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Endothelial Cell Participation in Inflammatory Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126341. [PMID: 34199319 PMCID: PMC8231964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an old concept that has started to be considered as an important factor in infection and chronic diseases. The role of leukocytes, the plasmatic components, then of the mediators such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and, in recent decades, of the endothelium has completed the concept of the inflammation process. The function of the endothelium appeared to be crucial as a regulator or the initiator of the inflammatory process. Culture of human endothelial cells and experimental systems made it possible to define the molecular basis of inflammation in vascular diseases, in diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, vasculitis and thromboembolic complications. Advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE), present on endothelial cells (ECs) and monocytes, participates in the activation of these cells in inflammatory conditions. Inflammasome is a cytosolic multiprotein that controls the response to diverse microorganisms. It is positively regulated by stimulator of interferon response CGAMP interactor-1 (STING1). Angiogenesis and thrombotic events are dysregulated during inflammation. ECs appear to be a protector, but also a possible initiator of thrombosis.
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Czepluch FS, Bernhardt M, Kuschicke H, Gogiraju R, Schroeter MR, Riggert J, Hasenfuss G, Schäfer K. In VitroandIn VivoEffects of Human Monocytes and their Subsets on New Vessel Formation. Microcirculation 2014; 21:148-58. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke S. Czepluch
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Markus Bernhardt
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Hendrik Kuschicke
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Rajinikanth Gogiraju
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Marco R. Schroeter
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Joachim Riggert
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Gerd Hasenfuss
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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Lamagna C, Aurrand-Lions M, Imhof BA. Dual role of macrophages in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:705-13. [PMID: 16864600 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the neoplastic progression, macrophages as well as dendritic and NK cells are attracted into the tumor site and initiate the immune response against transformed cells. They activate and present tumor antigens to T cells, which are then activated to kill tumor cells. However, tumor cells are often capable of escaping the immune machinery. As the immune surveillance is not sufficient anymore, tumor-associated macrophages contribute to tumor progression. It is notable that tumor-associated macrophages promote the proliferation of tumor cells directly by secreting growth factors. They also participate in tumor progression by acting on endothelial cells and thus promoting the neovascularization of the tumor. Tumor-associated macrophages are indeed key protagonists during angiogenesis and promote each step of the angiogenesis cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Lamagna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1204, Geneva, Switzerland
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Pakala R, Watanabe T, Benedict CR. Induction of endothelial cell proliferation by angiogenic factors released by activated monocytes. CARDIOVASCULAR RADIATION MEDICINE 2002; 3:95-101. [PMID: 12699839 DOI: 10.1016/s1522-1865(02)00159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-cell interaction is an essential component of atherosclerotic plaque development. Activated monocytes appear to play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis, not only through foam cell formation but also via the production of various growth factors that induce proliferation of different cell types that are involved in the plaque development. Using serum free co-culture method, we determined the effect of monocytes on endothelial cell proliferation. METHODS Endothelial cell proliferation is determined by the amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated in to the DNA. Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in the conditioned medium were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Conditioned medium from unactivated monocytes partially inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, whereas conditioned medium from activated monocytes promoted endothelial cell proliferation. The mitogenic effect of conditioned medium derived from activated monocytes is due to the presence of b-FGF, VEGF and IL-8. Neutralizing antibodies against b-FGF, VEGF and IL-8 partially reversed the mitogenic effect of conditioned medium derived from activated monocytes. When b-FGF, VEGF and IL-8 were immunoprecipitated from conditioned medium derived from activated monocytes, it is less mitogenic to endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Activated monocytes may play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic plaque by producing endothelial cell growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbabu Pakala
