1
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Lv P, Zhang X, Chen L, Wang S, Wang Z, He R, Guan L. Simulation and Optimization of the Auxiliary Cathode for Inter-Electrode Discharge Electric Field in Microarc Oxidation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5065. [PMID: 37512337 PMCID: PMC10385251 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Currently, research on the edge effect issue in the micro-arc oxidation process primarily focuses on investigating process conditions and enhancing additives. However, some scholars have utilized finite element analysis software to simulate the edge effect during the simulation process, overlooking the investigation of the morphology of the auxiliary cathode. This study analyzes the growth characteristics of the oxide film on aluminum alloy 2A12 during micro-arc oxidation. Additionally, the inter-electrode discharge electric field is simulated using the finite element analysis method. The auxiliary cathode is optimized to mitigate the influence of the edge effect on the film layer. The findings indicate that employing a cylindrical shape as the auxiliary cathode instead of a rectangular groove leads to an increased thickness of the micro-arc oxidation film. However, it also results in an augmented length of the film layer affected by the edge effect at both ends of the workpiece. Decreasing the distance between the auxiliary cathode and the workpiece surface leads to a higher thickness of the obtained micro-arc oxidation film. Decreasing the length of the auxiliary cathode results in a reduction in both the thickness of the film layer on the workpiece surface and the area affected by the edge effect. Increasing the eccentric cone ratio of the auxiliary cathode enhances the uniformity of the micro-arc oxidation film layer. In this study, we present a novel auxiliary cathode model that incorporates a smaller cylindrical shell at the center and eccentric cone shells on each side. This model has the potential to enhance the optimization rate of the micro-arc oxidation film layer on cylindrical workpieces by 17.77%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Liaoning Tiansheng Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian 116001, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Rongguo He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Le Guan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
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2
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Broens MI, Ramos Cervantes W, Asenjo Collao AM, Iglesias RA, Teijelo ML, Linarez Pérez OE. TiO2 nanotube arrays grown in ethylene glycol-based media containing fluoride: Understanding the effect of early anodization stages on the morphology. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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3
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Stojadinović S, Radić N, Vasilić R. Application of Micro-Arc Discharges during Anodization of Tantalum for Synthesis of Photocatalytic Active Ta 2O 5 Coatings. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:701. [PMID: 36985108 PMCID: PMC10058960 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ta2O5 coatings were created using micro-arc discharges (MDs) during anodization on a tantalum substrate in a sodium phosphate electrolyte (10 g/L Na3PO4·10H2O). During the process, the size of MDs increases while the number of MDs decreases. The elements and their ionization states present in MDs were identified using optical emission spectroscopy. The hydrogen Balmer line Hβ shape analysis revealed the presence of two types of MDs, with estimated electron number densities of around 1.1 × 1021 m-3 and 7.3 × 1021 m-3. The effect of MDs duration on surface morphology, phase and chemical composition, optical absorption, and photoluminescent, properties of Ta2O5 coatings, as well as their applications in photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange, were investigated. The created coatings were crystalline and were primarily composed of Ta2O5 orthorhombic phase. Since Ta2O5 coatings feature strong absorption in the ultraviolet light region below 320 nm, their photocatalytic activity is very high and increases with the time of the MDs process. This was associated with an increase of oxygen vacancy defects in coatings formed during the MDs, which was confirmed by photoluminescent measurements. The photocatalytic activity after 8 h of irradiation was around 69%, 74%, 80%, and 88% for Ta2O5 coatings created after 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Stojadinović
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Radić
- IChTM-Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rastko Vasilić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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The relationship between the growth rate of anodic TiO2 nanotubes, the fluoride concentration and the electronic current. Electrochem commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2023.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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5
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Zhao Z, Wang S, Zhang J, Liu L, Jiang L, Xu X, Song Y. A phosphoric anion layer inhibits electronic current generation and nanotube growth during anodization of titanium. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4597-4605. [PMID: 36341295 PMCID: PMC9595191 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays the formation mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes has attracted extensive attention. Field-assisted dissolution (TiO2 + 6F- + 4H+ → [TiF6]2- + 2H2O) has been considered as the causal link to the formation and growth of nanotubes. But it is hard for this theory to explain three stages of the current-time curve. Here, the anodization of titanium was studied by adding different concentrations of H3PO4 (0%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt%) in ethylene glycol containing the same concentration of NH4F (0.5 wt%). The results prove that under the action of the same concentration of NH4F, the growth rate of nanotubes decreases obviously with the increase of H3PO4 concentration, and the second stage of the current-time curve is also prolonged simultaneously. These experimental facts cannot be interpreted by field-assisted dissolution theory and the viscous flow model. Here, an anion layer formed by H3PO4 and the electronic current theory are ably used to explain these facts reasonably for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jiazheng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Longfei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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6
