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Ko PJ, Milad MA, Radulovic LL, Gibson D. Pharmacokinetics of Levonorgestrel in Rat and Minipig and Pharmacokinetics of Etonogestrel in Rat Following Various Administration Routes. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:575-582. [PMID: 35975955 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2079023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of these studies was to determine the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and etonogestrel in Sprague-Dawley rat or Göttingen minipig following various administration routes.2. Four sequential crossover studies were conducted: Study 1 administered levonorgestrel 30 µg intravenously and intradermally in four minipigs; Study 2 administered levonorgestrel 30 µg intravenously in 12 rats; Study 3 administered levonorgestrel 60 µg intravenously and subcutaneously in 12 rats; and Study 4 administered etonogestrel 30 µg intravenously in 12 rats. Samples were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated via noncompartmental analysis.3. Cmax and AUCinf for etonogestrel and levonorgestrel were similar following 30 µg intravenous bolus in rat, suggesting comparable pharmacokinetics. Levonorgestrel exposure was dose-proportional in rats, based on two-fold higher AUCinf following levonorgestrel 60 versus 30 µg. Bioavailability of intradermal and subcutaneous levonorgestrel was 97.7% (Study 1) and 90.3% (Study 3), respectively. The minipig levonorgestrel clearance was 21.5 L/hr, which was about 10-fold higher than both the rat levonorgestrel (range: 0.985 to 1.45 L/hr) and etonogestrel clearance (range: 0.803 to 0.968 L/hr).4. These studies contribute to the gap in knowledge of nonclinical levonorgestrel and etonogestrel pharmacokinetics, which is necessary for ongoing development of long-acting reversible contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ko
- Milad Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Plymouth, Michigan, United States
| | - Mark A Milad
- Milad Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Plymouth, Michigan, United States
| | - Louis L Radulovic
- Innovative Pharma Consulting LLC, Superior Township, Michigan, United States
| | - Don Gibson
- DMG III Pharma Project Management Consulting LLC, East Lyme, Connecticut, United States
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Li W, Tang J, Terry RN, Li S, Brunie A, Callahan RL, Noel RK, Rodríguez CA, Schwendeman SP, Prausnitz MR. Long-acting reversible contraception by effervescent microneedle patch. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw8145. [PMID: 31723599 PMCID: PMC6834388 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To increase access to long-acting contraception, we developed a reversible contraceptive microneedle patch that is simple-to-administer, slowly releases contraceptive hormone (levonorgestrel) for >1 month, and generates no biohazardous sharps waste. After manually pressing the patch to skin for 1 min, microneedles rapidly separate from the patch within the skin due to effervescence triggered by contact with skin's interstitial fluid, as demonstrated in rats and human participants. Long-acting contraception is achieved by formulating microneedles with a biodegradable polymer [poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid] that slowly releases levonorgestrel for ~1 month in vitro. In rats, the patch maintained levonorgestrel concentration above the human contraceptive threshold level for >1 month, and a placebo microneedle patch was well-tolerated in human participants. Women of reproductive age in three continents demonstrated interest in and preference for long-acting contraception by microneedle patch. These studies indicate that an effervescent microneedle patch could facilitate greater access to long-acting contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard N. Terry
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Song Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Aurelie Brunie
- Health Services Research, FHI 360, 1825 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Callahan
- Product Development and Introduction, FHI 360, 359 Blackwell Street #200, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Richard K. Noel
- Physiological Research Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Carlos A. Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven P. Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Wang SH, Zhang LC, Lin F, Sa XY, Zuo JB, Shao QX, Chen GS, Zeng S. Controlled release of levonorgestrel from biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2006; 301:217-25. [PMID: 16040213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) biodegradable microspheres containing a contraceptive drug, levonorgestrel (LNG), were prepared using both the solvent evaporation method and a modified solvent extraction-evaporation method. The microspheres prepared with the solvent evaporation process had porous surfaces with low product yields and poor encapsulation efficiencies. On the other hand, the microspheres prepared using the modified solvent extraction-evaporation method were nonporous with encapsulation efficiencies close to 100%. In vitro drug release showed the nonporous microspheres had a lower initial burst and a slightly prolonged duration of release than those porous microspheres. In vivo release kinetics of the low burst microspheres were determined by measuring LNG plasma levels after a single intramuscular injection to female rats. At a LNG dose of 41.1 mg/kg, average plasma LNG levels were 6-10 ng/ml in the first 24 h and subsequently remained above 1 ng/ml until 126 days. The duration above the minimum effective LNG plasma level of 0.2 ng/ml was 168 days. By comparison, a similar dose of LNG microcrystals used as control produced a much higher plasma level of 15-21 ng/ml in the first day followed by a fast and continuous decline of LNG levels with a duration of only about 35 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China
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