1
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Çelebi EB, Hacıvelioğlu F. Improving the mechanical and methanol crossover properties of fluorinated sulfonic acid functional polyphosphazenes by blending with polyvinylidene difluoride for fuel cell applications. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Xie M, Chu T, Wang T, Wan K, Yang D, Li B, Ming P, Zhang C. Preparation, Performance and Challenges of Catalyst Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:879. [PMID: 34832108 PMCID: PMC8617821 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the composition, function and structure of the catalyst layer (CL) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are summarized. The hydrogen reduction reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) processes and their mechanisms and the main interfaces of CL (PEM|CL and CL|MPL) are described briefly. The process of mass transfer (hydrogen, oxygen and water), proton and electron transfer in MEA are described in detail, including their influencing factors. The failure mechanism of CL (Pt particles, CL crack, CL flooding, etc.) and the degradation mechanism of the main components in CL are studied. On the basis of the existing problems, a structure optimization strategy for a high-performance CL is proposed. The commonly used preparation processes of CL are introduced. Based on the classical drying theory, the drying process of a wet CL is explained. Finally, the research direction and future challenges of CL are pointed out, hoping to provide a new perspective for the design and selection of CL materials and preparation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiankuo Chu
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Kechuang Wan
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Daijun Yang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Pingwen Ming
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Cunman Zhang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
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3
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Konovalova A, Stock D, Schröder S, Park HS, Jang JH, Kim HJ, Han J, Schröder D, Henkensmeier D. Partially methylated polybenzimidazoles as coating for alkaline zinc anodes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Nguyen TD, Whitehead A, Wai N, Ong SJH, Scherer GG, Xu ZJ. Equilibrium and Dynamic Absorption of Electrolyte Species in Cation/Anion Exchange Membranes of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1076-1083. [PMID: 30523669 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) rely on ion exchange membranes (IEMs) to separate the positive and negative compartments while maintaining electrical neutrality of the cell, by allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers. Cation exchange membranes (CEMs) and anion exchange membranes (AEMs), the two principal types of IEM, have both been employed in VRFBs. The performance of these IEMs can be influenced by the absorption of species from the electrolyte. In this study, a typical commercial CEM (Nafion 117) and AEM (FAP 450), were examined with respect to vanadium uptake, after exposure to electrolyte at different states of charge. The two types of membrane were found to behave very differently, with the AEM showing very high selectivity for VV , which resulted in a significant increase in area-specific resistivity. In contrast, the CEM absorbed VII more strongly than vanadium in other oxidation states. These findings are essential for the development of an effective membrane for VRFB applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam D Nguyen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1-02-27, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, #06-04, 1 CleanTech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, S2-B3a-01, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Adam Whitehead
- redT energy (UK) Ltd., Molly Millars Lane, Wokingham, RG41 2QZ, UK
| | - Nyunt Wai
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, #06-04, 1 CleanTech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Samuel Jun Hoong Ong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1-02-27, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Günther G Scherer
- Labor für Elektrochemie, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1-02-27, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, #06-04, 1 CleanTech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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5
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Gvozdik NA, Zefirov VV, El’manovich IV, Karpushkin EA, Stevenson KJ, Sergeyev VG, Gallyamov MO. Pretreatment of Celgard Matrices with Peroxycarbonic Acid for Subsequent Deposition of a Polydopamine Layer. COLLOID JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x1901006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Sorte EG, Paren BA, Rodriguez CG, Fujimoto C, Poirier C, Abbott LJ, Lynd NA, Winey KI, Frischknecht AL, Alam TM. Impact of Hydration and Sulfonation on the Morphology and Ionic Conductivity of Sulfonated Poly(phenylene) Proton Exchange Membranes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin A. Paren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christina G. Rodriguez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | | | | | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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7