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Hanif MB, Thirunavukkarasu GK, Liapun V, Makarov H, Gregor M, Roch T, Plecenik T, Hensel K, Sihor M, Monfort O, Motola M. Fluoride-free synthesis of anodic TiO 2 nanotube layers: a promising environmentally friendly method for efficient photocatalysts. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11703-11709. [PMID: 35913399 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layers are generally prepared in fluoride-based electrolytes via electrochemical anodization that relies on the field-assisted dissolution of Ti metal forming nanoporous/nanotubular structures. However, the usage of fluoride ions is considered hazardous to the environment. Therefore, we present an environmentally friendly synthesis and application of TNT layers prepared in fluoride-free nitrate-based electrolytes. A well-defined nanotubular structure with thickness up to 1.5 μm and an inner tube diameter of ∼55 nm was obtained within 5 min using aqueous X(NO3)Y electrolytes (X = Na+, K+, Sr2+, Ag+). For the first time, we show the photocatalytic performance (using a model organic pollutant), HO˙ radical production, and thorough characterization of TNT layers prepared in such electrolytes. The highest degradation efficiency (k = 0.0113 min-1) and HO˙ radical production rate were obtained using TNT layers prepared in AgNO3 (Ag-NT). The intrinsic properties of Ag-NT such as the valence band maximum of ∼2.9 eV, surface roughness of ∼6 nm, and suitable morphological features and crystal structure were obtained. These results have the potential to pave the way for a more environmentally friendly synthesis of anodic TNT layers in the future using the next generation of fluoride-free nitrate-based electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Hanif
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Guru Karthikeyan Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Viktoriia Liapun
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Hryhorii Makarov
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maros Gregor
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Roch
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Plecenik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Hensel
- Division of Environmental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcel Sihor
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Monfort
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Motola
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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7
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Conrad CL, Elias WC, Garcia‐Segura S, Reynolds MA, Wong MS. A Simple and Rapid Method of Forming Double‐Sided TiO
2
Nanotube Arrays. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L. Conrad
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Rice University Houston TX 77005 United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 United States
| | - Welman C. Elias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 United States
| | - Sergi Garcia‐Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Rice University Houston TX 77005 United States
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 United States
| | - Michael A. Reynolds
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Rice University Houston TX 77005 United States
- Shell Exploration and Production Company Houston TX 77065 United States
| | - Michael S. Wong
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Rice University Houston TX 77005 United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 United States
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8
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Gulati K, Martinez RDO, Czerwiński M, Michalska-Domańska M. Understanding the influence of electrolyte aging in electrochemical anodization of titanium. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 302:102615. [PMID: 35303577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Titania nanotubes or nanopores self-ordered on electrochemically anodized (EA) titanium have been widely applied towards photocatalysis, solar cells, purification and biomedical implants. As a result, significant research has been focused towards optimizing anodization to fabricate controlled, stable and reproducible nanostructures. Among these, the use of organic-based electrolyte, like ethylene glycol (with NH4F and water), to anodize Ti has been widely applied and researched. Interestingly, among the various influencing EA factors, electrolyte aging (repeated EA using non-target Ti, prior to EA of target Ti substrate) has been underexplored, with only few studies aiming to optimize electrolyte aging and its influence on the nanostructures fabricated. Moreover, many research laboratories utilize electrolyte aging in Ti anodization, but this practice is seldom reported. In this extensive and pioneering review, we discuss and detail electrolyte aging in Ti anodization to fabricate controlled nanostructures, and its influence on nanostructure characteristics including morphology, chemistry, stability and application-specific performance. This review will inform future research aimed at optimizing electrolyte aging and Ti anodization to fabricate controlled nanostructures catering to specific application needs.
