, participated in an online "Female Cyclist Questionnaire (FCQ)". The FCQ utilised a series of validated questionnaires to obtain demographic information and menstrual function of the respondents, and to investigate their menstrual manipulation habits and perceptions on how their period-related symptoms affected their well-being, mood, energy and training tolerance. More than 80% of the cyclists reported that their period-related symptoms impacted upon training and 41% made training adjustments based on these symptoms. Two-thirds of respondents thought their training should be phase-controlled yet only half discussed their hormonal cycles with their coaches. Menstrual manipulation was predicted by reduced "workout tolerance" in these cyclists (odds ratio = 0.632). Half of the respondents reported compromised ability to tolerate high-intensity interval training with period-related symptoms. Period pain, increased irritability, lower energy levels and more sugar cravings were commonly reported but did not predict menstrual manipulation. The data indicated that period-related symptoms are present in Australian female cyclists across all levels of participation. However, the perceived impact to training and subsequent behavioural changes varied among individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serene J L Lee
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric Haakonssen
- Australian Cycling Team, Cycling Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Fleur E C A Van Rens
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee SJL, Van Rens FECA, Peiffer JJ. Effects of In-Exercise Carbohydrate Supplementation on Prolonged High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Oral Contraceptive Users. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:356-364. [PMID: 38237580 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of oral contraceptive (OC) phases on performance, physiological, and subjective responses to prolonged, intensive exercise when carbohydrate (CHO) stores are reduced. METHODS Ten well-trained female cyclists using monophasic OC completed 4 identical trials (>150 min) under conditions of in-trial 60-g·h-1 CHO supplementation (CHO+) or placebo (CHO-) during the sugar- (SUG) and active-pill (ACT) phases of their OC cycle. Each trial comprised two 400-kcal time trials (TT) separated by 1 hour of submaximal cycling at first ventilatory threshold. RESULTS Change in completion time from TT1 to TT2 was minimized in CHO+ compared with CHO- (4.06 [2.55] vs 6.08 [5.33] min; P = .019, effect size = -0.36). An interaction effect of OC and CHO was observed for time to complete TT (P = .006), mean TT power (P = .002), mean TT heart rate (P = .002), and posttrial emotional balance (P = .020) and negative emotional state (P = .033). In ACT, mean TT power and heart rate were higher in CHO+ when compared with CHO-, resulting in faster TTs in CHO+ and improved posttrial emotional well-being. When CHO was not supplemented, TT power and heart rate were higher in SUG when compared with ACT, resulting in faster TTs in SUG and improved posttrial emotional balance. CONCLUSION CHO depletion during ACT negatively influenced TT performance and emotional well-being when compared with SUG. Irrespective of OC pill phase, CHO supplementation should be prioritized to sustain performance and improve postexercise recovery-stress balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serene J L Lee
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sewell KR, Rainey-Smith SR, Pedrini S, Peiffer JJ, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Markovic SJ, Martins RN, Brown BM. The impact of exercise on blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively unimpaired older adults. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01130-2. [PMID: 38488949 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is a promising preventative strategy for Alzheimer's disease: it is associated with lower dementia risk, better cognition, greater brain volume and lower brain beta-amyloid. Blood-based biomarkers have emerged as a low-cost, non-invasive strategy for detecting preclinical Alzheimer's disease, however, there is limited literature examining the effect of exercise (a structured form of physical activity) on blood-based biomarkers. The current study investigated the influence of a 6-month exercise intervention on levels of plasma beta-amyloid (Aβ42, Aβ40, Aβ42/40), phosphorylated tau (p-tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light (NfL) chain in cognitively unimpaired older adults, and as a secondary aim, whether blood-based biomarkers related to cognition. Ninety-nine community-dwelling older adults (69.1 ± 5.2) were allocated to an inactive control, or to moderate or high intensity exercise groups where they cycled twice weekly for six months. At baseline and six months (post-intervention), fasted blood was collected and analysed using single molecule array (SIMOA) assays, and cognition was assessed. Results demonstrated no change in levels of any plasma biomarker from pre- to post-intervention. At baseline, higher NfL was associated with poorer cognition (β = -0.33, SE = 0.13, adjusted p = .042). Exploratory analyses indicated higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with higher NfL and GFAP levels in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 non-carriers compared to ε4 carriers (NfL, β = -0.43, SE = 0.19, p = .029; GFAP, β = -0.41, SE = 0.20, p = .044), though this association was mediated by body mass index (BMI). These results highlight the importance of considering BMI in analysis of blood-based biomarkers, especially when investigating differences between APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers. Our results also indicate that longer follow-up periods may be required to observe exercise-induced change in blood-based biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Sewell
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Shaun J Markovic
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Hiscock DJ, De Marco K, Scott BR. Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood-Flow Restriction Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability Similarly to Unrestricted Training at Reduced External Loads. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:257-264. [PMID: 38154016 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined performance and physiological adaptations following 3 weeks of repeated-sprint training (RST) with blood-flow restriction (BFR) or without (non-BFR). METHODS Twenty-six semiprofessional and amateur adult male team-sport players were assessed for repeated-sprint ability, anaerobic capacity, leg lean mass, neuromuscular function, and maximal aerobic capacity before and after RST. Participants completed 9 cycling RST sessions (3 sets of 5-7 × 5-s sprints, 25-s passive recovery, 3-min rest) over a 3-week period with BFR or non-BFR. RESULTS During RST sessions, the BFR group demonstrated lower mean power output compared with non-BFR (-14.5%; g = 1.48; P = .001). Significant improvements (P < .05) in mean and peak power output during repeated-sprint ability (+4.1%; g = 0.42, and + 2.2%; g = 0.25, respectively) and anaerobic capacity (+4.8%; g = 0.47, and + 4.7%; g = 0.32, respectively) tests, leg lean mass (+2.0%; g = 0.16), and peak aerobic power (+3.3%; g = 0.25) were observed from pretesting to posttesting without any between-groups differences. No significant changes (P > .05) were observed for maximal isometric voluntary contraction and maximal aerobic capacity. Peak rate of force development decreased (P = .003) in both groups following RST (-14.6%; g = 0.65), without any between-groups differences. CONCLUSIONS Repeated-sprint ability, anaerobic capacity, leg lean mass, and peak aerobic power improved following 3 weeks of RST; however, the addition of BFR did not further enhance adaptations. Interestingly, comparable improvements were achieved between groups despite lower external loads experienced during RST sessions with BFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Mckee
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel J Hiscock
- Sport Department, Wesley College, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth,WA, Australia
| | - Kristen De Marco
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haddad T, Spence AL, Peiffer JJ, Blain GM, Brisswalter J, Abbiss CR. Single- Versus Double-Leg Cycling: Small Muscle Mass Exercise Improves Exercise Capacity to a Greater Extent in Older Compared With Younger Population. J Aging Phys Act 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38350440 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Manipulating the amount of muscle mass engaged during exercise can noninvasively inform the contribution of central cardiovascular and peripheral vascular-oxidative functions to endurance performance. To better understand the factors contributing to exercise limitation in older and younger individuals, exercise performance was assessed during single-leg and double-leg cycling. 16 older (67 ± 5 years) and 14 younger (35 ± 5 years) individuals performed a maximal exercise using single-leg and double-leg cycling. The ratio of single-leg to double-leg cycling power (RatioPower SL/DL) was compared between age groups. The association between fitness (peak oxygen consumption, peak power output, and physical activity levels) and RatioPower SL/DL was explored. The RatioPower SL/DL was greater in older compared with younger individuals (1.14 ± 0.11 vs. 1.06 ± 0.08, p = .041). The RatioPower SL/DL was correlated with peak oxygen consumption (r = .886, p < .001), peak power output relative to body mass (r = .854, p < .001), and levels of physical activity (r = .728, p = .003) in the younger but not older subgroup. Reducing the amount of muscle mass engaged during exercise improved exercise capacity to a greater extent in older versus younger population and may reflect a greater reduction in central cardiovascular function compared with peripheral vascular-oxidative function with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Haddad
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
| | - Angela L Spence
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sport Science Discipline, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li SN, Peeling P, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ, Shaykevich A, Girard O. Recovery following exercise-induced fatigue: Influence of a single heart rate clamped cycling session under systemic hypoxia. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:350-357. [PMID: 38502604 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2330816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
