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Brietzke C, Vinícius Í, Ribeiro WA, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vasconcelos GC, Hettinga FJ, Santos TM, Pires FO. Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves performance of mentally fatigued cyclists despite null effects on psychological responses. Physiol Behav 2024; 274:114428. [PMID: 38065422 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mental fatigue reduces exercise performance through an impaired psychological response such as increased perceived exertion. Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinses improve exercise performance and perceived exertion likely due to an improved activation in cerebral reward areas, then we investigated if the CHO mouth rinse-improved exercise performance in mentally fatigued individuals was associated with ameliorated reward-related psychological responses. We hypothesised that CHO mouth rinse would be beneficial for mentally fatigued cyclists mainly in high-metabolic disturbance intensities. After familiarization and baseline sessions, well trained cyclists (n = 20) performed a maximal incremental test (MIT) after mental fatigue induction. They completed the MIT either without mouth rinse (MF) or rinsing their mouth with CHO (MF+CHO) or placebo (FM+PLA) solutions at every 25 % of the MIT. Psychological responses such as ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation were assessed throughout the MIT, while performance was assessed as peak power output and time of exercise. Mental fatigue reduced MIT performance (P < 0.05), but CHO mouth rinse was effective to counteract this deleterious mental fatigue effect (P < 0.05). However, we found null effects of CHO mouth rinses in psychological responses above the VT2 (P > 0.05) such as RPE, affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation. Correlational analysis showed a significant, but moderate negative correlation between motivation and time of exercise above the VT2 when participants used CHO mouth rinse. In conclusion, the ergogenic CHO mouth rinse effects on MIT performance of mentally fatigued cyclists were irrespective of ameliorated psychological responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil.
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Wesley Alves Ribeiro
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Gustavo César Vasconcelos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Florentina Johanna Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Physical Education Program, Research Center for Performance and Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 52071-030, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
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Santos LER, Elsangedy HM, de Souza CFCXM, da Silva Mesquita BM, Brietzke C, Vinícius Í, Pereira DC, Pires FO, Santos TM. Reliability of the Heartbeat Tracking Task to Assess Interoception. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2022; 48:171-178. [PMID: 36564611 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-022-09574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interoception refers to the competence in perceiving and interpreting internal sensations emerging from the body. The most common approach to assess interoception is through cardiac interoceptive tests like the heartbeat tracking task (HTT), which measures the accuracy on perceive and counting heartbeats during a period. However, the literature is scarce in providing adequate reliability evidence for this measure so that the interoception assessment may be threaten. In addition to HTT accuracy, it is possible to determine sensibility (self-reported confidence) and interoceptive awareness (correspondence between accuracy and sensibility). Thus, we measured the test-retest reliability of HTT and also investigated the behavior of HTT outcomes along the task. Therefore, 31 healthy adults (16 males) with 27.8 (9.4) years old performed two consecutive HTT interspersed by one day. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable difference (MD) analyzes showed 'Good' relative reliability for interoceptive accuracy (ICC = 0.880; SEM = 0.263; MD = 0.728; p < 0.001) and 'Moderate' for sensibility (ICC = 0.617; SEM = 0.648; MD = 1.797; p < 0.001) and awareness (ICC = 0.593; SEM = 0.227; MD = 0.628; p < 0.001). The absolute reliability shows low threshold values for observing true effects in HTT outcomes. The results also showed that reducing the number of HTT blocks did not impact the outcomes. The HTT showed to be reliable in determine the interoceptive competences in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Grad Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Painelli VDS, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221098120. [PMID: 35615525 PMCID: PMC9125602 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221098120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous systematic reviews have confirmed that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse
may boost physical exercise performance, despite some methodological aspects
likely affecting its ergogenic effect. In this review, we discussed if the
exercise mode, pre-exercise fasting status, CHO solutions concentration, CHO
solutions temperature, mouth rinse duration, and CHO placebo effects may
potentially reduce the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effect, suggesting possible
solutions to manage these potential confounders. The effectiveness of CHO mouth
rinse as a performance booster is apparently related to the origin of the
exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, as CHO mouth rinse unequivocally
potentiates endurance rather than sprint and strength exercises performance.