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Exploring the effect of pendent side chain length on the structural and mechanical properties of hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid polymer membranes by molecular dynamics simulation. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Aboki J, Jing B, Luo S, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Guo R. Highly Proton Conducting Polyelectrolyte Membranes with Unusual Water Swelling Behavior Based on Triptycene-containing Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Multiblock Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1173-1186. [PMID: 29219299 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiblock poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers are attractive for polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cell applications due to their reportedly improved proton conductivity under partially hydrated conditions and better mechanical/thermal stability compared to Nafion. However, the long hydrophilic sequences required to achieve high conductivity usually lead to excessive water uptake and swelling, which degrade membrane dimensional stability. Herein, we report a fundamentally new approach to address this grand challenge by introducing shape-persistent triptycene units into the hydrophobic sequences of multiblock copolymers, which induce strong supramolecular chain-threading and interlocking interactions that effectively suppress water swelling. Consequently, unlike previously reported multiblock copolymer systems, the water swelling of the triptycene-containing multiblock copolymers did not increase proportionally with water uptake. This combination of high water uptake and low swelling behavior of these copolymers resulted in excellent proton conductivity and membrane dimensional stability under fully hydrated conditions. In particular, the triptycene-containing multiblock copolymer film with the longest hydrophilic block length (i.e., BPSH100-TRP0-15k-15k) had a water uptake of 105%, an excellent proton conductivity of 0.150 S/cm, and a volume swelling ratio of just 29% (more than 42% reduction compared to Nafion 212).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aboki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Benxin Jing
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shuangjiang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yingxi Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park 16802, United States
| | - Ruilan Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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9
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Moreno Ostertag L, Ling X, Domke KF, Parekh SH, Valtiner M. Characterizing the hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transition of electrolyte structuring in proton exchange membrane mimicking surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11722-11729. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The surface density of charged sulfonic acid head groups in a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) proton exchange membrane determines the hydrophilicity of the ionic channels and is thus critical for the structuring and transport of water and protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Moreno Ostertag
- Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- D-40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics
| | - Xiao Ling
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Katrin F. Domke
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Sapun H. Parekh
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- D-40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics
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10
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Gu H, Yan F, Texter J. Polymerized Paired Ions as Polymeric Ionic Liquid-Proton Conductivity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1218-25. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gu
- School of Engineering Technology; Eastern Michigan University; Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215345 China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology; Eastern Michigan University; Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215345 China
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12
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Kuwertz R, Kirstein C, Turek T, Kunz U. Influence of acid pretreatment on ionic conductivity of Nafion® membranes. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Magana S, Festin N, Fumagalli M, Chikh L, Gouanvé F, Mareau V, Gonon L, Fichet O, Espuche E. Hydrophobic networks for advanced proton conducting membrane: Synthesis, transport properties and chemical stability. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Kononenko NA, Fomenko MA, Volfkovich YM. Structure of perfluorinated membranes investigated by method of standard contact porosimetry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:425-35. [PMID: 25132223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The results of investigation of various factors influencing water distribution in perfluorinated membrane structure by method of standard contact porosimetry are summarized. The Nafion membranes (Dupon de Nemoure, USA) and MF-4SK membranes ("Plastpolymer", Russia) were the objects of the research. The influence of production process and conditioning method on porosimetric curves of perfluorinated membrane is discussed. New results related to the porosity of perfluorinated membranes after reinforcing fabric introduction and processing by organic solvents are reported. The role of the modifying components of various nature in the shaping of transport channels in perfluorinated membrane is studied. The influence of polyaniline and hydrogen zirconium phosphate on water distribution in membrane structure is revealed. The correlation between the maximum porosity value of the membrane and its diffusion and electroosmotic permeability, as well as between the fraction of the gel pore volume and membrane selectivity is established. It allows the prediction of possible changes in the structural characteristics and also in the transport properties of the membranes under the influence of the modifying components of different types and various operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Kononenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149, Stavropol'skaya Str., Krasnodar 350040, Russian Federation.
| | - M A Fomenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149, Stavropol'skaya Str., Krasnodar 350040, Russian Federation.