We investigated whether a single heart rate clamped cycling session under systemic hypoxia affects the recovery of physical and psycho-physiological responses from residual fatigue compared to normoxia. On separate occasions, twelve trained males performed a 3-d acute training camp scenario. On days 1 and 3, participants cycled for 60 min at a constant heart rate (80% of ventilatory threshold). On day 2, fatigue was induced through a simulated team game circuit (STGC), followed by a 60-min intervention of either: (1) heart rate clamped cycling in normoxia; (2) heart rate clamped cycling in hypoxia (simulated altitude ~ 3500 m); or (3) no cycling. Countermovement jump height and leg stiffness were assessed before and after every session. Perceptual fatigue was evaluated daily. Compared to baseline, jump height decreased at all timepoints following the STGC (all p < 0.05). Leg stiffness and cycling power output only decreased immediately following the STGC, with a 48% further decrease in cycling power output in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). Perceived fatigue, decreased sleep quality, and increased muscle soreness responses occurred on day 3 (p < 0.05). A single heart rate-clamped cycling session in hypoxia reduced mechanical output without affecting recovery of physical performance and perceptual measures from residual fatigue induced through team sport activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alex Shaykevich
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gujral S, Burns M, Erickson KI, Rofey D, Peiffer JJ, Laws SM, Brown B. Dose-response effects of exercise on mental health in community-dwelling older adults: Exploration of genetic moderators. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100443. [PMID: 38304020 PMCID: PMC10831729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective (1) Examine the role of exercise intensity on mental health symptoms in a community-based sample of older adults. (2) Explore the moderating role of genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) on the effects of exercise on mental health symptoms. Method This study is a secondary analysis of a three-arm randomized controlled trial, comparing the effects of 6 months of high-intensity aerobic training vs. moderate-intensity aerobic training vs. a no-contact control group on mental health symptoms assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and APOE ε4 carrier status were explored as genetic moderators of exercise effects on mental health symptoms. Results The exercise intervention did not influence mental health symptoms. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism did not moderate intervention effects on mental health symptoms. APOE ε4 carrier status moderated the effect of intervention group on perceived stress over 6 months, such that APOE ε4 carriers, but not non-carriers, in the high-intensity aerobic training group showed a decline in perceived stress over 6 months. Conclusions APOE ε4 carrier status may modify the benefits of high-intensity exercise on perceived stress such that APOE ε4 carriers show a greater decline in stress as a result of exercise relative to non-APOE ε4 carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Gujral
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave Suite 520-17, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcia Burns
- Department of Psychology, Indianapolis University, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Dana Rofey
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave Suite 520-17, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch Western, Australia
| | - Simon M. Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch Western, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Manipulating Internal and External Loads During Repeated Cycling Sprints: A Comparison of Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:47-54. [PMID: 37889856 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mckee, JR, Girard, O, Peiffer, JJ, and Scott, BR. Manipulating internal and external loads during repeated cycling sprints: A comparison of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 47-54, 2024-This study examined the impact of blood flow restriction (BFR) application method (continuous vs. intermittent) during repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) on performance, physiological, and perceptual responses. Twelve adult male semi-professional Australian football players completed 4 RSE sessions (3 × [5 × 5-second maximal sprints:25-second passive recovery], 3-minute rest between the sets) with BFR applied continuously (C-BFR; excluding interset rest periods), intermittently during only sprints (I-BFR WORK ), or intraset rest periods (I-BFR REST ) or not at all (Non-BFR). An alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine significance. Mean power output was greater for Non-BFR ( p < 0.001, dz = 1.58 ), I-BFR WORK ( p = 0.002, dz = 0.63 ), and I-BFR REST ( p = 0.003, dz = 0.69 ) than for C-BFR and for Non-BFR ( p = 0.043, dz = 0.55 ) compared with I-BFR REST . Blood lactate concentration ( p = 0.166) did not differ between the conditions. Mean oxygen consumption was higher during Non-BFR ( p < 0.001, dz = 1.29 and 2.31; respectively) and I-BFR WORK ( p < 0.001, dz = 0.74 and 1.63; respectively) than during I-BFR REST and C-BFR and for I-BFR REST ( p = 0.002, dz = 0.57) compared with C-BFR. Ratings of perceived exertion were greater for I-BFR REST ( p = 0.042, dz = 0.51) and C-BFR ( p = 0.011, dz = 0.90) than for Non-BFR and during C-BFR ( p = 0.023, dz = 0.54) compared with I-BFR WORK . Applying C-BFR or I-BFR REST reduced mechanical output and cardiorespiratory demands of RSE and were perceived as more difficult. Practitioners should be aware that BFR application method influences internal and external demands during RSE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Mckee
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee SJL, Sim MP, VAN Rens FECA, Peiffer JJ. Fatigue Resistance Is Altered during the High-Hormone Phase of Eumenorrheic Females but Not Oral Contraceptive Users. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:92-102. [PMID: 37699150 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of ovarian hormones and their synthetic equivalents on substrate utilization and fatigue resistance during a race-specific cycling protocol. METHODS Seventeen well-trained female cyclists (nine eumenorrheic females, eight oral contraceptive users) completed two experimental trials, in a randomized order, in their low- (follicular/sugar pill) and high-hormone (luteal/active pill) phases. Each 91-min trial consisted of a 45-min moderate-intensity component (submaximal cycling, or SMC) followed by 6 min of high-intensity (HIT) and then a fatigue resistance test (FRT): 6 × 1-min all-out efforts with 1-min active recovery. Meals, comprising carbohydrate (CHO) intake of 8 g·kg -1 body mass, were standardized 24-h pretrial. An electrolyte-only solution was provided ad libitum during each trial. RESULTS In eumenorrheic females, a large reduction in average power during FRT was observed in the luteal phase (277 ± 31 vs 287 ± 33 W; P = 0.032). Greater CHO ox (~ 4%, P = 0.020) during SMC and ventilatory inefficiencies during SMC and HIT (~7%, P < 0.001) were also observed in the luteal phase. In contraceptive users, despite some phasal changes in cardiorespiratory and metabolic data in SMC (~6% higher blood glucose and ~2% higher minute ventilation in active pill phase), none of the performance parameters in the FRT were different. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue resistance was compromised only in high-hormone phase of the menstrual cycle, with eumenorrheic females likely susceptible because of increased CHO utilization during SMC. Hormone-induced ventilatory inefficiencies may also have increased metabolic demand. These findings emphasize the need to maintain CHO availability for power production, particularly in high-hormone phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fleur E C A VAN Rens
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mansfield SK, Peiffer JJ, Galna B, Scott BR. The velocity of resistance exercise does not accurately assess repetitions-in-reserve. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2357-2367. [PMID: 37552530 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2235314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the reliability of mean concentric bar velocity from 3- to 0-repetitions in reserve (RIR) across four sets in different exercises (bench press and prone row) and with different loads (60 and 80% 1-repetition maximum; 1RM). Whether velocity values from set one could be used to predict RIR in subsequent sets was also examined. Twenty recreationally active males performed baseline 1RM testing before two randomised sessions of four sets to failure with 60 or 80% 1RM. A linear position transducer measured mean concentric velocity of repetitions, and the velocity associated with each RIR value up to 0-RIR. For both exercises, velocity decreased between each repetition from 3- to 0-RIR (p ≤ 0.010). Mean concentric velocity of RIR values was not reliable across sets in the bench press (mean intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.40, mean coefficient of variation [CV] = 21.3%), despite no significant between-set differences (p = 0.530). Better reliability was noted in the prone row (mean ICC = 0.80, mean CV = 6.1%), but velocity declined by 0.019-0.027 m·s-1 (p = 0.032) between sets. Mean concentric velocity was 0.050-0.058 m·s-1 faster in both exercises with 60% than 80% 1RM with (p < 0.001). At the individual level, the velocity of specific RIR values from set one accurately predicted RIR from 5- to 0-RIR for 30.9% of repetitions in subsequent sets. These findings suggest that velocity of specific RIR values vary across exercises, loads and sets. As velocity-based RIR estimates were not accurate for 69.1% of repetitions, alternative methods to should be considered for autoregulating of resistance exercise in recreationally active individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Mansfield
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Brook Galna
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li SN, Peeling P, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ, Shaykevich A, Girard O. Maintenance of internal load despite a stepwise reduction in external load during moderate intensity heart rate clamped cycling with acute graded normobaric hypoxia in males. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:628-635. [PMID: 37852804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the acute effects of graded hypoxia on external and internal loads during 60 min of endurance cycling at a clamped heart rate. DESIGN Repeated measures. METHODS On separate visits, 16 trained males cycled for 60 min at a clamped heart rate corresponding to 80 % of their first ventilatory threshold at sea-level and 2500 m, 3000 m, 3500 m and 4000 m simulated altitudes (inspired oxygen fractions of 20.9 %, 15.4 %, 14.5 %, 13.6 % and 12.7 %, respectively). Markers of external (power output) and internal (blood lactate concentration, tissue saturation index, cardio-respiratory and perceptual responses) loads were measured every 15 min during cycling. Neuromuscular function of knee extensors was characterised pre- and post-exercise. RESULTS Compared to sea-level (101 ± 22 W), there was a stepwise reduction in power output with increasing hypoxia severity (-17.9 ± 8.9 %, -27.1 ± 10.7 %, -34.2 ± 12.0 % and - 44.6 ± 15.1 % at 2500 m, 3000 m, 3500 m, and 4000 m, respectively, all p < 0.05). Blood lactate and tissue saturation index were not different across hypoxia severities, and perceptual responses were exacerbated at 4000 m only, with increased breathing difficulty. Knee extensor torque decreased post-exercise (-14.5 ± 9.0 %, p < 0.05), independent of condition. CONCLUSIONS Increasing hypoxia severity reduces cycling power output and arterial oxygen saturation in a stepwise fashion without affecting exercise responses between sea-level and simulated altitudes up to 3500 m despite breathing difficulty being elevated at 4000 m.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Alex Shaykevich