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9
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Jiang L, Zhang J, Chen B, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wan W, Song Y. Morphological comparison and growth mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes in HBF4 and NH4F electrolytes. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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10
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Li X, Zhang Y, Gao L, Ma J, Qiu Y, Xu X, Ou J, Ma W. The growth rate of nanotubes and the quantity of charge during anodization. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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11
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Yu H, Chen J, Zhang S, Yu Y, Wang S, Ye M. Effects of electrolyte composition on the growth and properties of titanium oxide nanotubes. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
This research study describes recent advances in understanding the effects of the addition of organic acids, such as acetic, lactic, citric and phytic acids, on the process of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on Ti using an alkaline bath. As the plasma developed over the workpiece is central to determine the particular morphological and structural features of the growing oxide, the focus is then on the inter-relationships between the electrolyte and the resultant plasma regime established. In situ optical emission spectroscopy (OES) allowed us to verify a marked plasma suppression when adding low-molecular-weight anions such as acetates, resulting in short-lived and well-distributed discharges. Conversely, when more bulky anions, such as lactates, citrates and phytates, were considered, a less efficient shielding of the electrode caused the build-up of long-lasting and destructive sparks responsible for the formation of thicker coatings, even >30 µm, at the expense of a higher roughness and loss of compactness. Corrosion resistance was tested electrochemically, according to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and weight losses evidenced the coatings produced in the solution containing acetates to be more suitable for service in H2SO4.
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13
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Li C, Ni Y, Gong J, Song Y, Gong T, Zhu X. A review: research progress on the formation mechanism of porous anodic oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:322-333. [PMID: 36132683 PMCID: PMC9417932 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the great development potential of porous anodic oxides (PAO) in many fields, research on their formation mechanisms, fabrication processes and applications has a history of more than ten years. Although compared with research on the fabrication processes and applications of PAO, research on their formation mechanisms started late, several mainstream theories have been formed in the academic community, including the field-assisted dissolution (FAD) theory, the field-assisted ejection (FAE) theory, the self-organization theory, the ionic and electronic current theory and the oxygen bubble mould effect. This review will focus on summarizing the core views of the mainstream mechanisms mentioned above and comparing the explanations for some of their classical experimental phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yilin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jingjing Gong
- School of Design Art and Media, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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14
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Li P, Wang H, Ni Y, Song Y, Sun M, Gong T, Li C, Zhu X. Unraveling the six stages of the current-time curve and the bilayer nanotubes obtained by one-step anodization of Zr. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:582-589. [PMID: 36132686 PMCID: PMC9419485 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The application and growth mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been a hot topic in the last ten years, but the formation mechanism of anodic ZrO2 nanotubes has rarely been studied. In one-step constant voltage anodization of Al and Ti, the typical current-time curve has three stages. Moreover, the current-time curves of the three stages can last for 10 min or even 10 hours, resulting in a single layer of nanotubes with the same diameter due to the constant voltage in one-step anodization. However, in this paper, it was found for the first time that the three stages of the current-time curve appeared twice in succession during one-step constant voltage anodization of Zr for only 900 seconds, and bilayer nanotubes with increased diameter were obtained. This six-stage current-time curve cannot be explained by classical field-assisted dissolution and field-assisted flow or stress-driven mechanisms. Here, the formation mechanism and growth kinetics of bilayer ZrO2 nanotubes have been clarified rationally by the theories of ionic current, electronic current and oxygen bubble mold. The interesting results presented in this paper are of great significance for revealing the anodizing process of various metals and the formation mechanism of porous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengze Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yilin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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15
