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Myers J, Ittiprasert W, Raghavan N, Miller A, Knight M. Differences in cysteine protease activity in Schistosoma mansoni-resistant and -susceptible Biomphalaria glabrata and characterization of the hepatopancreas cathepsin B Full-length cDNA. J Parasitol 2008. [PMID: 18605796 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1410r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomphalaria glabrata snails are known to display a wide range of susceptibility phenotypes to Schistosoma mansoni infection depending on the genetics of both the snail and the invading parasite. Evidence exists for a role of hydrolytic enzymes in the defense of molluscs against invading parasites. To elucidate the role of these enzymes in the outcome of infection in the snail, proteolysis was examined in parasite-resistant and -susceptible snails. Zymographs of extracts from the whole snail or hepatopancreas indicated higher proteolytic activity in resistant, compared with susceptible, snails. Lytic activity coincided with a high-molecular-weight smear (220 to 66 kDa) that was abrogated by the cysteine protease inhibitor trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane. Quantitative flourimetric assays showed 3.5-fold higher activity in resistant than in susceptible snails. From a hepatopancreas cDNA library, several cysteine protease encoding expressed sequence tags including the full-length cDNA for cathepsin B were identified. Sequence analysis revealed that this cathepsin B belonged to the C1A family of peptidases characterized by the presence of the catalytic cysteine-histidine dyad, the "occluding loop," signal sequence, and cleavage sites for the prepro and propeptides. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed higher up-regulation of cathepsin B transcript in resistant than in the susceptible snail after parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Myers
- Department of Biology, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Myers J, Ittiprasert W, Raghavan N, Miller A, Knight M. Differences in Cysteine Protease Activity in Schistosoma mansoni-Resistant and -Susceptible Biomphalaria glabrata and Characterization of the Hepatopancreas Cathepsin B Full-length cDNA. J Parasitol 2008; 94:659-68. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1410.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mahilini HM, Rajendran A. Categorization of hemocytes of three gastropod species Trachea vittata (Muller), Pila globosa (Swainson) and Indoplanorbis exustus (Dehays). J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 97:20-6. [PMID: 17765918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Light microscopic observations were made on the hemocytes of three gastropod species namely Trachea vittata, Indoplanorbis exustus and Pila globosa. It revealed two basic types of hemocytes. They are agranulocytes and granulocytes. Agranulocytes are hyalinocytes which are round, unspread hemocytes and have a large nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. Granulocytes are spreading hemocytes, forming numerous pseudopodia. For the purpose of differential counting, we present a categorization of the granulocytes into three sub-categories based on cell dimensions, nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, distribution of granules in the cytoplasm and position of the nucleus. The smaller granulocytes are younger cells, and are termed Granulocytes I (Progranulocytes). The larger ones are fully developed cells that have been differentiated into Granulocyte II (basophilic) and Granulocyte III (eosinophilic).
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mahilini
- Research Department of Zoology, St. John's College, Tirunelveli 627 002, India.
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Wootton EC, Dyrynda EA, Ratcliffe NA. Interaction between non-specific electrostatic forces and humoral factors in haemocyte attachment and encapsulation in the edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:1326-35. [PMID: 16547303 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In invertebrates, encapsulation is the common immune defence reaction towards foreign bodies, including multicellular parasites, which enter the haemocoel and are too large to be phagocytosed. This immune response has been most extensively studied in insects, in which it is highly complex, involving a diversity of cellular and molecular processes, but little is known of this process in bivalve molluscs. Non-specific physicochemical properties are known to influence parasite-haemocyte interactions in many invertebrates, and these may provide the common basis of encapsulation on which highly specific biochemical interactions are imposed. The present study uses synthetic beads and thread to mimic inactive metacercarial cysts of trematodes, and thus investigates factors involved in the basic, non-specific mechanisms of cell attachment and encapsulation in the edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule. Results showed that positively charged targets stimulated the most vigorous response, and further detailed experiments revealed that non-specific electrostatic forces and humoral plasma factors have a synergistic role in haemocyte attachment and the encapsulation response of C. edule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Wootton
- School of Environment and Society, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Sasaki Y, Kirinoki M, Chigusa Y. Comparative studies of the defense mechanism against Schistosoma japonicum of schistosome-susceptible and -resistant Oncomelania nosophora. Parasitol Int 2005; 54:157-65. [PMID: 15897002 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The amphibious snail Oncomelania nosophora is an intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. Previously we reported that there are two strains of the snail, one resistant and one susceptible to a Mindoro, the Philippines, strain of S. japonicum. The resistant snails were collected from Nirasaki and susceptible snails from Kisarazu, Japan. To determine early cellular responses in the two snail strains, we examined histologic alterations in the snails for up to 18 h after the initial exposure to miracidia. In both strains, the penetrating miracidia were distributed in the foot, mantle, gills, heart, stomach, and kidney, and the mean number of penetrating miracidia was similar in both strains. After penetration, snail hemocytes migrated toward the larvae, and by 12 h after exposure, substantial numbers of penetrated larvae were surrounded and encapsulated by hemocytes. The percentage of larvae encapsulated by hemocytes during 12-18 h after the exposure was significantly higher in the resistant Nirasaki strain (60.9+/-19.8%) than in the susceptible Kisarazu strain (42.3+/-15.0%). In a few snails of the Nirasaki strain, all the larvae found were encapsulated by hemocytes. The differences in hemocyte responses between the two strains may explain the susceptibility of the snails to schistosome larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sasaki