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scott BR, Marston KJ, Teo SYM, Forrest MRL, Jonson A, Walden TP, Galna B, Peiffer JJ. The intensity of a resistance exercise session can be quantified by the work rate of exercise. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291857. [PMID: 37797065 PMCID: PMC10553797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Athletes regularly perform resistance training, yet it is unknown how best to monitor its intensity. This study compared different resistance exercise intensity metrics to determine their sensitivity to manipulating work rate (via altering inter-set rest and load). METHODS Following baseline testing for 10- and 3-repetition maximum (RM; squat and bench press), fourteen trained participants completed four volume-matched protocols in a randomised order: 3x10 with 85% 10RM, 60 s rest (3x1060s); 3x10 with 85% 10RM, 180 s (3x10180s); 8x3 with 85% 3RM, 120 s (8x3120s); 8x3 with 85% 3RM, 300 s (8x3300s). Internal intensity was quantified via rate of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]), heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). External intensity was assessed via previously developed "Training-Intensity" (TI) and "Intensity-Index" (II) metrics, and from exercise work rate (expressed as kg∙min-1 and joules∙min-1). RESULTS Internal intensity and work-rate metrics were highest for 3x1060s, followed by 3x10180s, 8x3120s and 8x3300s (p≤0.027). TI and II were higher for 8x3 than 3x10 protocols (p<0.001), but not different within these configurations. Internal intensity measures were more strongly correlated with work rate (r = 0.37-0.96) than TI and II (r = -0.42-0.33) metrics. CONCLUSIONS Work rate corroborated objective internal intensity metrics during resistance exercise, with the highest work rate session (3x1060s) also eliciting greater RPE scores than other protocols. In contrast, the TI and II did not agree with other intensity measures, likely because they do not consider rest periods. Practitioners can plan for the physiological and perceptual demands of resistance training by estimating work rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R. Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Kieran J. Marston
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Shaun Y. M. Teo
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Mitchell R. L. Forrest
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Allied Health Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Andrew Jonson
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Walden
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Brook Galna
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Smith NDW, Abbiss CR, Girard O, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ. Blood-Flow Restriction Is Associated With More Even Pacing During High-Intensity Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:667-673. [PMID: 37130589 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the influence of blood-flow restriction (BFR) on the distribution of pace, physiological demands, and perceptual responses during self-paced cycling. METHODS On separate days, 12 endurance cyclists/triathletes were instructed to produce the greatest average power output during 8-minute self-paced cycling trials with BFR (60% arterial occlusion pressure) or without restriction (CON). Power output and cardiorespiratory variables were measured continuously. Perceived exertion, muscular discomfort, and cuff pain were recorded every 2 minutes. RESULTS Linear regression analysis of the power output slope was statistically significant (ie, deviated from the intercept) for CON (2.7 [3.2] W·30 s-1; P = .009) but not for BFR (-0.1 [3.1] W·30 s-1; P = .952). Absolute power output was ∼24% (12%) lower at all time points (P < .001) during BFR compared with CON. Oxygen consumption (18% [12%]; P < .001), heart rate (7% [9%]; P < .001), and perceived exertion (8% [21%]; P = .008) were reduced during BFR compared with CON, whereas muscular discomfort (25% [35%]; P = .003) was greater. Cuff pain was rated as "strong" (5.3 [1.8] au; 0-10 scale) for BFR. CONCLUSION Trained cyclists adopted a more even distribution of pace when BFR was applied compared with a negative distribution during CON. By presenting a unique combination of physiological and perceptual responses, BFR is a useful tool to understand how the distribution of pace is self-regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Walden TP, Fairchild T, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Jonson AM, Dempsey AR. BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTED WALKING ALTERS GAIT KINEMATICS. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36946174 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2194274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Applying blood flow restriction changes walking kinematics, causing an overall increase in anterior trunk flexion and knee flexion during stance while simultaneously reducing plantar-flexion angle at toe-off and ankle joint velocity.Applying blood flow restriction exacerbate exercise-related sensations of exertion and discomfort.Sample site does not influence the level of post-exercise blood lactate or markers of cell-membrane potential and damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Walden
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Timothy Fairchild
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrew M Jonson
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Alasdair R Dempsey
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Snyder L, Goods PS, Peeling P, Binnie M, Peiffer JJ, Balloch A, Scott BR. Physical Characteristics and Competition Demands of Elite Wheelchair Basketball. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
|
16
|
Markovic SJ, Hellewell SC, Doré V, Xia Y, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ, Fitzgerald M, Brown BM. Investigating the Link between Later-Life Brain Volume and Cardiorespiratory Fitness after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Exposure. Gerontology 2023; 69:201-211. [PMID: 36174542 DOI: 10.1159/000526297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests that maintaining a higher level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) later in life can offer some protection against brain volume loss as we age. By contrast, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) could accelerate age-related cortical atrophy. The current study sought to examine whether variations in the CRF level modified the association between mTBI history and brain volumetric measures in a sample of older adults. METHODS Seventy-nine community-dwelling older adults (mean age 68.7 ± 4.3 years, 54.4% female) were assessed for their mTBI history: 25 participants (32%) reported sustaining at least one lifetime mTBI. Participants also underwent a CRF assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to obtain global and region-of-interest volumes. RESULTS Analysis of covariance, controlling for age, sex, education, and apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele carriage, revealed that participants with a history of mTBI had a significantly larger total mean grey matter volume (582.21 ± 12.46 cm3) in comparison to participants with no mTBI history (571.08 ± 17.21 cm3, p = 0.01 after correction for multiple comparisons). However, no differences between groups based on mTBI history were found for total white matter volume or in any other cortical or subcortical structures examined. A subsequent moderation analysis found that CRF was predominantly non-influential on the association between mTBI history and the MRI-quantified measures of brain volume. CONCLUSION While unexpected, the findings suggest that a history of mTBI can lead to grey matter alterations in the ageing brain. However, concurrent variations in the CRF level did not influence the differences in brain volume found based on mTBI exposure status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun J Markovic
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia
| | - Sarah C Hellewell
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, Nedlands, Washington, Australia
| | - Vincent Doré
- The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ying Xia
- The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, Nedlands, Washington, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood Flow Restriction: A Novel Approach to Improve Repeated-Sprint Ability? Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
18
|
Li SN, Peeling P, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ, Shaykevich A, Girard O. Automatic heart rate clamp: A practical tool to control internal and external training loads during aerobic exercise. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1170105. [PMID: 37089418 PMCID: PMC10119421 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1170105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Siu Nam Li, ; Olivier Girard,
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, WA, Australia
| | - Brendan R. Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alex Shaykevich
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Siu Nam Li, ; Olivier Girard,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sewell KR, Rainey‐Smith S, Villemagne VL, Peiffer JJ, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Ames D, Maruff P, Laws SM, Masters CL, Rowe C, Martins RN, Erickson KI, Brown BM. Objectively measured physical activity and cognition in cognitively normal older adults: A longitudinal analysis of the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.064392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Rainey‐Smith
- Murdoch University, Murdoch Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Western Australia Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health Heidelberg VIC Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch Western Australia Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Perth Western Australia Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - David Ames
- The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- Cogstate Ltd. Melbourne VIC Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Edith Cowan University Joondalup Australia