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Lingen MW. Role of leukocytes and endothelial cells in the development of angiogenesis in inflammation and wound healing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:67-71. [PMID: 11151055 DOI: 10.5858/2001-125-0067-rolaec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The basic signs and symptoms of inflammation and wound healing have been appreciated for thousands of years. However, the specific cells involved and their roles in this complex environment are still being elucidated today. In 1926, the origin of the phagocytic mononuclear ameboid wandering cell (macrophage) had not been determined. One popular theory was that the cells were differentiated from the endothelial cells of the nearby blood vessels, whereas others believed that the cells came from the peripheral blood or resting wandering cells. The purpose of this article is to review the seminal article published by Lang regarding this topic nearly 75 years ago. In addition, this article will review what is now known with regard to the role of the macrophage and endothelial cells in the development of angiogenesis, which is arguably the most critical component of successful inflammatory process or wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill 60153, USA
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Vasse M, Pourtau J, Trochon V, Muraine M, Vannier JP, Lu H, Soria J, Soria C. Oncostatin M induces angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1835-42. [PMID: 10446061 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.8.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque is responsible for its weakening and consequently for the complications of vascular disease. Macrophages are a source of growth factors that can modulate angiogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the effect of oncostatin M (OSM) on angiogenesis, as it could be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The effect of OSM was compared with those of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). On human dermal microvasculature endothelial cells (HMEC-1s), OSM (22.5 to 112.5 pmol/L) induced a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation greater than that induced by the classic angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; 543 pmol/L) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 1.1 nmol/L). LIF (19 to 475 pmol/L) induced only a 30% increase in cell proliferation, and IL-6 had no effect. Furthermore, in a modified Boyden-chamber model, OSM, LIF, and IL-6 were chemoattractant for HMEC-1s. In a tridimensional gel of fibrin, OSM increased tube formation and tube length, which were already noticeable by day 3. LIF and IL-6 induced a weaker effect that was only obvious by day 10. The angiogenic effect of OSM was also demonstrated in vivo in a rabbit corneal model: OSM was more potent than LIF, the length of the neovessels being longer with OSM than with LIF, whereas IL-6 was without effect. We tested factors that could be involved in the proliferative effect of OSM on HMEC-1s. OSM induced only a slight increase in the urokinase receptor and a 60% increase in VEGF secretion, whereas it does not modify IL-8 secretion or bFGF levels. The effect of OSM seems to depend on endothelial cell origin and cell species: OSM (up to 112.5 pmol/L) did not induce human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation and even had a small inhibitory effect (17%) on calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In conclusion, OSM induces an angiogenic effect on capillary endothelial cells, which could be, at least in part, implicated in pathological processes such as atherosclerosis or tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vasse
- Laboratoire DIFEMA, UFR de Médecine et Pharmacie de Rouen, Paris, France
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Proudfoot D, Fitzsimmons C, Torzewski J, Bowyer DE. Inhibition of human arterial smooth muscle cell growth by human monocyte/macrophages: a co-culture study. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145:157-65. [PMID: 10428306 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophages produce a variety of substances which may influence the function of smooth muscle cells (SMC). During atherogenesis, macrophages are thought to modulate SMC migration, proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Such modulation is the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory influences. Thus, for example, our earlier studies have shown that macrophages not only secrete mitogens, but also produce small molecular weight inhibitors of SMC proliferation. In the present study, we have used a co-culture system in which human monocyte/macrophages were separated from human arterial SMC (hSMC) by a filter with the optional addition of a 12 kDa cut-off dialysis membrane, in order to assess their effect on hSMC growth. We have found that human peripheral blood-derived monocytes produced a substance of < 12 kDa that inhibited hSMC growth in the co-culture system. The monocyte-derived factor causing this effect was completely blocked by indomethacin, indicating that growth-inhibitory factors produced by the monocytes were cyclooxygenase products. We have shown that PGE1 and PGE2 inhibit hSMC growth, making them likely candidates for the effector molecules released from monocytes in our co-culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Proudfoot
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Polverini
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
