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Ohta Y, Sahashi D. L-tryptophan administration promotes the reversion of pre-established chronic liver injury in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:550. [PMID: 12231426 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of L-tryptophan (Trp) administration on the reversion of CCl(4)-induced chronic liver injury after hepatotoxicant withdrawal in rats. When rats treated with CCl(4) twice a week for 6 weeks were released from CCl(4) treatment for 2 weeks, there was an incomplete reversion of liver injury. The reversion was enhanced by 2 weeks of daily intraperitoneal administration of Trp (50 mg/kg body weight), starting just after CCl(4) withdrawal. There were increases in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an index of lipid peroxidation, Ca(2+), triglycerides, and Trp, and decreases in tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity and serum triglyceride concentrations in the liver of rats treated with CCl(4) for 6 weeks. Serum albumin concentrations and in vitro hepatic protein synthesis activity did not change in the CCl(4)-treated rats. The changes in the CCl(4)-treated rats were partially attenuated 2 weeks after CCl(4) withdrawal. The attenuation was enhanced by 2 weeks of daily Trp administration. The increases in hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and triglycerides and the decreases in hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity and serum triglyceride concentrations observed 2 weeks after CCl(4) withdrawal were almost completely attenuated by Trp administration. In vitro hepatic protein synthesis in CCl(4)-treated and untreated rats was increased by 2 weeks of daily Trp administration. These results indicate that Trp administration promotes the reversion of pre-established chronic liver injury in rats treated with CCl(4,) and suggest that Trp exerts this effect by enhancing the improvement of several parameters of liver dysfunction associated with chronic liver injury and by stimulating hepatic protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Albano E, Carini R, Parola M, Bellomo G, Goria-Gatti L, Poli G, Dianzani MU. Effects of carbon tetrachloride on calcium homeostasis. A critical reconsideration. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:2719-25. [PMID: 2764992 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes with 0.172 mM carbon tetrachloride caused a rapid decrease in the calcium content of both mitochondrial and extramitochondrial compartments. However, the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores was not associated with an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ levels as measured by activation of phosphorylase alpha or by Quin-2 fluorescence. A rapid rise in hepatocyte free calcium was only observed with concentrations of CCl4 higher than 0.172 mM. The lack of activation of phosphorylase alpha was not due to the inhibition of the enzyme by CCl4, since in CCl4-treated hepatocytes the phosphorylase activity could be stimulated by glucagon, butyryl--cAMP or by the increase of cell calcium induced by the addition of A23187. Ca2+-dependent ATPase of plasma membranes was only slightly affected in the early phases of poisoning with CCl4 when both mitochondrial and extramitochondrial calcium pools were already lowered. This led to the conclusion that calcium released from intracellular organelles could be extruded from the cells in sufficient amounts to prevent the increase of the cytosolic levels. A rise in hepatocyte free calcium was observed during the second hour of incubation with CCl4, concomitantly with the appearance of both LDH leakage and plasma membrane blebbing. The addition of EGTA to the medium prevented both the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and the blebbing suggesting that they were a consequence of an influx of calcium into the cells. However, neither EGTA nor the addition of inhibitors of calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 or non-lysosomal proteases were able to protect against cell death. These latter results suggested that the alterations of calcium distribution induced by CCl4 in isolated hepatocytes were not a primary cause of the toxic effects, although they did not exclude that a sustained rise in cytosolic Ca2+ could contribute in the progression of cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albano
- Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Universita' di Torino, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Recknagel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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Vakulin GM. Early post-toxic defects revealed electron-microscopically in hepatocyte membranes by means of a lanthanum transmembrane tracer. Bull Exp Biol Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00837079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tomasi A, Albano E, Banni S, Botti B, Corongiu F, Dessi MA, Iannone A, Vannini V, Dianzani MU. Free-radical metabolism of carbon tetrachloride in rat liver mitochondria. A study of the mechanism of activation. Biochem J 1987; 246:313-7. [PMID: 2825631 PMCID: PMC1148278 DOI: 10.1042/bj2460313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in liver mitochondria as consequence of rat poisoning with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) have been reported over many years, but the mechanisms responsible for causing such damage are still largely unknown. Isolated rat liver mitochondria incubated under hypoxic conditions with succinate and ADP were found able to activate CCl4 to a free-radical species identified as trichloromethyl free radical (CCl3) by e.s.r. spectroscopy coupled with the spin-trapping technique. The incubation of mitochondria in air decreased free-radical production, indicating that a reductive reaction was involved in the activation of CCl4. However, in contrast with liver microsomes (microsomal fractions), mitochondria did not require the presence of NADPH, and the process was not significantly influenced by inhibitors of cytochrome P-450. The addition of inhibitors of the respiratory chain such as antimycin A and KCN decreased free-radical formation by only 30%, whereas rotenone displayed a greater effect (approx. 84% inhibition), but only when preincubated for 15 min with mitochondria not supplemented with succinate. These findings suggest that the mitochondrial electron-transport chain is responsible for the activation of CCl4. A conjugated-diene band was observed in the lipids extracted from mitochondria incubated with CCl4 under anaerobic conditions, indicating that stimulation of lipid peroxidation was occurring as a result of the formation of free-radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomasi
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università di Modena, Italy
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Long RM, Moore L. Cytosolic calcium after carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and phenylephrine exposure. Studies in rat hepatocytes with phosphorylase a and quin2. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:1215-21. [PMID: 3593411 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE), both hepatotoxins, inhibit sequestration of Ca2+ by rat liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER) both in vivo and in vitro. It is possible that, as a result, cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations rise in liver cells. In experiments presented here, isolated hepatocytes were exposed to CCl4, DCE, and phenylephrine (PE), a non-hepatotoxic alpha 1-adrenergic agent that mobilizes Ca2+. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations were evaluated by two methods: indirectly by assaying the activity of glycogen phosphorylase a, and directly by monitoring the fluorescence of quin2. In primary hepatocyte cultures, CCl4, DCE, and PE exposure increased the activity of phosphorylase a at 5 min from 39 +/- 2 to 130 +/- 12, 80 +/- 13, and 97 +/- 10 nmoles PO4(3-)/mg protein/min respectively. In rat hepatocyte suspensions loaded with quin2 and exposed to CCl4, DCE, or PE, cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations were elevated within 20 sec to 0.83 +/- 0.13, 0.59 +/- 0.06 and 0.99 +/- 0.14 microM Ca2+ respectively. Basal Ca2+ levels in these cells averaged 0.25 +/- 0.03 microM. Thus, CCl4 and PE apparently increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels to approximately the same extent, whereas DCE was somewhat less effective. The durations of the effects of CCl4 and PE were examined further by determining their time courses of elevated phosphorylase a activity. In hepatocyte cultures, increased phosphorylase a activity persisted through at least 60 min following CCl4 exposure. In contrast, phosphorylase a activity returned to basal levels by 20 min after PE. Increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels that are sustained rather than transient may distinguish these hepatotoxic chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons from non-toxic hormonal agents.
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Albano E, Bellomo G, Carini R, Biasi F, Poli G, Dianzani MU. Mechanisms responsible for carbon tetrachloride-induced perturbation of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. FEBS Lett 1985; 192:184-8. [PMID: 4065322 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of isolated hepatocytes with CCl4 results in early reduction of the intracellular calcium content, mostly due to loss from the mitochondrial compartment. CCl4 treatment directly affects mitochondrial functions as indicated by the inhibition of Ca2+ uptake in cells permeabilized to the ion by digitonin exposure and by the reduction of intracellular ATP content in hepatocytes incubated in a glucose-free medium. Such mitochondrial damage is not caused by CCl4-induced stimulation of lipid peroxidation since it is not prevented by alpha-tocopherol, used at a concentration able to inhibit completely peroxidative reactions without interfering with CCl4 activation. All data together are in favour of a direct action of CCl4-reactive metabolites on liver cell calcium homeostasis.