- Curtin University Perth Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University Joondalup Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- National Dementia Diagnostics Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Christopher Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health Melbourne VIC Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Western Australia Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Nedlands Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | | | - Belinda M Brown
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Western Australia Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Perth Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Smith NDW, Scott BR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ. Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction for Endurance Athletes: Potential Benefits and Considerations of Implementation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3541-3550. [PMID: 34175880 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Smith, NDW, Scott, BR, Girard, O, and Peiffer, JJ. Aerobic training with blood flow restriction for endurance athletes: potential benefits and considerations of implementation. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3541-3550, 2022-Low-intensity aerobic training with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve maximal oxygen uptake, delay the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and may provide marginal benefits to economy of motion in untrained individuals. Such a training modality could also improve these physiological attributes in well-trained athletes. Indeed, aerobic BFR training could be beneficial for those recovering from injury, those who have limited time for training a specific physiological capacity, or as an adjunct training stimulus to provide variation in a program. However, similarly to endurance training without BFR, using aerobic BFR training to elicit physiological adaptations in endurance athletes will require additional considerations compared with nonendurance athletes. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the acute and chronic aspects of aerobic BFR exercise for well-trained endurance athletes and highlight considerations for its effective implementation. This review first highlights key physiological capacities of endurance performance. The acute and chronic responses to aerobic BFR exercise and their impact on performance are then discussed. Finally, considerations for prescribing and monitoring aerobic BFR exercise in trained endurance populations are addressed to challenge current views on how BFR exercise is implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Walden TP, Girard O, Scott BR, Jonson AM, Peiffer JJ. Low- to Moderate-intensity Blood Flow Restricted Walking is not an Acute Equivalent for Unrestricted Jogging in Young Active Adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35894681 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether walking with blood flow restriction (BFR) increases acute cardio-respiratory demands to the point that it can be considered an alternative for jogging. Sixteen physically active adults completed five experimental sessions (order randomised), comprising 10 min of treadmill exercise. Two sessions included unrestricted walking, two sessions required walking with BFR cuffs positioned on the lower limbs inflated to 60% of individualised arterial occlusion pressure, and one session was conducted at a jogging pace. Comfortable walking and jogging speeds were calculated during the familiarisation session. Walking speeds were individualised to either 100% (speed: 6.0 ± 0.3km·h-1[low-intensity]) or 120% (speed: 7.2 ± 0.3km·h-1[moderate-intensity]) of comfortable walking speed. The jogging session was unrestricted (speed: 9.1 ± 0.7km·h-1). Initial analysis compared walking conditions across heart rate, left cardiac work index, systolic blood pressure, relative oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, rating of perceived exertion and limb discomfort. Secondary analysis compared the walking session with the highest cardio-respiratory demands to jogging. Initial analysis identified that moderate-intensity with BFR induced the highest cardio-respiratory and perceptual responses compared with any other walking sessions (p < 0.01). Secondary analysis revealed that all cardio-respiratory measures were higher during jogging when compared with moderate-intensity with BFR (p < 0.01), except systolic blood pressure (p = 0.10). All perceptual measures were higher during moderate-intensity with BFR (p < 0.01) compared with jogging. Low- to moderate-intensity BFR-walking produces lower acute cardio-respiratory responses at higher ratings of perceived exertion and discomfort compared with jogging. Overall, BFR-walking does not seem to provide an equivalent exercise modality for unrestricted jogging in physically active adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Walden
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, College of SHEE, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jonson
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, College of SHEE, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brown BM, de Frutos Lucas J, Porter T, Frost N, Vacher M, Peiffer JJ, Laws SM. Non-Modifiable Factors as Moderators of the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Brain Volume: A Cross-Sectional UK Biobank Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1091-1101. [PMID: 35754269 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests physical activity attenuates grey and white matter loss; however, there appears to be individual variability in this effect. Understanding factors that can influence the relationship between physical activity and brain volume may enable prediction of individual response. OBJECTIVE The current study examined the relationship between objectively-measured physical activity and brain volume; and whether this relationship is moderated by age, sex, or a priori candidate genetic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met, or apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ4 allele carriage. METHODS Data from 10,083 men and women (50 years and over) of the UK Biobank were used to examine the study objectives. All participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan to quantify grey and white matter volumes, physical activity monitoring via actigraphy, and genotyping. RESULTS Physical activity was associated with total grey matter volume, total white matter volume, and right hippocampal volume. Only males had an association between higher physical activity levels and greater cortical grey matter volume, total grey matter volume, and right hippocampal volume. Age moderated the relationship between physical activity and white matter volume. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in males, but not females, an association exists between objectively-measured physical activity and grey matter volume. Age may also play a role in impacting the relationship between physical activity and brain volume. Future research should evaluate longitudinal brain volumetrics to better understand the nature of age and sex-effects on the physical activity and brain volume relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jaisalmer de Frutos Lucas
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, UPM-UCM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Natalie Frost
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Vacher
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Smith NDW, Girard O, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ. Blood flow restriction during self-paced aerobic intervals reduces mechanical and cardiovascular demands without modifying neuromuscular fatigue. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:755-765. [PMID: 35400303 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2062056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined cardiovascular, perceptual, and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics during and after cycling intervals with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen endurance cyclists/triathletes completed four 4-minute self-paced aerobic cycling intervals at the highest sustainable intensity, with and without intermittent BFR (60% of arterial occlusion pressure). Rest interval durations were six, four, and four minutes respectively. Power output, cardiovascular demands, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were averaged over each interval. Knee extension torque and vastus lateralis electromyography responses following electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve were recorded pre-exercise, post-interval one (+1, 2, and 4-minutes) and post-interval four (+1, 2, 4, 6 and 8-minutes). Power output during BFR intervals was lower than non-BFR (233 ± 54 vs 282 ± 60W, p < 0.001). Oxygen uptake and heart rate during BFR intervals were lower compared to non-BFR (38.7 ± 4.5 vs 44.7 ± 6.44mL·kg-1·min-1, p < 0.001; 160 ± 14 vs 166 ± 10bpm, p < 0.001), while RPE was not different between conditions. Compared to pre-exercise, maximal voluntary contraction torque and peak twitch torque were reduced after the first interval with further reductions following the fourth interval (p < 0.001) independent of condition (p = 0.992). Voluntary activation (twitch interpolation) did not change between timepoints (p = 0.375). Overall, intermittent BFR reduced the mechanical and cardiovascular demands of self-paced intervals without modifying RPE or knee-extensor neuromuscular characteristics. Therefore, BFR reduced the cardiovascular demands while maintaining the muscular demands associated with self-paced intervals. Self-paced BFR intervals could be used to prevent cardiovascular and perceptual demands being the limiting factor of exercise intensity, thus allowing greater physiological muscular demands compared to intervals without BFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Walden TP, Girard O, Scott BR, Jonson AM, Peiffer JJ. Does the application of blood flow restriction during walking exercise influence the accuracy of indirect calorimetry? J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:673-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Markovic SJ, Fitzgerald M, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR, Brown BM. Examining the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury, later‐life brain health and cardiorespiratory fitness in a community‐dwelling sample of older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.053346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun J Markovic
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation Perth WA Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Perth WA Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Perth WA Australia