| | - Yu M Volfkovich
- A N Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 31, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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15
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Safiollah M, Melchy PEA, Berg P, Eikerling M. Model of Water Sorption and Swelling in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Diagnostic Applications. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8165-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Safiollah
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Pierre-Eric Alix Melchy
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Berg
- Department
of Physics, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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16
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Li J, Pan M, Tang H. Understanding short-side-chain perfluorinated sulfonic acid and its application for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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17
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18
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Mota A, Gonzalez ER, Eiswirth M. Kinetic insights over a PEMFC operating on stationary and oscillatory states. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13773-82. [PMID: 22017227 DOI: 10.1021/jp205341w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic investigations in the oscillatory state have been carried out in order to shed light on the interplay between the complex kinetics exhibited by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell fed with poisoned H(2) (108 ppm of CO) and the other in serie process. The apparent activation energy (E(a)) in the stationary state was investigated in order to clarify the E(a) observed in the oscillatory state. The apparent activation energy in the stationary state, under potentiostatic control, rendered (a) E(a) ≈ 50-60 kJ mol(-1) over 0.8 V < E < 0.6 V and (b) E(a) ≈ 10 kJ mol(-1) at E = 0.3 V. The former is related to the H(2) adsorption in the vacancies of the surface poisoned by CO and the latter is correlated to the process of proton conductivity in the membrane. The dependence of the period-one oscillations on the temperature yielded a genuine Arrhenius dependence with two E(a) values: (a) E(a) around 70 kJ mol(-1), at high temperatures, and (b) E(a) around 10-15 kJ mol(-1), at lower temperatures. The latter E(a) indicates the presence of protonic mass transport coupled to the essential oscillatory mechanism. These insights point in the right direction to predict spatial couplings between anode and cathode as having the highest strength as well as to speculate the most likely candidates to promote spatial inhomogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Mota
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Av. Trab. Sancarlense 400, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
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19
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Paul DK, Fraser A, Karan K. Towards the understanding of proton conduction mechanism in PEMFC catalyst layer: Conductivity of adsorbed Nafion films. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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20
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Brack HP, Scherer GG. Modification and characterization of thin polymer films for electrochemical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981260105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Ahadian S, Mizuseki H, Kawazoe Y. Effects of hydration level, temperature, side chain and backbone flexibility of the polymer on the proton transfer in short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid membranes at low humidity conditions. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Lin J, Liu Y, Zhang QM. Charge Dynamics and Bending Actuation in Aquivion Membrane Swelled with Ionic Liquids. POLYMER 2011; 52:540-546. [PMID: 21339839 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The actuation strain and speed of ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators are mainly determined by the charge transport through the actuators and excess ion storage near the electrodes. We employ a recently developed theory on ion transport and storage to investigate the charge dynamics of short-side-chain Aquivion® (Hyflon®) membranes with different uptakes of ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMI-Tf). The results reveal the existence of a critical uptake of ionic liquids above which the membrane exhibit a high ionic conductivity (σ>5×10(-2) mS/cm). Especially, we investigate the charge dynamics under voltages which are in the range for practical device operation (~1 volts and higher). The results show that the ionic conductivity, ionic mobility, and mobile ion concentration do not change with the applied voltage below 1 volt (and for σ below 4 volts). The results also show that bending actuation of the Aquivion membrane with 40 wt% EMI-Tf is much larger than that of Nafion, indicating that the shorter flexible side chains improve the electromechanical coupling between the excess ions and the membrane backbones, while not affect the actuation speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Lin
- Department of Materials science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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23
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Characterisation of a re-cast composite Nafion® 1100 series of proton exchange membranes incorporating inert inorganic oxide particles. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Kim YS, Pivovar BS. Moving Beyond Mass-Based Parameters for Conductivity Analysis of Sulfonated Polymers. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2010; 1:123-48. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The proton conductivity of polymer electrolytes is critical for fuel cells and has therefore been studied in significant detail. The conductivity of sulfonated polymers has been linked to material characteristics to elucidate trends. Mass-based measurements based on water uptake and ion exchange capacity are two of the most common material characteristics used to make comparisons between polymer electrolytes, but they have significant limitations when correlated to proton conductivity. These limitations arise in part because different polymers can have significantly different densities and because conduction occurs over length scales more appropriately represented by volume measurements rather than mass. Herein we establish and review volume-related parameters that can be used to compare the proton conductivity of different polymer electrolytes. Morphological effects on proton conductivity are also considered. Finally, the impact of these phenomena on designing next-generation sulfonated polymers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seung Kim
- Sensors and Electrochemical Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Bryan S. Pivovar
- Hydrogen Technologies and Systems Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
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25
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Wang X, Yakovlev S, Beers KM, Park MJ, Mullin SA, Downing KH, Balsara NP. On the Origin of Slow Changes in Ionic Conductivity of Model Block Copolymer Electrolyte Membranes in Contact with Humid Air. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100719m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | | | - Keith M. Beers
- Materials Sciences Division
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Moon J. Park
- Materials Sciences Division
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Scott A. Mullin
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | | | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division