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Gonzalez-Ramos A, Cooper KD, Hammerberg C. Identification of a human dermal macrophage population responsible for constitutive restraint of primary dermal fibroblast proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106:305-11. [PMID: 8601732 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12342958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary human dermal cell suspensions prepared from the papillary dermis of keratomed skin strips were used to investigate the effect of indigenous dermal macrophages (HLA-DR+, CD11c+ CD11b+ CD1c- phagolysosome+) upon dermal fibroblast proliferation. Rapid dermal fibroblast expansion was induced upon immunomagnetic bead removal of CD11b+ or CD11c+ cells as well as by removal of more inclusive subsets contained within the DR+ population, but the removal of mast cells, endothelial cells, and CD1c+ dermal Langerhans cells from dermal cell suspensions failed to result in proliferation of the remaining cell subsets. Removal of 1B10+ fibroblasts from macrophage depleted (CD11b-) dermal cell suspensions essentially abrogated the unrestrained proliferation of the CD11b- dermal cells. Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis of cultured macrophage-depleted dermal cells confirmed that the unrestrained proliferating cells contain procollagen I+ as well as procollagen I- dermal fibroblasts. Inhibition of primary fibroblast expansion by adding a supernatant from unfractionated dermal cells suggested that a growth-inhibitory soluble activity of >30,000 kDa dominates the cytokine mixture released by unfractionated fresh dermal cells ex vivo. Inhibitory activity counterbalanced positive fibroblast growth- stimulatory cytokines released by dermal cells because neutralizing antibodies to insulin-like growth factor 1 and interleukin-1 beta resulted in decreased CD11b- dermal cell fibroblast proliferation. These data indicated an important role for dermal macrophages of the DR+ CD11b+ CD11c+ DC1c- phenotype in the normal homeostatic restraint of primary human dermal fibroblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonzalez-Ramos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Proudfoot D, Parrott DP, Bowyer DE. A dialysis culture system for the study of the production and modulation of growth-regulatory molecules: studies using the P388D1 macrophage cell line. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 1):379-86. [PMID: 7738113 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.1.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P388D1 macrophage-like cells have previously been shown to produce both mitogenic and inhibitory regulators of porcine smooth muscle cell (pSMC) growth. The mitogenic activity was shown to have a molecular mass of > 10 kDa while the inhibitory activity was in the range of 2–6 kDa. In the present study, we present a novel dialysis culture system where P388D1 cells were grown in dialysis membranes with a 12 kDa cut-off which allowed continuous production of fractions of the culture medium. Using pSMC as target cells, mitogenic activity was found to be retained by the dialysis membrane while the low molecular mass inhibitory activity passed freely through the membrane. The effect of the macrophage-activators phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), concanavalin A (ConA) and interferon-gamma in combination with lipopolysaccharide (IFN gamma/LPS) were investigated in the dialysis culture system. PMA, ConA and IFN gamma/LPS were found to enhance the production of mitogenic activity by P388D1 cells. PMA also increased the production of growth-inhibitory activity, while ConA abolished inhibitor production and IFN gamma/LPS had no effect on the amount of inhibitory activity produced by P388D1 cells. The experiments show that the balance of production of mitogenic and inhibitory activities by macrophages can be modulated by agents that alter the state of activation of the cells. This could be of profound significance in the influence of macrophages on smooth muscle cell growth during the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Proudfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Smárason AK, Sargent IL, Starkey PM, Redman CW. The effect of placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes from normal and pre-eclamptic women on the growth of endothelial cells in vitro. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1993; 100:943-9. [PMID: 8217980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous (STBM) membranes contain factors which could cause the maternal endothelial cell disturbance thought to be central to the pathophysiology of the maternal syndrome of pre-eclampsia. DESIGN STMB membranes isolated from pre-eclamptic or normal placentae were added to cultures of endothelial cells and their effect on the proliferation (measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation), viability (measured by 51Cr release) and growth as a monolayer of these cells was determined. Membranes prepared from red blood cells, and non-endothelial adherent and nonadherent cell lines were used as specificity controls. SUBJECTS STBM membranes were isolated from the placentae of primigravid women, 10 having caesarean sections for breech presentations and 10 for pre-eclampsia. RESULTS STBM membranes from the placentae of normal and pre-eclamptic women suppressed endothelial cell proliferation to a similar extent and disrupted the cell monolayer to form a honeycomb-like pattern. This change in morphology was seen before significant endothelial cell death occurred. Red blood cell membranes had no effect on either endothelial cell proliferation, viability or monolayer integrity. Endothelial cells from human umbilical arteries and bovine adrenal capillaries were similarly suppressed, but comparable concentrations of STBM membranes had no effect on non-endothelial cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes specifically interfered with endothelial cell growth in vitro. Our results demonstrate that there are trophoblast products which could cause the maternal syndrome of pre-eclampsia through endothelial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Smárason
