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Baskaran A, Kaari M, Venugopal G, Manikkam R, Joseph J, Bhaskar PV. Anti freeze proteins (Afp): Properties, sources and applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:292-305. [PMID: 34419548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extreme cold marine and freshwater temperatures (below 4 °C) induce massive deterioration to the cell membranes of organisms resulting in the formation of ice crystals, consequently causing organelle damage or cell death. One of the adaptive mechanisms organisms have evolved to thrive in cold environments is the production of antifreeze proteins with the functional capabilities to withstand frigid temperatures. Antifreeze proteins are extensively identified in different cold-tolerant species and they facilitate the persistence of cold-adapted organisms by decreasing the freezing point of their body fluids. Various structurally diverse types of antifreeze proteins detected possess the ability to modify ice crystal growth by thermal hysteresis and ice recrystallization inhibition. The unique properties of antifreeze proteins have made them a promising resource in industry, biomedicine, food storage and cryobiology. This review collates the findings of the various studies carried out in the past and the recent developments observed in the properties, functional mechanisms, classification, distinct sources and the ever-increasing applications of antifreeze proteins. This review also summarizes the possibilities of the way forward to identify new avenues of research on anti-freeze proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Baskaran
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manigundan Kaari
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopikrishnan Venugopal
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Manikkam
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jerrine Joseph
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parli V Bhaskar
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama 403804, Goa, India
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Dalvi-Isfahan M, Jha PK, Tavakoli J, Daraei-Garmakhany A, Xanthakis E, Le-Bail A. Review on identification, underlying mechanisms and evaluation of freezing damage. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jeong Y, Jeong S, Nam YK, Kang SM. Development of Freeze-resistant Aluminum Surfaces by Tannic Acid Coating and Subsequent Immobilization of Antifreeze Proteins. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonwoo Jeong
- Department of Chemistry; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk, 28644 Korea
| | - Seokyung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk, 28644 Korea
| | - Yoon Kwon Nam
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture; Pukyong National University; Busan, 48513 Korea
| | - Sung Min Kang
- Department of Chemistry; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk, 28644 Korea
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Creating Anti-icing Surfaces via the Direct Immobilization of Antifreeze Proteins on Aluminum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12019. [PMID: 26153855 PMCID: PMC4495550 DOI: 10.1038/srep12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryoprotectants such as antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and sugar molecules may provide a solution for icing problems. These anti-icing substances protect cells and tissues from freezing by inhibiting ice formation. In this study, we developed a method for coating an industrial metal material (aluminum, Al) with AFP from the Antarctic marine diatom, Chaetoceros neogracile (Cn-AFP), to prevent or delay ice formation. To coat Al with Cn-AFP, we used an Al-binding peptide (ABP) as a conjugator and fused it with Cn-AFP. The ABP bound well to the Al and did not considerably change the functional properties of AFP. Cn-AFP-coated Al (Cn-AFP-Al) showed a sufficiently low supercooling point. Additional trehalose coating of Cn-AFP-Al considerably delayed AFP denaturation on the Al without affecting its antifreeze activity. This metal surface–coating method using trehalose-fortified AFP can be applied to other metals important in the aircraft and cold storage fields where anti-icing materials are critical.
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Venketesh S, Dayananda C. Properties, Potentials, and Prospects of Antifreeze Proteins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 28:57-82. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550801891152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Extreme environments present a wealth of biochemical adaptations. Thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) have been found in vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, bacteria and fungi and are able to depress the freezing point of water (in the presence of ice crystals) in a non-colligative manner by binding to the surface of nascent ice crystals. The THPs comprise a disparate group of proteins with a variety of tertiary structures and often no common sequence similarities or structural motifs. Different THPs bind to different faces of the ice crystal, and no single mechanism has been proposed to account for THP ice binding affinity and specificity. Experimentally THPs have been used in the cryopreservation of tissues and cells and to induce cold tolerance in freeze susceptible organisms. THPs represent a remarkable example of parallel and convergent evolution with different proteins being adapted for an anti-freeze role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barrett
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Penglais, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, Aberystwyth, UK.