- Materials Sciences Division
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
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Tsang EMW, Zhang Z, Yang ACC, Shi Z, Peckham TJ, Narimani R, Frisken BJ, Holdcroft S. Nanostructure, Morphology, and Properties of Fluorous Copolymers Bearing Ionic Grafts. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901740f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. W. Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ami C. C. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Zhiqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Peckham
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Rasoul Narimani
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Barbara J. Frisken
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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27
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Chen L, Hallinan DT, Elabd YA, Hillmyer MA. Highly Selective Polymer Electrolyte Membranes from Reactive Block Polymers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901272s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel T. Hallinan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yossef A. Elabd
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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28
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Dorenbos G, Suga Y. Simulation of equivalent weight dependence of Nafion morphologies and predicted trends regarding water diffusion. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Oishi A, Matsuoka H, Yasuda T, Watanabe M. Novel styrene/N-phenylmaleimidealternating copolymers with pendant sulfonimide acid groups for polymer electrolyte fuel cell applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b815390f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Malek K, Eikerling M, Wang Q, Liu Z, Otsuka S, Akizuki K, Abe M. Nanophase segregation and water dynamics in hydrated Nafion: Molecular modeling and experimental validation. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:204702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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31
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Cui S, Liu J, Selvan ME, Paddison SJ, Keffer DJ, Edwards BJ. Comparison of the hydration and diffusion of protons in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes with molecular dynamics simulations. scui@utk.edu. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:13273-84. [PMID: 18826266 DOI: 10.1021/jp8039803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to determine the hydrated morphology and hydronium ion diffusion coefficients in two different perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes as functions of water content. The structural and transport properties of 1143 equivalent weight (EW) Nafion, with its relatively long perfluoroether side chains, are compared to the short-side-chain (SSC) PFSA ionomer at an EW of 977. The separation of the side chains was kept uniform in both ionomers consisting of -(CF 2) 15- units in the backbone, and the degree of hydration was varied from 5 to 20 weight % water. The MD simulations indicated that the distribution of water clusters is more dispersed in the SSC ionomer, which leads to a more connected water-channel network at the low water contents. This suggests that the SSC ionomer may be more inclined to form sample-spanning aqueous domains through which transport of water and protons may occur. The diffusion coefficients for both hydronium ions and water molecules were calculated at hydration levels of 4.4, 6.4, 9.6, and 12.8 H 2O/SO 3H for each ionomer. When compared to experimental proton diffusion coefficients, this suggests that as the water content is increased the contribution of proton hopping to the overall proton diffusion increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengting Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-2200, USA.
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32
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Berezina N, Kononenko N, Dyomina O, Gnusin N. Characterization of ion-exchange membrane materials: properties vs structure. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 139:3-28. [PMID: 18394577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the preparation, structure and applications of ion-exchange membranes formed from various materials and exhibiting various functions (electrodialytic, perfluorinated sulphocation-exchange and novel laboratory-tested membranes). A number of experimental techniques for measuring electrotransport properties as well as the general procedure for membrane testing are also described. The review emphasizes the relationships between membrane structures, physical and chemical properties and mechanisms of electrochemical processes that occur in charged membrane materials. The water content in membranes is considered to be a key factor in the ion and water transfer and in polarization processes in electromembrane systems. We suggest the theoretical approach, which makes it possible to model and characterize the electrochemical properties of heterogeneous membranes using several transport-structural parameters. These parameters are extracted from the experimental dependences of specific electroconductivity and diffusion permeability on concentration. The review covers the most significant experimental and theoretical research on ion-exchange membranes that have been carried out in the Membrane Materials Laboratory of the Kuban State University. These results have been discussed at the conferences "Membrane Electrochemistry", Krasnodar, Russia for many years and were published mainly in Russian scientific sources.
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33
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Onishi LM, Prausnitz JM, Newman J. Water-Nafion equilibria. absence of Schroeder's paradox. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10166-73. [PMID: 17685645 DOI: 10.1021/jp073242v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water-Nafion phase equilibria and proton conductivities were measured in two ways. First, Nafion was in contact with saturated water vapor. Second, Nafion was in contact with liquid water at the same temperature. At 29 degrees C, for preboiled, vapor-equilibrated Nafion exposed to water with an activity = 1 and air pressures ranging from 0 to 0.96 bar, the water content was lambda = 23 +/- 1 mol H(2)O/mol SO3-. For the preboiled, liquid-equilibrated membrane, lambda = 24 +/- 2. At 100% relative humidity (RH), the water content of preboiled Nafion decreased as the temperature rose from 30 to 80 degrees C but did not recover its initial water content when the temperature returned to 30 degrees C. The water content of predried Nafion at 1 atm and 30 degrees C was lambda = 13.7 +/- 0.2 when vapor-equilibrated and lambda = 13.1 +/- 0.5 when liquid-equilibrated. A Nafion membrane originally boiled in water had much higher liquid- and 100% RH vapor-equilibrated proton conductivities than the same membrane originally dried at 110 degrees C with a RH less than 2%. The liquid-equilibrated and 100% RH vapor-equilibrated membrane conductivities were the same when the membrane had the same thermal history. The conductivity data was fit to a model, and the water content was determined at different temperatures. The predried membrane water content increased with temperature, and the preboiled membrane's water content changed slightly with temperature. Both water sorption and proton-conductivity data do not exhibit Schroeder's paradox. These studies and previous results suggest that Schroeder's paradox is resolved when attention is given to the thermal history of the absorbing polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Onishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, USA.