- Harris Birthright Pre-eclampsia Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Ferrara N, Winer J, Henzel WJ. Pituitary follicular cells secrete an inhibitor of aortic endothelial cell growth: identification as leukemia inhibitory factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:698-702. [PMID: 1370585 PMCID: PMC48306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.2.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium conditioned by bovine pituitary follicular cells paradoxically inhibits the growth of adult bovine aortic endothelial (ABAE) cells at dilutions that are instead mitogenic to adrenal cortex capillary endothelial (ACCE) cells, suggesting that follicular cells secrete a growth inhibitor with a selectivity for ABAE cells. The ABAE cell inhibitory activity was purified to apparent homogeneity by a combination of size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, and two reversed-phase steps on a C4 column. Microsequencing of the purified material revealed a single NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, identical to that of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a glycoprotein originally identified by its ability to inhibit the growth of MT1 mouse leukemia cells and subsequently found to have numerous effects. Recombinant human LIF inhibited the growth of ABAE cells as effectively as transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta 1). However, it failed to inhibit markedly the growth of ACCE cells, whereas TGF beta 1 dramatically inhibited their growth. Recombinant human LIF also failed to induce a significant angiogenic response in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane, indicating that, unlike TGF beta, LIF probably does not induce the release of direct-acting angiogenic factors from inflammatory cells. The presence of LIF in follicular cells may relate to the peculiar vascular organization of the pituitary gland, where no arteries reach the pars distalis and all of the blood supply to this area is by capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ferrara
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Abstract
Macrophages may play an important role in the regulation of angiogenesis by secreting modulators of endothelial cells (EC) proliferation. To investigate this, human mononuclear cells were plated in culture, and the conditioned media of these cells were analyzed by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The fractions were tested for modulation of EC growth, as determined by endothelial cell number in proliferation assays. A single peak of EC growth-inhibitory activity was found to elute from heparin-Sepharose with 1.0 M NaCl. Secretion of this EC inhibitor persisted for many weeks in cell culture, at which point the cultures consisted of adherent macrophages only. This activity was therefore designated as macrophage-derived endothelial cell inhibitor (MD-ECI). Analysis using specific neutralizing antisera as well as comparative heparin affinity analysis showed that MD-ECI was distinct from the known EC inhibitors TGF-beta and TNF-alpha. MD-ECI inhibits basal EC growth as well as FGF-stimulated EC growth. Its effect on EC is dose-dependent, nontoxic, and reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Besner
- Department of Surgery, Childrens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Sunderkötter C, Goebeler M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Bhardwaj R, Sorg C. Macrophage-derived angiogenesis factors. Pharmacol Ther 1991; 51:195-216. [PMID: 1784630 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(91)90077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A majority of angiogenic factors has been shown to be produced by macrophages. This review will give a concise description of their biochemical nature, their isolation from macrophages and their angiogenic activity. Among the factors with mitogenic effects on endothelial cells are basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and very probably insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Other secretory products such as angiotropin and human angiogenic factor (HAF) are nonmitogenic but promote angiogenesis by inducing migration of endothelial cells. Prostaglandins, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), granulocyte-macrophage- and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF, G-CSF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) have also been shown to be angiogenic, but their mode of action is still to be clearly defined. As the extracellular matrix appears to be involved in the control of angiogenesis, macrophage-derived factors that can alter this structure via degradation or via the clotting system will also be discussed. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) have complex actions on endothelial cells, and can partially inhibit angiogenesis. Among the factors which solely inhibit neovascularization are the interferons. As it is not known whether all of these factors play a role in angiogenesis in vivo attempts to detect them in situ during the course of neovascularization will be described. Finally macrophages will be discussed as cells that may not be mandatory for each phase of the angiogenic process but whose angiogenic capabilities are comprehensive and unsurpassed by any other cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sunderkötter
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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