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Gong T, Chen J, Fang P, Liu L, Li C, Han A, Song Y. Debunking the essential effect of temperature and voltage on the current curve and the nanotube morphology. RSC Adv 2021; 12:429-436. [PMID: 35424478 PMCID: PMC8978680 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06694c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes remains to be unclear till now. Many researchers study the influence of temperatures above 0 °C instead of below 0 °C. Few papers before have explained the relationship between the current-time curve and the morphology of the nanotubes. In this study, the innovative 'oxygen bubble model' and the ionic current and electronic current theories were introduced to explain the growth of nanotubes below 0 °C. The length of anodic TiO2 nanotubes at 15 °C, 0 °C, -10 °C were 1.28 μm, 0.93 μm and 0.21 μm, respectively, but the diameter of anodic TiO2 nanotubes was almost the same, at about 164 nm. When the temperature was low, the magnitude of electronic current and the ionic current was small, the mold effect was weak and nanotubes could not be formed. At the same time, this study shows that the dissolution reaction of the field-assisted solution theory has no electron gain or loss, and it has nothing to do with the current, which negates the field-assisted dissolution theory. A novel two-step anodization was used to verify the conclusion. It was found that nanotubes could be obtained when the anodizing current was decreasing or increasing. Also, ginseng-shaped nanotubes are formed at a particular voltage sequence. Based on the 'oxygen bubble model' and the ionic current and electronic current theories, the formation process of nanotubes of two-step anodization is explained clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jieda Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Pengjin Fang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Aijun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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16
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Li P, Wang J, Liu L, Ma J, Ni Y, Wang H, Song Y. The effect of atmospheric pressure on the growth rate of TiO2 nanotubes: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution theory. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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17
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Sopha H, Kashimbetova A, Hromadko L, Saldan I, Celko L, Montufar EB, Macak JM. Anodic TiO 2 Nanotubes on 3D-Printed Titanium Meshes for Photocatalytic Applications. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8701-8706. [PMID: 34609883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, large 3D Ti meshes fabricated by direct ink writing were wirelessly anodized for the first time to prepare highly photocatalytically active TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layers. The use of bipolar electrochemistry enabled the fabrication of TNT layers within the 3D Ti meshes without the establishment of an electrical contact between Ti meshes and the potentiostat, confirming its unique ability and advantage for the synthesis of anodic structures on metallic substrates with a complex geometry. TNT layers with nanotube diameters of up to 110 nm and thicknesses of up to 3.3 μm were formed. The TNT-layer-modified 3D Ti meshes showed a superior performance for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in comparison to TiO2-nanoparticle-decorated and nonanodized Ti meshes (with a thermal oxide layer), resulting in multiple increases in the dye degradation rate. The results presented here open new horizons for the employment of anodized 3D Ti meshes in various flow-through (photo)catalytic reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sopha
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adelia Kashimbetova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Hromadko
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Saldan
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Celko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan M Macak
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Peculiarities of Aluminum Anodization in AHAs-Based Electrolytes: Case Study of the Anodization in Glycolic Acid Solution. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185362. [PMID: 34576586 PMCID: PMC8468596 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The anodization of aluminum (Al) in three alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs): glycolic (GC), malic (MC), and citric (CC), was analyzed. Highly ordered pores in GC were obtained for the first time. However, the hexagonal cells were characterized by a non-uniform size distribution. Although common features of current density behavior are visible, the anodization in AHAs demonstrates some peculiarities. The electric conductivity (σ) of 0.5 M GC, MC, and CC electrolytes was in the following order: σ(CC) > σ(MC) > σ(GC), in accordance with the acid strength pKa(CC) < pKa(MC) < pKa(GC). However, the anodization voltage, under which a self-organized pore formation in anodic alumina (AAO) was observed (Umax), decreased with increasing pKa: Umax(CC) > Umax(MC) ≥ Umax(GC). This unusual behavior is most probably linked with the facility of acid ions to complex Al and the active participation of the Al complexes in the AAO formation. Depending on the AHA, its tendency and different modes to coordinate Al ions, the contribution of stable Al complexes to the AAO growth is different. It can be concluded that the structure of Al complexes, their molecular mass, and the ability to lose electrons play more important roles in the AAO formation than pKa values of AHAs.