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34
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Paddison SJ, Elliott JA. Molecular modeling of the short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:7583-93. [PMID: 16834128 DOI: 10.1021/jp0524734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is a first principles based molecular modeling investigation of the possible role of the side chain in effecting proton transfer in the short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid fuel cell membrane under minimal hydration conditions. Extensive searches for the global minimum energy structures of fragments of the polymer having two pendant side chains of distinct separation (with chemical formula: CF(3)CF(O(CF(2))(2)SO(3)H)(CF(2))(n)CF(O(CF(2))(2)SO(3)H)CF(3), where n = 5, 7, and 9) with and without explicit water molecules have shown that the side chain separation influences both the extent and nature of the hydrogen bonding between the terminal sulfonic acid groups and the number of water molecules required to transfer the proton to the water molecules of the first hydration shell. Specifically, we have found that fully optimized structures at the B3LYP/6-311G** level revealed that the number of water molecules needed to connect the sulfonic acid groups scaled as a function of the number of fluoromethylene groups in the backbone, with one, two, and three water molecules required to connect the sulfonic acid groups in fragments with n = 5, 7, and 9, respectively. With the addition of explicit water molecules to each of the polymeric fragments, we found that the minimum number of water molecules required to effect proton transfer also increases as the number of separating tetrafluoroethylene units in the backbone is increased. Furthermore, calculation of water binding energies on CP-corrected potential energy surfaces showed that the water molecules bound more strongly after proton dissociation had occurred from the terminal sulfonic acid groups independent of the degree of separation of the side chains. Our calculations provide a baseline for molecular results that can be used to assess the impact of changes of polymer chemistry on proton conduction, including the side chain length and acidic functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Paddison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.
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35
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Maréchal M, Souquet JL, Guindet J, Sanchez JY. Solvation of sulphonic acid groups in Nafion® membranes from accurate conductivity measurements. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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36
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Elliott JA, Paddison SJ. Modelling of morphology and proton transport in PFSA membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2602-18. [PMID: 17627306 DOI: 10.1039/b701234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Computational modelling studies of the structure of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer membranes consistently exhibit a nanoscopic phase-separated morphology in which the ionic side chains and aqueous counterions segregate from the fluorocarbon backbone to form clusters or channels. Although these investigations do not unambiguously predict the size or shape of the clusters, and whether or not the channels percolate the matrix or if the connections between them are more transient, the sequence of co-monomers along the main chain appears strongly to influence the domain size of the ionic regions, with more blocky sequences giving rise to larger domain sizes. The fundamental insight that substantial rearrangement of the sulfonic acid terminated side chains and fluorocarbon backbone takes place during swelling or shrinkage is borne out by both molecular and mesoscale simulations of model PFSA polymers, along with ab initio electronic structure calculations of minimally hydrated oligomeric fragments. Molecular-level modelling of proton transport in PFSA membranes attests to the complexity of the underlying mechanisms and the need to examine the chemical and physical processes at several distinct time and length scales. These investigations have revealed that the conformation of the fluorocarbon backbone, flexibility of the sidechains, and degree of aggregation and association of the sulfonic acid groups under minimally hydrated conditions collectively control the dissociation of the protons and the formation of Zundel and Eigen cations. The former appear to be the dominant charge carriers when the limiting water content allows only for the formation of a contact ion pair with the tethered sulfonate anion. As the water content increases, solvent-separated Eigen ions begin to appear, indicating that the dominant mechanism for diffusion of protons occurs over a region approximately 4 A away from the sulfonate groups. Finally, both the vehicular and Grotthuss shuttling mechanisms contribute to the mobility of the protons but, surprisingly, they are not always correlated, resulting in a lower overall diffusion coefficient. In summary, as the preceding observations indicate, the state of computational modelling of PFSA membranes has progressed sufficiently over the last decade to enable its use as a powerful predictive tool with which to guide the process of designing novel membrane materials for fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK.
