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Hubel A, Spindler R, Skubitz APN. Storage of human biospecimens: selection of the optimal storage temperature. Biopreserv Biobank 2014; 12:165-75. [PMID: 24918763 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2013.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of biological samples are currently kept at low tempertures in cryobanks/biorepositories for long-term storage. The quality of the biospecimen when thawed, however, is not only determined by processing of the biospecimen but the storage conditions as well. The overall objective of this article is to describe the scientific basis for selecting a storage temperature for a biospecimen based on current scientific understanding. To that end, this article reviews some physical basics of the temperature, nucleation, and ice crystal growth present in biological samples stored at low temperatures (-20°C to -196°C), and our current understanding of the role of temperature on the activity of degradative molecules present in biospecimens. The scientific literature relevant to the stability of specific biomarkers in human fluid, cell, and tissue biospecimens is also summarized for the range of temperatures between -20°C to -196°C. These studies demonstrate the importance of storage temperature on the stability of critical biomarkers for fluid, cell, and tissue biospecimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hubel
- 1 Biopreservation Core Resource, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Liu B, McGrath JJ, Wang B. Determination of the ice quantity by quantitative microscopic imaging of vitrification solutions. Biopreserv Biobank 2014; 6:261-8. [PMID: 24835523 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2008.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on Boutron's semi-empirical crystallization theory, a quantitative microscopic imaging method was developed to determine the quantity of ice in thin films of vitrification solutions. A universal equation was obtained for various vitrification solutions. The new method was applied to determine the ice quantity and critical cooling rates (Vcc) for two new vitrification solutions. Results reveal that the new quantitative imaging method is reliable. This new method has several advantages including the fact that it is cheaper than differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and that it can be used to study vitrification solutions with Vcc values extending beyond the maximum cooling rate of a typical DSC system. Also, this method should permit quantitative imaging of the volume fraction of ice in space and time in microscope samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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High-resolution calorimetry on thermal behavior of glycerol (I): Glass transition, crystallization and melting, and discovery of a solid–solid transition. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics to characterize and quantitate trehalose crystallization. Anal Biochem 2010; 399:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sacha GA, Nail SL. Thermal Analysis of Frozen Solutions: Multiple Glass Transitions in Amorphous Systems. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:3397-405. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Vitrification is a process in which a liquid begins to behave as a solid during cooling without any substantial change in molecular arrangement or thermodynamic state variables. The physical phenomenon of vitrification is relevant to both cryopreservation by freezing, in which cells survive in glass between ice crystals, and cryopreservation by vitrification in which a whole sample is vitrified. The change from liquid to solid behavior is called the glass transition. It is coincident with liquid viscosity reaching 10(13) Poise during cooling, which corresponds to a shear stress relaxation time of several minutes. The glass transition can be understood on a molecular level as a loss of rotational and translational degrees of freedom over a particular measurement timescale, leaving only bond vibration within a fixed molecular structure. Reduced freedom of molecular movement results in decreased heat capacity and thermal expansivity in glass relative to the liquid state. In cryoprotectant solutions, the change from liquid to solid properties happens over a approximately 10 degrees C temperature interval centered on a glass transition temperature, typically near -120 degrees C (+/-10 degrees C) for solutions used for vitrification. Loss of freedom to quickly rearrange molecular position causes liquids to depart from thermodynamic equilibrium as they turn into a glass during vitrification. Residual molecular mobility below the glass transition temperature allows glass to very slowly contract, release heat, and decrease entropy during relaxation toward equilibrium. Although diffusion is practically non-existent below the glass transition temperature, small local movements of molecules related to relaxation have consequences for cryobiology. In particular, ice nucleation in supercooled vitrification solutions occurs at remarkable speed until at least 15 degrees C below the glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc., 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA 92336, USA.