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation Perth WA Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sewell KR, Rainey‐Smith SR, Villemagne VLL, Peiffer JJ, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Ames D, Maruff PT, Laws SM, Masters CL, Rowe CC, Martins RN, Erickson KI, Brown BM. How lifestyle shapes the brain: Associations between physical activity, sleep, beta‐amyloid and cognitive function in older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.051223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie R Rainey‐Smith
- Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation Perth Australia
- Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Victor LL Villemagne
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Austin Health Melbourne VIC Australia
- The University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
- Edith Cowan University Perth WA Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Nedlands WA Australia
- Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation Perth Australia
- Edith Cowan University Joondalup Australia
| | - David Ames
- The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Paul T Maruff
- Cogstate Ltd. Melbourne VIC Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
- Curtin University Perth WA Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic, 3084, Australia Heidelberg VIC Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases Sydney NSW Australia
- Co‐operative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health Carlton South VIC Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | | | - Belinda M Brown
- Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation Perth WA Australia
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group Murdoch Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sewell KR, Erickson KI, Rainey-Smith SR, Peiffer JJ, Sohrabi HR, Brown BM. Relationships between physical activity, sleep and cognitive function: A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:369-378. [PMID: 34506842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise can improve cognitive function and reduce the risk for dementia. Other lifestyle factors, including sleep, are associated with cognitive function and dementia risk, and exercise is an effective therapeutic strategy for improving sleep. Based on these associations, it has been hypothesised that sleep might be an important mediator for the effects of exercise on cognition. Here, we review the current literature to evaluate whether sleep and physical activity are independently or jointly associated with cognitive function. The extant literature in this area is minimal, and the causal relationships between physical activity, sleep and cognition have not been examined. A small number of cross-sectional studies in this area suggest that physical activity may attenuate some of the negative impact that poor sleep has on cognition, and also that sleep may be a mechanism through which physical activity improves cognitive abilities. Further research may enable the development of individually tailored intervention programs to result in the greatest cognitive benefit, ultimately delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Sewell
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Markovic SJ, Fitzgerald M, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR, Rainey-Smith SR, Sohrabi HR, Brown BM. The impact of exercise, sleep, and diet on neurocognitive recovery from mild traumatic brain injury in older adults: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101322. [PMID: 33737117 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for a large majority of traumatic brain injuries sustained globally each year. Older adults, who are already susceptible to age-related declines to neurocognitive health, appear to be at an increased risk of both sustaining an mTBI and experiencing slower or impaired recovery. There is also growing evidence that mTBI is a potential risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Lifestyle-based interventions are gaining prominence as a cost-effective means of maintaining cognition and brain health with age. Consequently, inter-individual variations in exercise, sleep, and dietary patterns could influence the trajectory of post-mTBI neurocognitive recovery, particularly in older adults. This review synthesises the current animal and human literature centred on the mechanisms through which lifestyle-related habits and behaviours could influence acute and longer-term neurocognitive functioning following mTBI. Numerous neuroprotective processes which are impacted by lifestyle factors have been established in animal models of TBI. However, the literature is characterised by a lack of translation to human samples and limited appraisal of the interaction between ageing and brain injury. Further research is needed to better establish the therapeutic utility of applying lifestyle-based modifications to improve post-mTBI neurocognitive outcomes in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun J Markovic
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brown BM, Frost N, Rainey-Smith SR, Doecke J, Markovic S, Gordon N, Weinborn M, Sohrabi HR, Laws SM, Martins RN, Erickson KI, Peiffer JJ. High-intensity exercise and cognitive function in cognitively normal older adults: a pilot randomised clinical trial. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:33. [PMID: 33522961 PMCID: PMC7849126 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity has been consistently linked to increased risk of cognitive decline; however, studies examining the impact of exercise interventions on cognition have produced inconsistent findings. Some observational studies suggest exercise intensity may be important for inducing cognitive improvements; however, this has yet to be thoroughly examined in older adult cohorts. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of systematically manipulated high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise interventions on cognition. Methods This multi-arm pilot randomised clinical trial investigated the effects of 6 months of high-intensity exercise and moderate-intensity exercise, compared with an inactive control, on cognition. Outcome measures were assessed at pre- (baseline), post- (6 months), and 12 months post-intervention. Ninety-nine cognitively normal men and women (aged 60–80 years) were enrolled from October 2016 to November 2017. Participants that were allocated to an exercise group (i.e. high-intensity or moderate-intensity) engaged in cycle-based exercise two times per week for 6 months. Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated by a graded exercise test. Results There was a dose-dependent effect of exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness, whereby the high-intensity group experienced greater increases in fitness than the moderate-intensity and control groups. However, there was no direct effect of exercise on cognition. Conclusions We did not observe a direct effect of exercise on cognition. Future work in this field should be appropriately designed and powered to examine factors that may contribute to individual variability in response to intervention. Trial registration This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000643370). Registered on 3 May 2017—retrospectively registered. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372780 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00774-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Brown
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia. .,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia. .,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Natalie Frost
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James Doecke
- Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Gordon
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Frost NJ, Weinborn M, Gignac GE, Rainey-Smith SR, Markovic S, Gordon N, Sohrabi HR, Laws SM, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ, Brown BM. A Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Intensity Exercise and Executive Functioning in Cognitively Normal Older Adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:129-140. [PMID: 32732104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of interventional research that systematically assesses the role of exercise intensity and cardiorespiratory fitness, and their relationship with executive function in older adults. To address this limitation, we have examined the effect of a systematically manipulated exercise intervention on executive function. METHODS Ninety-nine cognitively normal participants (age = 69.10 ± 5.2 years; n = 54 female) were randomized into either a high-intensity cycle-based exercise, moderate-intensity cycle-based exercise, or no-intervention control group. All participants underwent neuropsychological testing and fitness assessment at baseline (preintervention), 6-month follow-up (postintervention), and 12-month postintervention. Executive function was measured comprehensively, including measures of each subdomain: Shifting, Updating/ Working Memory, Inhibition, Verbal Generativity, and Nonverbal Reasoning. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by analysis of peak aerobic capacity; VO2peak. RESULTS First, the exercise intervention was found to increase cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) in the intervention groups, in comparison to the control group (F =10.40, p≤0.01). However, the authors failed to find mean differences in executive function scores between the high-intensity, moderate intensity, or inactive control group. On the basis of change scores, cardiorespiratory fitness was found to associate positively with the executive function (EF) subdomains of Updating/Working Memory (β = 0.37, p = 0.01, r = 0.34) and Verbal Generativity (β = 0.30, p = 0.03, r = 0.28) for intervention, but not control participants. CONCLUSION At the aggregate level, the authors failed to find evidence that 6-months of high-intensity aerobic exercise improves EF in older adults. However, it remains possible that individual differences in experimentally induced changes in cardiorespiratory fitness may be associated with changes in Updating/ Working Memory and Verbal Generativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Frost
- School of Psychological Science (NF, MW, GG), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Michael Weinborn
- School of Psychological Science (NF, MW, GG), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gilles E Gignac
- School of Psychological Science (NF, MW, GG), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Gordon
