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Revaitis NT, Niepielko MG, Marmion RA, Klein EA, Piccoli B, Yakoby N. Quantitative analyses of EGFR localization and trafficking dynamics in the follicular epithelium. Development 2020; 147:dev183210. [PMID: 32680934 PMCID: PMC7438018 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative analyses of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tissues, we generated an sfGFP-tagged EGF receptor (EGFR-sfGFP) in Drosophila The homozygous fly appears similar to wild type with EGFR expression and activation patterns that are consistent with previous reports in the ovary, early embryo, and imaginal discs. Using ELISA, we quantified an average of 1100, 6200 and 2500 receptors per follicle cell (FC) at stages 8/9, 10 and ≥11 of oogenesis, respectively. Interestingly, the spatial localization of the EGFR to the apical side of the FCs at early stages depended on the TGFα-like ligand Gurken. At later stages, EGFR localized to basolateral positions of the FCs. Finally, we followed the endosomal localization of EGFR in the FCs. The EGFR colocalized with the late endosome, but no significant colocalization of the receptor was found with the early endosome. The EGFR-sfGFP fly is an exciting new resource for studying cellular localization and regulation of EGFR in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Revaitis
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Matthew G Niepielko
- New Jersey Center for Science, Technology & Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Robert A Marmion
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Eric A Klein
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
- Department of Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Benedetto Piccoli
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Nir Yakoby
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
- Department of Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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2
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Palsson A, Rouse A, Riley-Berger R, Dworkin I, Gibson G. Nucleotide variation in the Egfr locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2005; 167:1199-212. [PMID: 15280235 PMCID: PMC1470963 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.026252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epidermal growth factor receptor is an essential gene with diverse pleiotropic roles in development throughout the animal kingdom. Analysis of sequence diversity in 10.9 kb covering the complete coding region and 6.4 kb of potential regulatory regions in a sample of 250 alleles from three populations of Drosophila melanogaster suggests that the intensity of different population genetic forces varies along the locus. A total of 238 independent common SNPs and 20 indel polymorphisms were detected, with just six common replacements affecting >1475 amino acids, four of which are in the short alternate first exon. Sequence diversity is lowest in a 2-kb portion of intron 2, which is also highly conserved in comparison with D. simulans and D. pseudoobscura. Linkage disequilibrium decays to background levels within 500 bp of most sites, so haplotypes are generally restricted to up to 5 polymorphisms. The two North American samples from North Carolina and California have diverged in allele frequency at a handful of individual SNPs, but a Kenyan sample is both more divergent and more polymorphic. The effect of sample size on inference of the roles of population structure, uneven recombination, and weak selection in patterning nucleotide variation in the locus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Palsson
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27513-7614, USA
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3
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Schulz C, Wood CG, Jones DL, Tazuke SI, Fuller MT. Signaling from germ cells mediated by therhomboidhomologstetorganizes encapsulation by somatic support cells. Development 2002; 129:4523-34. [PMID: 12223409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.19.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Germ cells normally differentiate in the context of encapsulating somatic cells. However, the mechanisms that set up the special relationship between germ cells and somatic support cells and the signals that mediate the crucial communications between the two cell types are poorly understood. We show that interactions between germ cells and somatic support cells in Drosophila depend on wild-type function of the stet gene. In males, stet acts in germ cells to allow their encapsulation by somatic cyst cells and is required for germ cell differentiation. In females, stet function allows inner sheath cells to enclose early germ cells correctly at the tip of the germarium. stet encodes a homolog of rhomboid, a component of the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ligand activation in the signaling cell. The stet mutant phenotype suggests that stet facilitates signaling from germ cells to the epidermal growth factor receptor on somatic cells, resulting in the encapsulation of germ cells by somatic support cells. The micro-environment provided by the surrounding somatic cells may, in turn, regulate differentiation of the germ cells they enclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Schulz
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
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Madhavan K, Madhavan MM. Defects in the adult abdominal integument ofDrosophila caused by mutations intorpedo, a DER homolog. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995; 204:330-335. [PMID: 28306127 DOI: 10.1007/bf02179501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/1994] [Accepted: 08/12/1994] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TheDrosophila homolog of the vertebrate EGF receptor (DER) gene is encoded by thetorpedo (top) locus. We examined the role oftop in the development and differentiation of the integument of the adult abdomen ofDrosophila, by analysing these processes in transheterozygotes of twotop alleles. The mutation, when compared to the wild type, affected mitosis, spreading and differentiation of adult epidermal cells derived from the various histoblast and spiracular nests. Our observations indicate that the need for wild-typetop gene product becomes critical after pupation, and the requirement continues throughout the rest of adult development for the normal morphogenesis of the abdominal integument and spiracles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornath Madhavan