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Gong T, Li C, Li X, Yue H, Zhu X, Zhao Z, Lv R, Zhu J. Evidence of oxygen bubbles forming nanotube embryos in porous anodic oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4659-4668. [PMID: 36134301 PMCID: PMC9417053 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been studied widely for two decades because of their regular tubular structures and extensive applications. However, the formation mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes remains unclear, because it is difficult to find convincing evidence for popular field-assisted dissolution or field-assisted injection theories and the oxygen bubble model. Here, in a bid to find direct evidence that oxygen bubbles form nanotube embryos, a new method is applied to handle this challenge. Before nanotube formation, a dense cover layer was formed to make nanotubes grow more slowly. Many completely enclosed nanotube embryos formed by oxygen bubbles were found beneath the dense cover layer for the first time. The formation of these enclosed and hollow gourd-shaped embryos is convincing enough to prove that the nanotubes are formed by the oxygen bubble mold, similar to inflating a football, rather than by field-assisted dissolution. Based on the 'oxygen bubble model' and ionic current and electronic current theories, the formation and growth process of nanotube embryos is explained clearly for the first time. These interesting findings indicate that the 'oxygen bubble model' and ionic current and electronic current theories also apply to anodization of other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Hangyu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Renquan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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20
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Debunking the formation mechanism of nanopores in four kinds of electrolytes without fluoride ion. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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21
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Zhang J, Yu Y, Fang P, Liu L, Yue H, Ou J, Han A. Anodization of aluminum in a sealed container. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Gasco-Owens A, Veys-Renaux D, Cartigny V, Rocca E. Large-pores anodizing of 5657 aluminum alloy in phosphoric acid: an in-situ electrochemical study. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Liu S, Tian J, Zhang W. Fabrication and application of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:222001. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe25f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to the unique optical and electrochemical properties, large surface area, tunable properties, and high thermal stability, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has become one of the most popular materials with a large potential to develop emerging applications in numerous areas, including biosensors, desalination, high-risk pollutants detection, capacitors, solar cell devices, photonic crystals, template-assisted fabrication of nanostructures, and so on. This review covers the mechanism of AAO formation, manufacturing technology, the relationship between the properties of AAO and fabrication conditions, and applications of AAO. Properties of AAO, like pore diameter, interpore distance, wall thickness, and anodized aluminum layer thickness, can be fully controlled by fabrication conditions, including electrolyte, applied voltage, anodizing and widening time. Generally speaking, the pore diameter of AAO will affect its specific application to a large extent. Moreover, manufacturing technology like one/two/multi step anodization, nanoimprint lithography anodization, and pulse/cyclic anodization also have a major impact on overall array arrangement. The review aims to provide a perspective overview of the relationship between applications and their corresponding AAO pore sizes, systematically. And the review also focuses on the strategies by which the structures and functions of AAO can be utilized.
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Lu N, Zhang J, Dan Y, Sun M, Gong T, Li X, Zhu X. Growth of porous anodic TiO2 in silver nitrate solution without fluoride: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution reactions of fluoride ions. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Alijani M, Sopha H, Ng S, Macak JM. High aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube layers obtained in a very short anodization time. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Zhou Q, Niu D, Feng X, Wang A, Ying Z, Zhang J, Lu N, Zhu J, Zhu X. Debunking the effect of water content on anodizing current: Evidence against the traditional dissolution theory. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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27
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First-principles theory of electrical breakdown in barrier anodic films in contact with an electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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TiO2 nanotube arrays with a volume expansion factor greater than 2.0: Evidence against the field-assisted ejection theory. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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29
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Zhou Q, Tian M, Ying Z, Dan Y, Tang F, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhu X. Dense films formed during Ti anodization in NH4F electrolyte: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution reactions of fluoride ions. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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30
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Zhang K, Cao S, Li C, Qi J, Jiang L, Zhang J, Zhu X. Rapid growth of TiO2 nanotubes under the compact oxide layer: Evidence against the digging manner of dissolution reaction. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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31
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Li C, Wu L, Zhao S, Jiang L, Yang Y, Zhang K, Zhu X. Essential influence of electrode and electrolyte temperatures on the anodizing process of Ti. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Bamboo shoot nanotubes with diameters increasing from top to bottom: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution equilibrium theory. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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33