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (HRS, RNM), Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology and Exercise Science (HRS), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences (SML), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SML), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences (MW, SRRS, HRS, SML, RNM), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (HRS, RNM), Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SM, NG, JJP, BMB), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (NF, MW, SRRS, SM, HRS, RNM, BMB), Sarich Neurosciences Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group (NF, SRRS, SM, NG, HRS, JJP, BMB), School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hughes LJ, Peiffer JJ, Scott B. Estimating Repetitions in Reserve in Four Commonly Used Resistance Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2020; Publish Ahead of Print:00124278-900000000-94122. [PMID: 33337690 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hughes, LJ, Peiffer, JJ, and Scott, B. Estimating repetitions in reserve in four commonly used resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to determine the accuracy and reliability of estimating repetitions in reserve (RIR) across the squat, bench press, overhead press, and prone row exercises, using both free-weight and Smith machine modalities. Twenty-one trained men attended the laboratory on 14 occasions. They were assessed for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the squat, bench press, prone row, and overhead press exercises and subsequently completed 6 RIR testing sessions using 65, 75, and 85% 1RM. In these trials, subjects indicated when they reached 2 RIR (i.e., perceive they could only perform 2 more repetitions), before continuing the set to failure. The same process was then replicated using the alternative equipment modality. To determine accuracy of 2-RIR estimates, 1-sample t-tests assessed differences between 2 and the actual number of repetitions completed after subjects indicated they had reached 2 RIR. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to determine the reliability of test-retest RIR estimated. There were no clear differences in the accuracy or reliability of estimating RIR between free-weight and Smith machine exercises. Load, however, proved an important factor with the highest accuracy associated with RIR estimations performed when using 85%, followed by 75 and 65% 1RM, respectively. When using loads of 75 and 65% 1RM, it was increasingly likely that individuals would underestimate RIR by >1 repetition, which would practically lead to an undesired reduction in training volume. These results highlight that although estimates of 2 RIR may be accurate and reliable in heavy load resistance training (≥85% 1RM), practitioners should be wary of using this measure with lighter loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Hughes
- Exercise Science Department, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia; and Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mansfield SK, Peiffer JJ, Hughes LJ, Scott BR. Estimating Repetitions in Reserve for Resistance Exercise: An Analysis of Factors Which Impact on Prediction Accuracy. J Strength Cond Res 2020; Publish Ahead of Print. [PMID: 32881842 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mansfield, Sean, K, Peiffer, Jeremiah, J, Hughes, Liam, J, and Scott Brendan, R. Estimating repetitions in reserve for resistance exercise: an analysis of factors which impact on prediction accuracy. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of knowing the load being lifted on the accuracy of repetitions-in-reserve (RIR) estimates, during both moderate- (60% 1 repetition maximum [RM]) and heavy-load (80% 1RM) exercise. Twenty trained men (age: 25.9 ± 4.5 years, height: 181 ± 7 cm, body mass: 86.5 ± 13.7 kg) were assessed for 1RM in bench press (98.4 ± 16.4 kg) and prone row (72.0 ± 11.7 kg), before being randomized into control (i.e., informed of the load; n = 10) or blinded (noninformed; n = 10) conditions. Subjects then completed 2 protocols in a randomized order: 3 sets at 80% 1RM and 3 sets at 60% 1RM. During each set of these protocols, subjects were asked to estimate their RIR before continuing the set to failure. Differences in estimated and actual RIR between sets and conditions were determined via 3-way repeated measures analysis of variance for the 60 and 80% 1RM protocols independently. No differences in RIR accuracy were observed between blinded vs nonblinded conditions. Repetitions-in-reserve estimates were lower than actual RIR for the first set of both exercises in 60 and 80% protocols (p ≤ 0.007, effect size [ES]: 1.30-2.89 [moderate-large]) and for set 2 of the 80% bench press protocol (p = 0.046, ES: 0.39 [small]). Knowing the load during resistance exercise or the %1RM of the load lifted did not influence the estimates of RIR. The ability to accurately determine RIR in the 60 and 80% 1RM protocols improved from sets 1-3, indicating that estimation of RIR is enhanced when an individual is estimating RIR at a closer point to actual failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Mansfield
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Liam J Hughes
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Marston KJ, Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Bird S, Wijaya LK, Teo SYM, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ. An Intense, But Ecologically Valid, Resistance Exercise Session Does Not Alter Growth Factors Associated With Cognitive Health. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:605-612. [PMID: 31968304 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the acute changes in growth factors associated with cognitive health following two ecologically valid, intense resistance exercise sessions. Twenty-nine late-middle-aged adults performed one session of either (a) moderate-load resistance exercise or (b) high-load resistance exercise. Venous blood was collected prior to warm-up, immediately following exercise and 30 min following exercise. Serum was analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Session intensity was determined by blood lactate concentration and session rating of perceived exertion. Postexercise blood lactate was greater following moderate-load when compared with high-load resistance exercise. Subjective session intensity was rated higher by the session rating of perceived exertion following moderate-load when compared with high-load resistance exercise. No differences were observed in serum growth factor levels between groups. Ecologically valid and intense moderate-load or high-load exercise methods do not alter serum growth factor levels in late-middle-aged adults.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
This study aimed to determine differences in the validity and reliability of 1RM predictions made using load-velocity relationships in Smith machine and free-weight exercise. Twenty well-trained males attended six sessions, comprising the Smith machine and free-weight squat, bench press, prone row and overhead press. Load-velocity relationship-based 1RM predictions were performed using minimal velocity threshold (1RMMVT), load at zero velocity (1RMLD0) and force-velocity (1RMFV) methods, with 5- or 7-loads. Measured 1RM did not differ from 1RMMVT or 1RMLD0 for any of the Smith machine exercises, while it was higher than 1RMFV for all exercises except the prone row. For the free-weight variations all 1RM predictions differed from measured 1RM for the squat and overhead press, while measured and predicted 1RM did not differ in the bench press and prone row. No differences were observed between 7-and 5-load predictions. 1RMMVT was the most reliable and valid of the methods. Smith machine exercises resulted in more reliable predictions than free weight exercises. 1RMMVT provides valid and reliable predictions for the Smith machine, squat, bench press, prone row and overhead press and free-weight bench press and prone row. Practitioners must be aware of the poor validity of free-weight squat and overhead press predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Hughes
- Exercise Science Department, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Exercise Science Department, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Exercise Science Department, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brown BM, Milicic L, Porter T, Rainey-Smith SR, Peretti M, Vacher M, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ, Laws SM. Alzheimer’s Disease-related Gene Expression Is Reduced Following Six Months Of High-intensity Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000686624.46435.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Peiffer JJ, Frost N, Rainey-Smith SR, Sohrabi HR, Laws SM, Martins RN, Brown BM. The Role Of Apolipoprotein ε4 Allele Carriage In Exercise-induced Cognitive Change. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000686628.56022.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
37
|
Choo HC, Peiffer JJ, Pang JWJ, Tan FHY, Aziz AR, Ihsan M, Lee JKW, Abbiss CR. Effect of regular precooling on adaptation to training in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1143-1154. [PMID: 32232658 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether regular precooling would help to maintain day-to-day training intensity and improve 20-km cycling time trial (TT) performed in the heat. Twenty males cycled for 10 day × 60 min at perceived exertion equivalent to 15 in the heat (35 °C, 50% relative humidity), preceded by no cooling (CON, n = 10) or 30-min water immersion at 22 °C (PRECOOL, n = 10). METHODS 19 participants (n = 9 and 10 for CON and PRECOOL, respectively) completed heat stress tests (25-min at 60% [Formula: see text] and 20-km TT) before and after heat acclimation. RESULTS Changes in mean power output (∆MPO, P = 0.024) and heart rate (∆HR, P = 0.029) during heat acclimation were lower for CON (∆MPO - 2.6 ± 8.1%, ∆HR - 7 ± 7 bpm), compared with PRECOOL (∆MPO + 2.9 ± 6.6%, ∆HR - 1 ± 8 bpm). HR during constant-paced cycling was decreased from the pre-acclimation test in both groups (P < 0.001). Only PRECOOL demonstrated lower rectal temperature (Tre) during constant-paced cycling (P = 0.002) and lower Tre threshold for sweating (P = 0.042). However, skin perfusion and total sweat output did not change in either CON or PRECOOL (all P > 0.05). MPO (P = 0.016) and finish time (P = 0.013) for the 20-km TT were improved in PRECOOL but did not change in CON (P = 0.052 for MPO, P = 0.140 for finish time). CONCLUSION Precooling maintains day-to-day training intensity and does not appear to attenuate adaptation to training in the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui C Choo
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Joel W J Pang
- Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore, 397630, Singapore
| | - Frankie H Y Tan
- Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore, 397630, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Abdul Rashid Aziz
- Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore, 397630, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Research and Scientific Support, ASPETAR Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brini S, Sohrabi HR, Hebert JJ, Forrest MRL, Laine M, Hämäläinen H, Karrasch M, Peiffer JJ, Martins RN, Fairchild TJ. Correction to: Bilingualism Is Associated with a Delayed Onset of Dementia but Not with a Lower Risk of Developing it: a Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:25-27. [PMID: 32170533 PMCID: PMC7089900 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Brini