Furthermore, ergogenic effects have been greater in fasting than fed state,
somehow explaining the varied magnitude of the CHO mouth rinse effects in
exercise performance. In this regard, the CHO solution concentration and
temperature, as well as the mouth rinse duration, may have increased the
variability observed in CHO mouth rinse effects in fasting and fed state.
Finally, placebo effects have challenged the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as
an ergogenic aid. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should consider
methodological controls such as sample size and sample homogeneity, proper
familiarization with experimental procedures, and the use of alternative placebo
designs to provide unbiased evidence regarding the potential of the CHO mouth
rinse as an ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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Canestri R, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Brietzke C, Vinícius Í, Smith SA, Mauger AR, Goethel MF, Pires FO. Effects of experimentally induced muscle pain on endurance performance: A proof-of-concept study assessing neurophysiological and perceptual responses. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13810. [PMID: 33713484 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pain arising from exercise potentiates fatigue and impairs the performance of endurance exercise. We assessed neurophysiological and perceptual responses to endurance exercise performed under experimentally induced muscle pain by a model that separates muscle pain from muscle fatigue. After a series of pilot studies investigating different hypertonic saline volumes, 17 healthy males performed a preliminary VO2PEAK test before performing a familiarization of the cycling time-to-exhaustion exercise (80% of the peak power output in the VO2PEAK test). Participants, performed a baseline exercise session before the sessions with hypertonic and isotonic saline injections in the vastus lateralis of both legs, in a crossover and counterbalanced design. Neurophysiological and perceptual responses such as electroencephalography (EEG) in frontal, prefrontal, parietal, and motor cortex, electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), pain sensation, and affective valence were measured at rest and during exercise. The hypertonic injection reduced the resting EEG alpha-beta ratio in the frontal and prefrontal cortex. When compared to exercise performed after the isotonic injection (430.5 ± 152.6 s), hypertonic injection shortened the time-to-exhaustion (357.5 ± 173.0 s), reduced the EMG of the assessed muscles, and increased the muscle co-contraction during exercise. The hypertonic injection also reduced the EEG alpha-beta ratio in the prefrontal and parietal cortex, increased RPE and pain sensation, and reduced affective valence during exercise. This proof-of-concept study showed that hypertonic injection-induced muscle pain reduced endurance performance, promoting centrally mediated alterations in motor command and cortical activation, as well as an interplay of perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Resende, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel A Smith
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis R Mauger
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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Canestri R, Brietzke C, Lima FDRD, Vinícius Í, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Pires FO. Efeito placebo aplicado a ambientes clínicos e de desempenho físico. Conexões 2020. [DOI: 10.20396/conex.v18i0.8657859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução: Placebo é considerado uma substância ou um procedimento inerte que pode proporcionar um efeito positivo ou negativo dependendo da condição em que é aplicado. É bem documentado que o placebo promove resultados positivos em condições patológicas e em condições de desempenho físico. Objetivo: Sendo assim, objetivo desse estudo é revisar em duas sessões, trabalhos que tenham abordado: 1) o efeito placebo e nocebo aplicado à clínica no tratamento da doença de Parkinson, depressão e dor, e 2) o uso do placebo como recurso ergogênico no desempenho físico. Metodologia: Para tal, uma busca foi realizada na base de dados “Pubmed” e “Web of Science”. Resultados e discussão: Nesta revisão narrativa, discutimos como o efeito placebo atua em diversas condições como a dor, depressão, doença de Parkinson, e no desempenho físico, além disso, foram abordados possíveis mecanismos que possam atuar neste fenômeno. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que em condição clínica e de desempenho físico, o placebo compartilha regiões cerebrais semelhantes, que geram respostas positivas ao tratamento.
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De Salles Painelli V, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. Comment on: “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”. Sports Med 2020; 50:1211-1218. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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