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Santos-Coquillat A, Mohedano M, Martinez-Campos E, Arrabal R, Pardo A, Matykina E. Bioactive multi-elemental PEO-coatings on titanium for dental implant applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:738-752. [PMID: 30678963 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) coatings were generated on Grade I commercially pure titanium for dentistry applications using a Ca/P-based electrolyte with added Si, Mg, Zn or F species. Surface characteristics, chemical composition and ion liberation of the coatings were characterized using SEM/EDS, X-ray diffraction, optical profilometry, contact angle and ICP-OES. Corrosion resistance (OCP and DC polarization) was evaluated in SBF. Osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis processes on PEO-coated Ti and non-coated Ti controls were assessed after 7 days and 5 days of cell culture, respectively. Monolayer formation and metabolic activity were evaluated for the MC3T3 preosteoblastic cell line. All PEO coatings favoured differentiation processes over proliferation and presented three times greater quantity of secreted collagen than non-coated Ti control. All coating enabled osteoclast differentiation, with differences in number and size of the osteoclasts between the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santos-Coquillat
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Tissue Engineering Group, Institute of Biofunctional Studies (IEB-UCM), Associated Unit to the Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Polymer Functionalization Group, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Martinez-Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Institute of Biofunctional Studies (IEB-UCM), Associated Unit to the Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Polymer Functionalization Group, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biofunctional Studies of Complutense University of Madrid (IEB-UCM), Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Arrabal
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Pardo
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Matykina
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biofunctional Studies of Complutense University of Madrid (IEB-UCM), Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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34
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Mohamed M, Moustafa S, Taha SA, Abd-Elnaiem AM. Morphological characterization and refractive index calculation of anodized titanium (99.7%) foil in HF-ethanol electrolyte. MATERIALS RESEARCH EXPRESS 2018; 6:035026. [DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/aaf7c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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35
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Zhao S, Wu L, Li C, Li C, Yu M, Cui H, Zhu X. Fabrication and growth model for conical alumina nanopores – Evidence against field-assisted dissolution theory. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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36
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A mathematical model for initiation and growth of anodic titania nanotube embryos under compact oxide layer. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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37
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38
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Combined Galvanostatic and Potentiostatic Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Titanium in Different Concentrations of H2SO4. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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39
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Highly increased breakdown potential of anodic films on aluminum using a sealed porous layer. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-3913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Studies of oxide growth location on anodization of Al and Ti provide evidence against the field-assisted dissolution and field-assisted ejection theories. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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41
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Al Zoubi W, Kamil MP, Yang HW, Ko YG. Electron-Donor and -Acceptor Agents Responsible for Surface Modification Optimizing Electrochemical Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28967-28979. [PMID: 28771306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical roles of electron-donor and -acceptor agents in surface reforming of magnesium alloy were investigated via plasma electrolysis. The surface modification was performed in an aluminate-based electrolyte, having urea and hydrazine with inherent molecular structures, which might act as electron acceptor and donor during plasma-assisted electrochemical reaction. The presence of hydrazine working as donor would promote the formation of magnesium aluminates in the oxide layer, resulting in superior compactness of the oxide layer to that when urea was used as the working as acceptor since the precipitation of MgCO3 was favored in the electrolyte with urea. The thickness of the oxide layer formed by a combination of urea and hydrazine was higher than urea, while the porosity was higher than hydrazine. The electrochemical performance was enhanced in the order of hydrazine, urea and hydrazine combined, and urea, which was discussed on the basis of impedance interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wail Al Zoubi
- Materials Electrochemistry Group, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Prisla Kamil
- Materials Electrochemistry Group, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Woong Yang
- Materials Electrochemistry Group, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gun Ko
- Materials Electrochemistry Group, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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42