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Tong L, Lin Q, Wong WK, Ali A, Lim D, Sung WL, Hew CL, Yang DS. Extracellular expression, purification, and characterization of a winter flounder antifreeze polypeptide from Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 18:175-81. [PMID: 10686148 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HPLC6 is the major component of liver-type antifreeze polypeptides (AFPs) from the winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus. To facilitate mutagenesis studies of this protein, a gene encoding the 37-amino acid mature polypeptide was chemically synthesized and cloned into the Tac cassette immediately after the bacterial ompA leader sequence for direct excretion of the AFP into the culture medium. Escherichia coli transformant with the construct placIQpar8AF was cultured in M9 medium. The recombinant AFP (rAFP) was detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After IPTG induction, a biologically active rAFP was expressed. The majority of the rAFP was excreted into the culture medium with only trace amounts trapped in the periplasmic space and cytoplasm. After 18 h of induction, the accumulated rAFP in the culture medium amounted to about 16 mg/L. The excreted AFP was purified from the culture medium by a single-step reverse-phase HPLC. Mass spectrometric and amino acid composition analyses confirmed the identity of the purified product. The rAFP, which lacked amidation at the C-terminal, was about 70% active when compared to the amidated wild-type protein, thus confirming the importance of C-terminal cap structure in protein stability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Harding MM, Ward LG, Haymet AD. Type I 'antifreeze' proteins. Structure-activity studies and mechanisms of ice growth inhibition. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 264:653-65. [PMID: 10491111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The type I 'antifreeze' proteins, found in the body fluids of fish inhabiting polar oceans, are alanine-rich alpha-helical proteins that are able to inhibit the growth of ice. Within this class there are two distinct subclasses of proteins: those related to the winter flounder sequence HPLC6 and which contain 11-residue repeat units commencing with threonine; and those from the sculpins that are unique in the N-terminal region that contains established helix breakers and lacks the 11-residue repeat structure present in the rest of the protein. Although 14 type I proteins have been isolated, almost all research has focused on HPLC6, the 37-residue protein from the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. This protein modifies both the rate and shape (or 'habit') of ice crystal growth, displays hysteresis and accumulates specifically at the {2 0 2; 1} ice plane. Until very recently, all models to explain the mechanism for this specific interaction have relied on the interaction of the four threonine hydroxyls, which are spaced equally apart on one face of the helix, with the ice lattice. In contrast, proteins belonging to the sculpin family accumulate specifically at the {2 1; 1; 0} plane. The molecular origin of this difference in specificity between the flounder and sculpin proteins is not understood. This review will summarize the structure-activity and molecular modelling and dynamics studies on HPLC6, with an emphasis on recent studies in which the threonine residues have been mutated. These studies have identified important hydrophobic contributions to the ice growth inhibition mechanism. Some 50 mutants of HPLC6 have been reported and the data is consistent with the following requirements for ice growth inhibition: (a) a minimum length of approx. 25 residues; (b) an alanine-rich sequence in order to induce a highly helical conformation; (c) a hydrophobic face; (d) a number of charged/polar residues which are involved in solubility and/or interaction with the ice surface. The emerging picture, that requires further dynamics studies including accurate modelling of the ice/water interface, suggests that a hydrophobic interaction between the surface of the protein and ice is the key to explaining accumulation at specific ice planes, and thus the molecular level mechanism for ice growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Harding
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Lin Q, Ewart KV, Yan Q, Wong WK, Yang DS, Hew CL. Secretory expression and site-directed mutagenesis studies of the winter flounder skin-type antifreeze polypeptides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 264:49-54. [PMID: 10447672 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Winter flounder contains both liver-type, extracellular antifreeze polypeptides (wflAFPs) and less active skin-type, intracellular antifreeze polypeptides (wfsAFPs). The lower activity of wfsAFPs might be due to their lack of complete ice-binding motifs '-K-DT-'. In order to test the functional role of this putative ice-binding motif, mutations were introduced into the N-terminal or C-terminal regions of wfsAFP-2, which lack any presumptive ice-binding motifs. The wild-type and mutant wfsAFP-2 were secreted in Escherichia coli culture media as mature antifreeze proteins and purified to homogeneity. Surprisingly, the antifreeze activity decreased with the introduction of ice-binding motifs. However, there was a corresponding decrease in alpha-helical content as well as thermal stability and this would suggest a compromise in retaining helical structure with the presence of ice-binding motifs. These studies have brought new definitions of the roles of ice-binding motif residues in type I antifreeze proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lin
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children and the Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chao H, Hodges RS, Kay CM, Gauthier SY, Davies PL. A natural variant of type I antifreeze protein with four ice-binding repeats is a particularly potent antifreeze. Protein Sci 1996; 5:1150-6. [PMID: 8762146 PMCID: PMC2143429 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A 4.3-kDa variant of Type I antifreeze protein (AFP9) was purified from winter flounder serum by size exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. By the criteria of mass, amino acid composition, and N-terminal sequences of tryptic peptides, this variant is the posttranslationally modified product of the previously characterized AFP gene 21a. It has 52 amino acids and contains four 11-amino acid repeats, one more than the major serum AFP components. The larger protein is completely alpha-helical at 0 degree C, with a melting temperature of 18 degrees C. It is considerably more active as an antifreeze than the three-repeat winter flounder AFP and the four-repeat yellowtail flounder AFP, both on a molar and a mg/mL basis. Several structural features of the four-repeat winter flounder AFP, including its larger size, additional ice-binding residues, and differences in ice-binding motifs might contribute to its greater activity. Its abundance in flounder serum, together with its potency as an antifreeze, suggest that AFP9 makes a significant contribution to the overall freezing point depression of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chao
- Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Breierová E, Stratilová E, Šajbidor J. Production of extracellular polymers by yeast-like generaDipodascus andDipodascopsis under NaCl stress. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02814627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yeh
- Departments of Applied Science and Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Driedonks RA, Toschka HY, van Almkerk JW, Schäffers IM, Verbakel JM. Expression and secretion of antifreeze peptides in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1995; 11:849-64. [PMID: 7483849 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifreeze peptide AFP6 from the polar fish Pseudopleuronectus americanus has been expressed in and secreted by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biologically active molecule. The gene for the 37 amino acid long peptide has been chemically synthesized using yeast preferred codons. Subsequently, the gene has been cloned into an episomal expression vector as well as in a multicopy integration vector, which is mitotically more stable. The expression is under the control of the inducible GAL7 promoter. The enzyme alpha-galactosidase has been investigated as a carrier protein to facilitate expression and secretion of AFP. In order to reach increased expression levels, tandem repeats of the AFP gene (up to eight copies) have been cloned. In most cases the genes are efficiently expressed and the products secreted. The expression level amounts to approximately 100 mg/l in the culture medium. In a number of genetic constructs the genes are directly linked and expressed as AFP multimers. In other constructs linker regions have been inserted between the AFP gene copies, that allow the peptide to be processed by specific proteinases, either from the endogenous yeast proteolytic system or from a non-yeast source. The latter requires a separate processing step after yeast cultivation to obtain mature AFP. In all these cases proteolytic processing is incomplete, generating a heterogeneous mixture of mature AFP, carrier and chimeric protein, and/or a mixture of AFP-oligomers. The antifreeze activity has been demonstrated for such mixtures as well as for AFP multimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Driedonks
- Unilever Research Laboratorium, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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