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Zhivotova E, Zinchenko A, Kuleshova L, Dukhopelnikov E, Chekanova V. Low-temperature phase behaviour of the binary system water–oxyethylated glycerol of polymerization degree n= 5 and intermolecular interactions in the system. Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802275579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liu BL, McGrath JJ. Ice formation of vitrification solutions for cryopreservation of tissues. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:7501-4. [PMID: 17282016 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on Boutron's semi-empirical crystallization theory, a quantitative microscopic imaging method was developed to determine the quantity of ice in thin films of vitrification solutions. A universal equation was obtained for various vitrification solutions. The new method was applied to determine the ice quantity and critical cooling rates for two new vitrification solutions. This new method has several advantages including the fact that it is cheaper than differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and that it can be used to study vitrification solutions with critical cooling rates extending beyond the maximum cooling rate of a typical DSC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Liu
- Institute of Cryomedicine, Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Volk GM, Walters C. Plant vitrification solution 2 lowers water content and alters freezing behavior in shoot tips during cryoprotection. Cryobiology 2006; 52:48-61. [PMID: 16321367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant shoot tips do not survive exposure to liquid nitrogen temperatures without cryoprotective treatments. Some cryoprotectant solutions, such as plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2), dehydrate cells and decrease lethal ice formation, but the extent of dehydration and the effect on water freezing properties are not known. We examined the effect of a PVS2 cryoprotection protocol on the water content and phase behavior of mint and garlic shoot tips using differential scanning calorimetry. The temperature and enthalpy of water melting transitions in unprotected and recovering shoot tips were comparable to dilute aqueous solutions. Exposure to PVS2 changed the behavior of water in shoot tips: enthalpy of melting transitions decreased to about 40 J g H2O(-1) (compared to 333 J g H2O(-1) for pure H2O), amount of unfrozen water increased to approximately 0.7 g H2O g dry mass(-1) (compared to approximately 0.4 g H2Og dry mass(-1) for unprotected shoot tips), and a glass transition (T(g)) at -115 degrees C was apparent. Evaporative drying at room temperature was slower in PVS2-treated shoot tips compared to shoot tips receiving no cryoprotection treatments. We quantified the extent that ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide components permeate into shoot tips and replace some of the water. Since T(g) in PVS2-treated shoot tips occurs at -115 degrees C, mechanisms other than glass formation prevent freezing at temperatures between 0 and -115 degrees C. Protection is likely a result of controlled dehydration or altered thermal properties of intracellular water. A comparison of thermodynamic measurements for cryoprotection solutions in diverse plant systems will identify efficacy among cryopreservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle M Volk
- National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, United States Department of Agriculture, 1111 S. Mason St., Ft. Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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Koster KL, Sommervold CL, Lei YP. The effect of storage temperature on interactions between dehydrated sugars and phosphatidylcholine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01992847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Slade L, Levine H. Glass transitions and water-food structure interactions. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 1995; 38:103-269. [PMID: 15918292 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Slade
- Nabisco, Fundamental Science Group, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA
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Slade L, Levine H. Water and the glass transition — Dependence of the glass transition on composition and chemical structure: Special implications for flour functionality in cookie baking. J FOOD ENG 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0260-8774(95)90766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sub-Tg annealing of granular rice starch: effects on enthalpy relaxation and starch-sucrose interactions. Carbohydr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Vitrification is a new approach to oocyte and embryo cryoconservation. It consists in the solidification of a solution caused not by crystallization, but by a drastic increase in viscosity during cooling. The application of this approach to cryoconservation of oocytes and embryos of different species depends upon the development of proper procedures and non-toxic media. From the technical point of view, the vitrification method is simple and relatively easily applicable under field conditions. The authors review the current procedures applied to oocytes and embryos of laboratory and farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Smorag
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Insitute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice/Kraków, Poland
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Hansen TN, Carpenter JF. Calorimetric determination of inhibition of ice crystal growth by antifreeze protein in hydroxyethyl starch solutions. Biophys J 1993; 64:1843-50. [PMID: 7690257 PMCID: PMC1262518 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry and cryomicroscopy were used to investigate the effects of type I antifreeze protein (AFP) from winter flounder on 58% solutions of hydroxyethyl starch. The glass, devitrification, and melt transitions noted during rewarming were unaffected by 100 micrograms/ml AFP. Isothermal annealing experiments were undertaken to detect the effects of AFP-induced inhibition of ice crystal growth using calorimetry. A premelt endothermic peak was detected during warming after the annealing procedure. Increasing the duration or the temperature of the annealing for the temperature range from -28 and -18 degrees C resulted in a gradual increase in the enthalpy of the premelt endotherm. This transition was unaffected by 100 micrograms/ml AFP. Annealing between -18 and -10 degrees C resulted in a gradual decrease in the premelt peak enthalpy. This process was inhibited by 100 micrograms/ml AFP. Cryomicroscopic examination of the samples revealed that AFP inhibited ice recrystallization during isothermal annealing at -10 degrees C. Annealing at lower temperatures resulted in minimal ice recrystallization and no visible effect of AFP. Thus, the 100 micrograms/ml AFP to have a detectable influence on thermal events in the calorimeter, conditions must be used that result in significant ice growth without AFP and visible inhibition of this process by AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Hansen
- Cryolife, Incorporated, Marietta, Georgia 30067
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