- Department of Biology, College of The Holy Cross, 01610-2395, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Glazer L, Shilo BZ. The Drosophila FGF-R homolog is expressed in the embryonic tracheal system and appears to be required for directed tracheal cell extension. Genes Dev 1991; 5:697-705. [PMID: 1849109 DOI: 10.1101/gad.5.4.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila homolog of the vertebrate fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF-R) was isolated by low-stringency hybridization. In contrast to the diversity of this subclass of receptor tyrosine kinases in vertebrates, the Drosophila genome appears to encode only a single homolog. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrates that the Drosophila FGF-R homolog (DFGF-R) protein has a conserved sequence, size, and organization. The extracellular region encodes three immunoglobulin-like domains, and the cytoplasmic kinase domain exhibits a high degree of similarity to the vertebrate FGF-Rs with the typical split kinase and comparably sized juxtamembrane and carboxy-terminal regions. The DFGF-R was mapped to position 70C on the third chromosome, and two overlapping chromosomal deficiencies that remove the gene were identified. Developmental Northern blots show that the gene has a single transcript of 4.3 kb and is expressed at all stages of development. Localization of the transcript and protein in embryos has shown that the gene is predominantly expressed in a restricted set of tissues: the developing tracheal system and the delaminating midline glial and neural cells. In embryos homozygous for a deletion of several genes including the DFGF-R locus, the initial formation of the tracheal pits is not affected. However, the extension of tracheal cell processes leading to the formation of the elaborate tree structure is blocked. The DFGF-R protein may thus participate in receiving spatial cues that guide tracheal cell outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Glazer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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6
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Abstract
In this review, the types of mRNAs found in oocytes and eggs of several animal species, particularly Drosophila, marine invertebrates, frogs, and mice, are described. The roles that proteins derived from these mRNAs play in early development are discussed, and connections between maternally inherited information and embryonic pattern are sought. Comparisons between genetically identified maternally expressed genes in Drosophila and maternal mRNAs biochemically characterized in other species are made when possible. Regulation of the meiotic and early embryonic cell cycles is reviewed, and translational control of maternal mRNA following maturation and/or fertilization is discussed with regard to specific mRNAs.
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7
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Detection and localization onDrosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes of sequences homologous to oncogeneyes. J Genet 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02927853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Price JV, Clifford RJ, Schüpbach T. The maternal ventralizing locus torpedo is allelic to faint little ball, an embryonic lethal, and encodes the Drosophila EGF receptor homolog. Cell 1989; 56:1085-92. [PMID: 2493993 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The torpedo gene of Drosophila melanogaster is involved in the establishment of the dorsoventral pattern of eggshell and embryo. We have isolated new alleles of torpedo and have found that torpedo is allelic to the zygotic embryonic lethal faint little ball. We have shown that torpedo resides in subdivision 57F on the second chromosome--at the same location as the Drosophila homolog of the EGF receptor (DER). Using a cosmid that contains most of the DER coding region as a hybridization probe, we have shown that a cytologically small deficiency that eliminates torpedo activity also removes the DER gene, and that an inversion that was isolated as a strong torpedo allele breaks the coding region of the DER gene. We conclude that torpedo is the DER gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Price
- Biology Department, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544-1003
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Schejter ED, Shilo BZ. The Drosophila EGF receptor homolog (DER) gene is allelic to faint little ball, a locus essential for embryonic development. Cell 1989; 56:1093-104. [PMID: 2924351 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recessive lethal mutations in the genetic locus of the Drosophila EGF receptor homolog (DER) were isolated. Identification of mutations in the gene is based on assays of DER protein autophosphorylation activity. Most DER alleles show little or no in vivo autophosphorylation. The ability to monitor these activities in vivo and in vitro offers a preliminary insight into the functional defects in the different mutant proteins. The identification of the DER locus was also confirmed by partial rescue of the mutant phenotype with a DER P-element construct. Homozygous DER mutants display a complex embryonic phenotype. Most notably, the anterior structures deteriorate, ventral denticle bands are missing, the germ band does not retract, and the central nervous system shows a collapse of commissure and midline pattern. Mutations in DER were shown to be allelic to the previously described locus faint little ball.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Schejter
- Department of Virology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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10
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Tissue localization of Drosophila melanogaster insulin receptor transcripts during development. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2454394 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster insulin receptor (Drosophila insulin receptor homolog [dIRH]) is similar to its mammalian counterpart in deduced amino acid sequence, subunit structure, and ligand-stimulated protein tyrosine kinase activity. The function of this receptor in D. melanogaster is not yet known. However, a role in development is suggested by the observations that levels of insulin-stimulated kinase activity and expression of dIRH mRNA are maximal during Drosophila midembryogenesis. In this study, a 2.9-kilobase (kb) cDNA clone corresponding to both the dIRH tyrosine kinase domain and some of the 3' untranslated sequence was used to determine the tissue distribution of dIRH mRNA during development. Two principal mRNAs of 11 and 8.6 kb hybridized with the dIRH cDNA in Northern (RNA) blot analysis. The abundance of the 8.6-kb mRNA increased transiently in early embryos, whereas the 11-kb species was most abundant during midembryogenesis. A similar pattern of expression was previously determined by Northern analysis, using a dIRH genomic clone (L. Petruzzelli, R. Herrera, R. Arenas-Garcia, R. Fernandez, M. J. Birnbaum, and O. M. Rosen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4710-4714, 1986). In situ hybridization revealed dIRH transcripts in the ovaries of adult flies, in which the transcripts appeared to be synthesized by nurse cells for eventual storage as maternal RNA in the mature oocyte. Throughout embryogenesis, dIRH transcripts were ubiquitously expressed, although after midembryogenesis, higher levels were detected in the developing nervous system. Nervous system expression remained elevated throughout the larval stages and persisted in the adult, in which the cortex of the brain and ganglion cells were among the most prominently labeled tissues. In larvae, the imaginal disk cells exhibited comparatively high levels of dIRH mRNA expression. The broad distribution of dIRH mRNA in embryos and imaginal disks is compatible with a role for dIRH in anabolic processes required for cell growth. The apparently elevated expression of dIRH mRNA in nervous tissue during mid- and late embryogenesis coincides with a period of active neurite outgrowth and suggests that dIRH may be involved in this process.