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37
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SONE Y, ARIYAMA Y, UNO M, NAITO H, INO H. Proton Conductivity of the Reinforced Perfluorinated Membrane as a Function of Temperature and Humidity. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.75.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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38
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Kim YS, Pivovar BS. Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. ADVANCES IN FUEL CELLS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1752-301x(07)80009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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39
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Electrode kinetics of amperometric hydrogen sensors for hydrogen detection at low parts per million level. J Solid State Electrochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-006-0195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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41
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Paddison SJ, Elliott JA. On the consequences of side chain flexibility and backbone conformation on hydration and proton dissociation in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2193-203. [PMID: 16751878 DOI: 10.1039/b602188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The flexibility of the side chain and effects of conformational changes in the backbone on hydration and proton transfer in the short-side-chain (SSC) perfluorosulfonic acid fuel cell membrane have been investigated through first principles based molecular modelling studies. Potential energy profiles determined at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level in the two pendant side chain fragments: CF(3)CF(-O(CF(2))(2)SO(3)H)-(CF(2))(7)-CF(-O(CF(2))(2)SO(3)H)CF(3) indicate that the largest CF(2)-CF(2) rotational barrier along the backbone is nearly 28.9 kJ mol(-1) higher than the minimum energy staggered trans conformation. Furthermore, the calculations reveal that the stiffest portion of the side chain is near to its attachment site on the backbone, with CF-O and O-CF(2) barriers of 38.1 and 28.0 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The most flexible portion of the side chain is the carbon-sulfur bond, with a barrier of only 8.8 kJ mol(-1). Extensive searches for minimum energy structures (at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level) of the same polymeric fragment with 4-7 explicit water molecules reveal that the perfluorocarbon backbone may adopt either an elongated geometry, with all carbons in a trans configuration, or a folded conformation as a result of the hydrogen bonding of the terminal sulfonic acids with the water. These electronic structure calculations show that the fragments displaying the latter 'kinked' backbone possessed stronger binding of the water to the sulfonic acid groups, and also undergo proton dissociation with fewer water molecules. The calculations point to the importance of the flexibility in both the backbone and side chains of PFSA membranes to effectively transport protons under low humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Paddison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 35899, USA.
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42
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NAKANO H, TACHIBANA Y, KUWABATA S. Investigation of the Effect of Pt Location in Catalyst Layer on Fuel Cell Performance Using Pt-photodeposited Polyaniline-Nafion Composite Film. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.73.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki NAKANO
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univeristy
| | - Yasuhiro TACHIBANA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univeristy
| | - Susumu KUWABATA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univeristy
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43
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Lee CH, Park HB, Lee YM, Lee RD. Importance of Proton Conductivity Measurement in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Fuel Cell Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0501172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, and Division of Electromagnetic Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejon 305-600, Korea
| | - Ho Bum Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, and Division of Electromagnetic Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejon 305-600, Korea
| | - Young Moo Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, and Division of Electromagnetic Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejon 305-600, Korea
| | - Rae Duk Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, and Division of Electromagnetic Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejon 305-600, Korea
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44
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Shi Z, Holdcroft S. Synthesis and Proton Conductivity of Partially Sulfonated Poly([vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene]-b-styrene) Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0477549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada, and Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council (NRC), 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada, and Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, National Research Council (NRC), 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada
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45
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Gnusin N, Berezina N, Kononenko N, Dyomina O. Transport structural parameters to characterize ion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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47
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Silva R, De Francesco M, Pozio A. Solution-cast Nafion® ionomer membranes: preparation and characterization. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Kim YJ, Choi WC, Woo SI, Hong WH. Evaluation of a palladinized Nafion™ for direct methanol fuel cell application. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Ioselevich AS, Kornyshev AA, Steinke JHG. Fine Morphology of Proton-Conducting Ionomers. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049687q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Ioselevich
- L. D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Russian Academy of Science, 117940 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - A. A. Kornyshev
- L. D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Russian Academy of Science, 117940 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - J. H. G. Steinke
- L. D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Russian Academy of Science, 117940 Moscow, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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50
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Kim YS, Wang F, Hickner M, Mccartney S, Hong YT, Harrison W, Zawodzinski TA, Mcgrath JE. Effect of acidification treatment and morphological stability of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer proton-exchange membranes for fuel-cell use above 100 °C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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