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,Turku Brain and Mind Center, Turku, Finland. .,Health Services Research and Management School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK. .,Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Hebert
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Mitchell R L Forrest
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matti Laine
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Hämäläinen
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mira Karrasch
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy J Fairchild
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brini S, Sohrabi HR, Hebert JJ, Forrest MRL, Laine M, Hämäläinen H, Karrasch M, Peiffer JJ, Martins RN, Fairchild TJ. Bilingualism Is Associated with a Delayed Onset of Dementia but Not with a Lower Risk of Developing it: a Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:1-24. [PMID: 32036490 PMCID: PMC7089902 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have linked bilingualism with a later onset of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Not all studies have observed such relationships, however. Differences in study outcomes may be due to methodological limitations and the presence of confounding factors within studies such as immigration status and level of education. We conducted the first systematic review with meta-analysis combining cross-sectional studies to explore if bilingualism might delay symptom onset and diagnosis of dementia, AD, and MCI. Primary outcomes included the age of symptom onset, the age at diagnosis of MCI or dementia, and the risk of developing MCI or dementia. A secondary outcome included the degree of disease severity at dementia diagnosis. There was no difference in the age of MCI diagnosis between monolinguals and bilinguals [mean difference: 3.2; 95% confidence intervals (CI): -3.4, 9.7]. Bilinguals vs. monolinguals reported experiencing AD symptoms 4.7 years (95% CI: 3.3, 6.1) later. Bilinguals vs. monolinguals were diagnosed with dementia 3.3 years (95% CI: 1.7, 4.9) later. Here, 95% prediction intervals showed a large dispersion of effect sizes (-1.9 to 8.5). We investigated this dispersion with a subgroup meta-analysis comparing studies that had recruited participants with dementia to studies that had recruited participants with AD on the age of dementia and AD diagnosis between mono- and bilinguals. Results showed that bilinguals vs. monolinguals were 1.9 years (95% CI: -0.9, 4.7) and 4.2 (95% CI: 2.0, 6.4) older than monolinguals at the time of dementia and AD diagnosis, respectively. The mean difference between the two subgroups was not significant. There was no significant risk reduction (odds ratio: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.68-1.16) in developing dementia among bilinguals vs. monolinguals. Also, there was no significant difference (Hedges' g = 0.05; 95% CI: -0.13, 0.24) in disease severity at dementia diagnosis between bilinguals and monolinguals, despite bilinguals being significantly older. The majority of studies had adjusted for level of education suggesting that education might not have played a role in the observed delay in dementia among bilinguals vs. monolinguals. Although findings indicated that bilingualism was on average related to a delayed onset of dementia, the magnitude of this relationship varied across different settings. This variation may be due to unexplained heterogeneity and different sources of bias in the included studies. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42015019100.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Brini
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Turku, Finland.
- Health Services Research and Management School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK.
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Hebert
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Mitchell R L Forrest
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matti Laine
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Hämäläinen
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mira Karrasch
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy J Fairchild
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Hughes, LJ, Banyard, HG, Dempsey, AR, Peiffer, JJ, and Scott, BR. Using load-velocity relationships to quantify training-induced fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 762-773, 2019-The purpose of this study was to investigate using load-velocity relationships to quantify fluctuations in maximal strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]), which occur as a result of training-induced fatigue. The 19 well-trained men (age: 24.3 ± 2.9 years, height: 180.1 ± 5.9 cm, body mass: 84.2 ± 10.5 kg, and squat 1RM: 151.1 ± 25.7 kg) who were recruited for this study attended 5 sessions. After baseline strength testing, individual load-velocity relationships were established using mean concentric velocity during visits 2, 4, and 5, with visit 3 consisting of a bout of fatiguing exercise (5 sets of squats performed to muscular failure with 70% 1RM). Predicted 1RM values were calculated using the minimal velocity threshold (1RMMVT), load at zero velocity (1RMLD0), and force-velocity (1RMFV) methods. Measured 1RM, maximal voluntary contractions, and perceived muscle soreness were used to examine the effects of fatigue in relation to the predicted 1RM scores. The 1RMMVT and 1RMLD0 demonstrated very strong and strong correlations with measured 1RM during each of the sessions (r = 0.90-0.96 and r = 0.77-0.84, respectively), while no strong significant correlations were observed for the 1RMFV. Further analysis using Bland-Altman plots demonstrated substantial interindividual variation associated with each method. These results suggest that load-velocity-based 1RM predictions are not accurate enough to be used for daily training load prescription, as has been previously suggested. Nevertheless, these predictions are practical to implement during an individual's warm-up and may be useful to indicate general fluctuations in performance potential, particularly if used in conjunction with other common monitoring methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Hughes
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Harry G Banyard
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Football Commission (WAFC), Subiaco Oval, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alasdair R Dempsey
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Sciences Lab, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brown BM, Frost N, Rainey-Smith SR, Doecke JD, Weinborn M, Sohrabi HR, Laws SM, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ. O4-06-03: EXPLORING INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN EXERCISE-INDUCED COGNITIVE CHANGE: THE ROLE OF CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AND APOLIPOPROTEIN ε4 ALLELE CARRIAGE. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James D. Doecke
- CSIRO Computational Informatics/Australian e-Health Research Centre; Brisbane Australia
| | | | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Australia
- Macquarie University; North Ryde Australia
| | | | - Ralph N. Martins
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Australia
- Macquarie University; North Ryde Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Frost N, Weinborn M, Gignac GE, Markovic S, Rainey-Smith SR, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ, Brown BM. P2-582: RESULTS FROM THE INTENSE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND COGNITION (IPAC) STUDY: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER ADULTS. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Frost
- Ageing; Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Australia
| | - Gilles E. Gignac
- University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- Ageing; Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Ageing; Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Western Australia Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Ageing; Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health; Melbourne Australia
- Macquarie University; North Ryde Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Western Australia Australia
- Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- Ageing; Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Belinda M. Brown
- Ageing; Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Frost N, Weinborn M, Gignac GE, Markovic S, Rainey-Smith SR, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ, Brown BM. P1-603: HIGHER CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER VERBAL GENERATIVITY IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER ADULTS. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Frost
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Australia
- University Of Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - Gilles E. Gignac
- University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Western Australia Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Australia
- Macquarie University; North Ryde Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Western Australia Australia
- Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Belinda M. Brown
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise Research Group; Murdoch Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Dore V, Peiffer JJ, Burnham SC, Laws SM, Taddei K, Ames D, Masters CL, Rowe CC, Martins RN, Villemagne VL. Self-Reported Physical Activity is Associated with Tau Burden Measured by Positron Emission Tomography. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1299-1305. [PMID: 29758940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous animal studies have reported exercise reduces the accumulation of Alzheimer's disease pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau. Furthermore, we previously reported a relationship between higher levels of physical activity (PA) and lower brain Aβ burden in a human population. The recent advent of tau positron emission tomography (PET) tracers enables us to extend our investigations into the evaluation of the relationship between PA and brain tau burden. Utilizing data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study, we have examined the cross-sectional relationship between habitual PA and PET-quantified tau burden. Forty-three cognitively healthy older adults were categorized into low-moderate PA (LMPA; n = 16) or high PA (HPA; n = 27), based on self-reported PA levels. Tau PET imaging with the AV1451 tracer was conducted on all participants. The LMPA group had significantly higher neocortical tau burden (presented as a z-score; 1.22±1.98), compared to the HPA group (z-score: - 0.28±1.18). The difference between the LMPA and HPA groups was also evident when examining regional tau burden in the temporoparietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex. Our results suggest an association between self-reported PA level and brain tau burden. Future longitudinal and interventional studies utilizing larger samples sizes are vital to further investigate the nature of the relationship between tau and PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Brown