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Agarwal AK, Mehendale HM. Excessive hepatic accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ in chlordecone potentiated CCl4 toxicity. Toxicology 1984; 30:17-24. [PMID: 6199871 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(84)90058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of Ca2+ in chlordecone potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were maintained on a diet containing either 0, 10, 25, 50 or 100 ppm chlordecone for 15 days. On day 15, they received a single i.p. injection of corn oil (1 ml/kg) or CCl4 (100 microliter/kg) in corn oil vehicle. The animals were killed at 1, 6, or 12 h after the oil or CCl4 challenge for hepatic Ca2+ determinations. Ca2+ in whole liver, mitochondria, microsomes or in cytosolic fraction was unaltered in any group of animals receiving chlordecone + oil treatments, indicating that chlordecone alone does not alter whole liver content or hepatic subcellular distribution of Ca2+, even after exposure to toxic levels (50 or 100 ppm). Administration of CCl4 at an otherwise non-toxic dose to chlordecone treated animals resulted in significant increases of whole liver and subcellular Ca2+ as compared to chlordecone alone and CCl4 alone with a characteristic biphasic response. These increases were significant at all 3 time points in whole liver, cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. Microsomal Ca2+ increased only at 12 h after CCl4. The increases were all progressive with increases in dietary levels of chlordecone, indicating that chlordecone-induced sensitivity is responsible for CCl4 elicited perturbations in whole liver and intracellular Ca2+ levels. This study suggests that chlordecone modifies the liver plasma membrane to amplify the CCl4 elicited perturbations in hepatocellular Ca2+ homeostasis especially during 6-12 h after CCl4 administration. This perturbation of Ca2+ homeostasis may be related to the arrested repair and regeneration of damaged liver tissue leading to progressive deterioration observed in previous histomorphometric studies.
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Agarwal AK, Mehendale HM. CCl4-induced alterations in Ca++ homeostasis in chlordecone and phenobarbital pretreated animals. Life Sci 1984; 34:141-8. [PMID: 6198578 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Male S-D rats were maintained on normal powdered diet or on the same diet containing 10 ppm chlordecone or 225 ppm phenobarbital for 15 days. On day 15, all the animals received a single ip injection of either corn oil or a subtoxic dose of CCl4 (25-200 microliter/kg) in corn oil vehicle (1 ml/kg). The animals were sacrificed 12 hrs later. Liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and Ca++ levels in whole liver, mitochondria, microsomes and cytosol were determined. Cytochrome P-450 induction was greater with phenobarbital pretreatment than with chlordecone but the CCl4 induced destruction of cytochrome P-450 was almost similar in both groups and progressive with the dose of CCl4. CCl4 given to animals on normal diet in a dose range of 25-200 microliter/kg did not significantly alter the cytochrome P-450 levels. These findings are consistent with greater bioactivation of CCl4 after the above two pretreatments. There was a massive accumulation of Ca++ in chlordecone and phenobarbital pretreated animals after CCl4 administration. Cytosolic Ca++ levels remained high despite the mitochondrial and microsomal sequestration. This perturbation of hepatocellular Ca++ homeostasis might lead to hepatic lesion and hepatic failure. Chlordecone or phenobarbital alone do not alter hepatic Ca++ levels. These findings suggest that excessive accumulation of Ca++ may be causally related to the progression of hepatotoxic response due to CCl4 in chlordecone treated animals.