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The effects of anion deposition and negative pulse on the behaviours of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)—A systematic study of the PEO of a Zirlo alloy in aluminate electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Jin R, Fan H, Yin X, Chen Q, Ma J, Ma W. A capacitor circuit model for theoretical derivation of anodizing current. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Zhu L, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Sui M. A mechanism for the growth of a plasma electrolytic oxide coating on Al. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Effect of ethylene glycol on morphology of anodic alumina prepared in hard anodization. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Jin R, Fan H, Liu Y, Ma W, Lu H, Yang P, Ma W. Formation Mechanism of Lotus-root-shaped Nanostructure during Two-step Anodization. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Chen S, Liao M, Yang P, Yan S, Jin R, Zhu X. Simulation of anodizing current–time curves and the morphology evolution of TiO2 nanotubes obtained in phosphoric electrolytes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The simulation and separation of anodizing current density–time curves obtained in mixed electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Maoying Liao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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48
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Simulation of anodizing current-time curves and morphology evolution of TiO2 nanotubes anodized in electrolytes with different NH4F concentrations. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Rafieerad AR, Ashra MR, Mahmoodian R, Bushroa AR. Surface characterization and corrosion behavior of calcium phosphate-base composite layer on titanium and its alloys via plasma electrolytic oxidation: A review paper. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:397-413. [PMID: 26354281 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, calcium phosphate-base composites, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbonate apatite (CA) have been considered desirable and biocompatible coating layers in clinical and biomedical applications such as implants because of the high resistance of the composites. This review focuses on the effects of voltage, time and electrolytes on a calcium phosphate-base composite layer in case of pure titanium and other biomedical grade titanium alloys via the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method. Remarkably, these parameters changed the structure, morphology, pH, thickness and crystallinity of the obtained coating for various engineering and biomedical applications. Hence, the structured layer caused improvement of the biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and assignment of extra benefits for Osseo integration. The fabricated layer with a thickness range of 10 to 20 μm was evaluated for physical, chemical, mechanical and tribological characteristics via XRD, FESEM, EDS, EIS and corrosion analysis respectively, to determine the effects of the applied parameters and various electrolytes on morphology and phase transition. Moreover, it was observed that during PEO, the concentration of calcium, phosphor and titanium shifts upward, which leads to an enhanced bioactivity by altering the thickness. The results confirm that the crystallinity, thickness and contents of composite layer can be changed by applying thermal treatments. The corrosion behavior was investigated via the potentiodynamic polarization test in a body-simulated environment. Here, the optimum corrosion resistance was obtained for the coating process condition at 500 V for 15 min in Ringer solution. This review has been summarized, aiming at the further development of PEO by producing more adequate titanium-base implants along with desired mechanical and biomedical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rafieerad
- Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Department of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - M R Ashra
- Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Department of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - R Mahmoodian
- Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Department of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Research and Development, Azarin Kar Ind. Co., Industrial Zone 1, 7635168361 Kerman, Iran.
| | - A R Bushroa
- Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Department of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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50
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Chong B, Yu D, Jin R, Wang Y, Li D, Song Y, Gao M, Zhu X. Theoretical derivation of anodizing current and comparison between fitted curves and measured curves under different conditions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:145603. [PMID: 25785353 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/14/145603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been studied extensively for many years. However, the growth kinetics still remains unclear. The systematic study of the current transient under constant anodizing voltage has not been mentioned in the original literature. Here, a derivation and its corresponding theoretical formula are proposed to overcome this challenge. In this paper, the theoretical expressions for the time dependent ionic current and electronic current are derived to explore the anodizing process of Ti. The anodizing current-time curves under different anodizing voltages and different temperatures are experimentally investigated in the anodization of Ti. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship between the thickness of the barrier layer and anodizing time, and the relationships between the ionic/electronic current and temperatures are proposed in this paper. All of the current-transient plots can be fitted consistently by the proposed theoretical expressions. Additionally, it is the first time that the coefficient A of the exponential relationship (ionic current j(ion) = A exp(BE)) has been determined under various temperatures and voltages. And the results indicate that as temperature and voltage increase, ionic current and electronic current both increase. The temperature has a larger effect on electronic current than ionic current. These results can promote the research of kinetics from a qualitative to quantitative level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Repubilc of China
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