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Garofalo RS, Rosen OM. Tissue localization of Drosophila melanogaster insulin receptor transcripts during development. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:1638-47. [PMID: 2454394 PMCID: PMC363323 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1638-1647.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster insulin receptor (Drosophila insulin receptor homolog [dIRH]) is similar to its mammalian counterpart in deduced amino acid sequence, subunit structure, and ligand-stimulated protein tyrosine kinase activity. The function of this receptor in D. melanogaster is not yet known. However, a role in development is suggested by the observations that levels of insulin-stimulated kinase activity and expression of dIRH mRNA are maximal during Drosophila midembryogenesis. In this study, a 2.9-kilobase (kb) cDNA clone corresponding to both the dIRH tyrosine kinase domain and some of the 3' untranslated sequence was used to determine the tissue distribution of dIRH mRNA during development. Two principal mRNAs of 11 and 8.6 kb hybridized with the dIRH cDNA in Northern (RNA) blot analysis. The abundance of the 8.6-kb mRNA increased transiently in early embryos, whereas the 11-kb species was most abundant during midembryogenesis. A similar pattern of expression was previously determined by Northern analysis, using a dIRH genomic clone (L. Petruzzelli, R. Herrera, R. Arenas-Garcia, R. Fernandez, M. J. Birnbaum, and O. M. Rosen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4710-4714, 1986). In situ hybridization revealed dIRH transcripts in the ovaries of adult flies, in which the transcripts appeared to be synthesized by nurse cells for eventual storage as maternal RNA in the mature oocyte. Throughout embryogenesis, dIRH transcripts were ubiquitously expressed, although after midembryogenesis, higher levels were detected in the developing nervous system. Nervous system expression remained elevated throughout the larval stages and persisted in the adult, in which the cortex of the brain and ganglion cells were among the most prominently labeled tissues. In larvae, the imaginal disk cells exhibited comparatively high levels of dIRH mRNA expression. The broad distribution of dIRH mRNA in embryos and imaginal disks is compatible with a role for dIRH in anabolic processes required for cell growth. The apparently elevated expression of dIRH mRNA in nervous tissue during mid- and late embryogenesis coincides with a period of active neurite outgrowth and suggests that dIRH may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Garofalo
- Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
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12
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Lev Z. A procedure for large-scale isolation of RNA-free plasmid and phage DNA without the use of RNase. Anal Biochem 1987; 160:332-6. [PMID: 2437820 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A preparative procedure for the large-scale isolation of plasmid DNA without the use of RNAse is described. Crude plasmid DNA is prepared using a standard boiling method. High-molecular-weight RNA is removed by precipitation with LiCl, and low-molecular-weight RNA is removed by sedimentation through high-salt solution. The procedure is inexpensive, rapid, simple, and particularly suitable for processing several large-scale preparations simultaneously. A similar procedure has been developed for preparation of lambda-phage DNA.
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Schejter ED, Segal D, Glazer L, Shilo BZ. Alternative 5' exons and tissue-specific expression of the Drosophila EGF receptor homolog transcripts. Cell 1986; 46:1091-101. [PMID: 3093080 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
cDNA clones of the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor homolog (DER) gene were isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a similar degree of homology to the human epidermal growth factor receptor and to the rat and human neu proteins; the most striking difference is the addition of a third cysteine-rich extracellular domain in DER. The structure of the cDNA indicates the use of alternative 5' exons. Thus, the gene encodes three putative proteins differing at their N termini. The distribution of DER transcripts was analyzed by in situ hybridization. Transcripts are uniformly distributed in embryos, larval transcripts are primarily localized to proliferating tissues of the imaginal discs and brain cortex, and adult transcripts are detected mainly in the brain and ganglia. All three splicing alternatives show similar tissue distribution during development.
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Lev Z, Segev O. The RNA transcripts of Drosophila melanogaster src gene are differentially regulated during development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(86)90074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Acquisition of insulin-dependent protein tyrosine kinase activity during Drosophila embryogenesis. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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