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Silverman DM, Taves DR. The distribution of fluoride and calcium in the liver of the carbon tetrachloride-poisoned rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981; 61:172-6. [PMID: 7324063 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(81)90406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lowrey K, Glende EA, Recknagel RO. Destruction of liver microsomal calcium pump activity by carbon tetrachloride and bromotrichloromethane. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30:135-40. [PMID: 7236302 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(81)90184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Revis N, Marusic N. Sequestration of 45Ca2+ by mitochondria from rabbit heart, liver, and kidney after doxorubicin or digoxin/doxorubicin treatment. Exp Mol Pathol 1979; 31:440-51. [PMID: 228971 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(79)90043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Awadallah R, el-Dessoukey EA, Tahani HM. Microsomal enzymes inducers and serum minerals in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1978; 17:153-8. [PMID: 695748 DOI: 10.1007/bf02020905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ten repeated doses of carbon tetrachloride, phenobarbitone and propionyl promazine when administered alone or simultaneously with CCl4 on serum minerals was investigated. Carbon tetrachloride resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium. A portion of this rise was due to increased permeability in damaged mitochondrial membrane as a result of the action of CCl4. Propionyl promazine when administered alone or together with CCl4 has no effect on serum minerals. Phenobarbitone when administered alone increased serum minerals except sodium, but to a lesser degree than CCl4, while phenobarbitone when given repeatedly together with small doses of CCl4 led to a normalization of serum iron, calcium and potassium. Also serum zinc and copper were lower than in case of CCl4. This may be due to some protective effect of phenobarbitone on liver mitochondria. Serum magnesium was not affected in all the experimental groups.
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Bonucci E, Derenzini M, Marinozzi V. The organic-inorganic relationship in calcified mitochondria. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1973; 59:185-211. [PMID: 4127538 PMCID: PMC2110912 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.59.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimentally induced calcification within mitochondria has been studied electron rnicroscopically. Cells investigated comprise hepatic cells damaged by CCl(4) intoxication, myocardial cells damaged by prolonged dihydrotachysterol (DHT) administration, and cells from skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) damaged by DHT sensibilization and local injury. Cells from a human bowel carcinoma were studied too. Two types of intramitochondrial inorganic inclusion have been found. The first consists of clusters of apatite-like, needle-shaped crystals (crystalline aggregates), the second of clusters of very fine granules (granular aggregates). The former have been found mainly in mitochondria in apparently normal myocardial and muscular cells, the latter in mitochondria of degenerated hepatic, neoplastic, and myocardial cells. Crystalline aggregates are closely related to the membranes of cristae at first, but they later spread to occupy the whole mitochondrial matrix. Granular aggregates are initially found in the mitochondrial matrix near, but perhaps not touching, cristae; by growing they come into close contact with cristal membranes. Both types of aggregate show intrinsic electron opacity, which disappears after formic acid decalcification. Only the crystalline aggregates give an electron diffraction pattern of crystallinity. Uranium and lead staining of decalcified sections shows that both types of aggregate are intimately connected with an organic substrate. The substrate of crystalline aggregates consists of very thin, elongated structures shaped like the inorganic crystals. The substrate of granular aggregates consists of amorphous material gathered in clusters, with the same roundish shape and intercristal position as the inorganic granules. Both types of substrate are stained by phosphotungstic acid at low pH and by silver nitrate-methenamine after periodic acid oxidation. These results show that the organic content of the substrates includes glycoproteins; they have been confirmed by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method under the optical microscope. These findings have been discussed in relation to the recent discovery of organic Ca(2+)-binding sites in mitochondria and to the general problems of soft tissue calcification.
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Verity MA, Brown WJ. Membrane permeability of hepatic mitochondria and lysosomes studied by structure-linked enzyme changes. Exp Mol Pathol 1973; 19:1-14. [PMID: 4721721 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(73)90035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Onoé T, Mori M. Ultrastructural basis of toxic hepatitis. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1973; 23:675-81. [PMID: 4202180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1973.tb01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lyachovich VV, Mishin VM, Dolgov AV, Jakobson GS, Panov AV, Tsyrlov IB. Functional and structural changes in liver mitochondria of rats due to CCl4 intoxication. II. Respiratory chain and ion transport. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:1443-51. [PMID: 4355302 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lyachovich V, Mishin V, Dolgov A, Tsyrlov I. Functional and structural changes in liver mitochondria of rats due to CCl4 intoxication—I. Biochem Pharmacol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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