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Vincent Dore
- eHealth, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | | | - Simon M Laws
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, http://www.mentalhealthcrc.com
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - David Ames
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gordon N, Abbiss CR, Maiorana AJ, Peiffer JJ. Single-leg cycling increases limb-specific blood flow without concurrent increases in normalised power output when compared with double-leg cycling in healthy middle-aged adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:202-210. [PMID: 31072224 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1617789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the acute performance, cardiovascular and local muscular responses to perceived exertion-based high-intensity interval exercise using either double- or single-leg cycling. Fifteen healthy middle-aged adults completed, on separate occasions, ten 30-s double-leg intervals interspersed with 60 s passive recovery and twenty (ten with each leg) 30-s single-leg intervals interspersed with 60 s passive recovery. Impedance cardiography, blood pressure, muscle oxygenation and total haemoglobin content (near-infrared spectroscopy), oxygen consumption and power output were measured throughout each session. Normalised to the lean mass used during each trial, single-leg cycling resulted in lower power output (single-leg: 8.92 ± 1.74 W kg-1 and double-leg: 10.41 ± 3.22 W kg-1; p < 0.05) but greater oxygen consumption (single-leg: 103 ± 11 mL kg-1 min-1 and double-leg: 84 ± 21 mL kg-1 min-1; p < 0.01) and cardiac output (single-leg: 1407 ± 334 mL kg-1 min-1 and double-leg: 850 ± 222 mL kg-1 min-1; p < 0.01), compared with double-leg cycling. Mean arterial pressure (double-leg: 108 ± 11 mmHg and single-leg: 102 ± 10 mmHg), change in total haemoglobin content (double-leg: 8.76 ± 10.65 µM cm s-1 and single-leg: 13.42 ± 4.10 µM cm s-1) and change in tissue oxygenation index (double-leg: -4.51 ± 3.56% and single-leg: -3.97 ± 3.91%) were not different between double-leg and single-leg cycling. When compared to double-leg cycling, single-leg cycling elicited a higher cardiac output relative to the lean mass, but this did not result in greater power output. The dissociation between blood availability and power output is consistent with an ageing model characterised by a decrease in local oxygen delivery and distribution capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gordon
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Andrew J Maiorana
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Allied Health Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Brown BM, Castalanelli N, Rainey-Smith SR, Doecke J, Weinborn M, Sohrabi HR, Laws SM, Martins RN, Peiffer JJ. Influence of BDNF Val66Met on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and memory in cognitively normal older adults. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:103-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
47
|
Marston KJ, Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Peiffer JJ. Resistance Exercise-Induced Responses in Physiological Factors Linked with Cognitive Health. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:39-64. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J. Marston
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda M. Brown
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Choo HC, Peiffer JJ, Lopes-Silva JP, Mesquita RNO, Amano T, Kondo N, Abbiss CR. Effect of ice slushy ingestion and cold water immersion on thermoregulatory behavior. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212966. [PMID: 30811512 PMCID: PMC6392407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of ice slushy ingestion (ICE) and cold water immersion (CWI) on thermoregulatory and sweat responses during constant (study 1) and self-paced (study 2) exercise. In study 1, 11 men cycled at 40-50% of peak aerobic power for 60 min (33.2 ± 0.3°C, 45.9 ± 0.5% relative humidity, RH). In study 2, 11 men cycled for 60 min at perceived exertion (RPE) equivalent to 15 (33.9 ± 0.2°C and 42.5 ± 3.9%RH). In both studies, each trial was preceded by 30 min of CWI (~22°C), ICE or no cooling (CON). Rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperature (Tsk), thermal sensation, and sweat responses were measured. In study 1, ICE decreased Tre-Tsk gradient versus CON (p = 0.005) during first 5 min of exercise, while CWI increased Tre-Tsk gradient versus CON and ICE for up to 20 min during the exercise (p<0.05). In study 2, thermal sensation was lower in CWI versus CON and ICE for up to 35-40 min during the exercise (p<0.05). ICE reduced thermal sensation versus CON during the first 20 min of exercise (p<0.05). In study 2, CWI improved mean power output (MPO) by ~8 W, compared with CON only (p = 0.024). In both studies, CWI (p<0.001) and ICE (p = 0.019) delayed sweating by 1-5 min but did not change the body temperature sweating threshold, compared with CON (both p>0.05). Increased Tre-Tsk gradient by CWI improved MPO while ICE reduced Tre but did not confer any ergogenic effect. Both precooling treatments attenuated the thermal efferent signals until a specific body temperature threshold was reached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui C. Choo
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and
Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia,
Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch,
Western, Australia, Australia
| | - João P. Lopes-Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP),
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N. O. Mesquita
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and
Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia,
Australia
| | - Tatsuro Amano
- Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata Prefecture,
Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human
Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture,
Japan
| | - Chris R. Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and
Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia,
Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Golriz S, Peiffer JJ, Walker BF, Foreman KB, Hebert JJ. The effect of backpack load placement on physiological and self-reported measures of exertion. Work 2018; 61:273-279. [PMID: 30373977 DOI: 10.3233/wor-182798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Backpacks are the most popular way of carrying additional weight; however, it puts the body under physical stress and may cause discomfort. It may also increase oxygen demand and energy cost. Manipulation of load placement may relieve the effects carrying a backpack has on the body. OBJECTIVE This study investigated physiological and self-reported measures of exertion, movement economy and efficiency, carrying a loaded backpack in high and low load placement compared to a control condition. METHOD Fifteen healthy adults were examined under three load conditions: no load, carrying a 20% of body weight in high and low load placement. Dependent variables were measured using a metabolic measurement system and participants rated their perceived exertion on a Borg scale. RESULT Carrying load produced a significant increase in VO2, minute ventilation, heart rate, movement economy and overall perceived exertion in both load placements compared with the no backpack condition. However, no difference was observed between the high and low load placement conditions. CONCLUSION While altering load placement did not influence physiological variables or overall exertion, participants reported lower perceived exertion on the shoulders in low load placement and low load placement might be preferable in this respect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Golriz
- School of Health Professions, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Bruce F Walker
- School of Health Professions, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - K Bo Foreman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Hebert
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Raman A, Peiffer JJ, Hoyne GF, Lawler NG, Currie AJ, Fairchild TJ. Effect of exercise on acute postprandial glucose concentrations and interleukin-6 responses in sedentary and overweight males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1298-1306. [PMID: 29856928 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of 2 forms of exercise on glucose tolerance and the concurrent changes in markers associated with the interleukin (IL)-6 pathways. Fifteen sedentary, overweight males (29.0 ± 3.1 kg/m2) completed 2 separate, 3-day trials in randomised and counterbalanced order. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g) was performed at the same time on each day of the trial. Day 2 of each trial consisted of a single 30-min workload-matched bout of either high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE; alternating 100% and 50% of peak oxygen uptake) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME; 60 % of peak oxygen uptake) completed 1 h prior to the OGTT. Venous blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 25 h after exercise for measurement of insulin, C-peptide, IL-6, and the soluble IL-6 receptors (sIL-6R; soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130)). Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was calculated from capillary blood samples collected throughout the OGTT. Exercise resulted in a modest (4.4%; p = 0.003) decrease in the glucose AUC when compared with the pre-exercise AUC; however, no differences were observed between exercise conditions (p = 0.65). IL-6 was elevated immediately after and 1 h after exercise, whilst sgp130 and sIL-6R concentrations were reduced immediately after exercise. In summary, exercise was effective in reducing glucose AUC, which was attributed to improvements that took place between 60 and 120 min into the OGTT, and was in parallel with an increased ratio of IL-6 to sIL-6R, which accords with an increased activation via the "classical" IL-6 signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that acute HIIE did not improve glycaemic response when compared with CME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Raman
- a School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- a School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard F Hoyne
- b School of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Fremantle 6160, Australia
| | - Nathan G Lawler
- a School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew J Currie
- c School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle Campus, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | - Timothy J Fairchild
- a School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|