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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Serrano DR, Zanotti-Magalhães EM, Magalhães LA, Carvalho JFD. The influence of hydrocortisone on cellular defence mechanisms of Biomphalaria glabrata. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000600024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rodrick GE. Thomas C. Cheng (1930-2000). J Invertebr Pathol 2001; 77:1-12. [PMID: 11162001 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.2000.5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mendonca CL, Carvalho OS, Mota EM, Pelajo-Machado M, Caputo LF, Lenzi HL. Penetration sites and migratory routes of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in the experimental intermediate host (Sarasinula marginata). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94:549-56. [PMID: 10446018 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus costaricensis are terrestrian molluscs, mostly of the family Veronicellidae. The present work aimed at clarifying more accurately the sites of penetration and the migratory routes of A. costaricensis in the tissue slugs and at verifying the pattern of the perilarval reaction at different times of infection. Slugs were individually infected with 5,000 L1, and killed from 30 min to 30 days after infection. From 30 min up to 2 hr after infection, L1 were found within the lumen of different segments of the digestive tube having their number diminished in more advanced times after exposition until complete disappearance. After 30 min of exposition, percutaneous infection occurred, simultaneously to oral infection. Perilarval reaction was observed from 2 hr of infection around larvae in fibromuscular layer, appearing later (after 6 hr) around larvae located in the viscera. A pre-granulomatous reaction was characterized by gradative concentration of amebocytes around larvae, evolving two well-organized granulomas. In this work we confirmed the simultaneous occurrence of oral and percutaneous infections. Perilarval reaction, when very well developed, defined typical granulomatous structure, including epithelioid cell transformation. The infection also caused a systemic mobilization of amebocytes and provoked amebocyte-endothelium interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mendonca
- Laboratório de Helmintoses Intestinais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brasil.
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Ataev GL, Coustau C. Cellular response to Echinostoma caproni infection in Biomphalaria glabrata strains selected for susceptibility/resistance. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 23:187-198. [PMID: 10402206 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni system represented the only model available so far, for investigating snail resistance to parasites. A new host parasite model has been recently provided by selection of B. glabrata strains that are genetically resistant and susceptible to Echinostoma caproni. As a first approach in investigating resistance mechanisms in this model, we compared the hemocytic response and its effect on E. caproni development in a susceptible and a resistant strains. Histological analysis revealed that resistance does not prevent penetration or migration through the snail tissues. However, all mother sporocysts (MS) settled in the ventricle and the aorta of resistant snails were encapsulated and killed by 4 days post-exposure. MS abnormally settled in the pericardial cavity were not encapsulated and could survive for 5 days. Regardless of their level of encapsulation, all live MS observed during the first days of infection in resistant snails showed abnormal development and degeneration, raising the question of the possible role of humoral factors in the resistance to E. caproni. Finally, we observed an increased number of adherent hemocytes in the resistant as compared with the susceptible snails after parasite exposure. This different effect on circulating hemocyte subpopulations may reflect the failure of E. caproni to interfere with the hemocytic response of resistant snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Ataev
- Department of Zoology, Biological Faculty, Russian Pedagogical University, St-Petersburg
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Davids BJ, Yoshino TP. Integrin-like RGD-dependent binding mechanism involved in the spreading response of circulating molluscan phagocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 22:39-53. [PMID: 9617582 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(97)00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Circulating phagocytic cells (hemocytes) of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, were treated with the tetrapeptide, arg-gly-asp-ser (RGDS), an integrin-specific adhesion inhibitor, and assessed for their ability to adhere and spread on uncoated and snail plasma protein-coated glass slides. Although cells were capable of adherence, RGDS significantly inhibited the spreading ability of hemocytes in both a time and RGDS concentration-dependent fashion regardless of plasma protein coating. The inhibition of hemocyte spreading by RGDS was a specific response, since treatment of cells with a glutamic acid-substituted control peptide (RGES) did not exert the same inhibitory effect. A comparison of RGDS-responses between hemocytes of two strains of B. glabrata, one resistant (R; 13-16-R1 strain) and the other susceptible (S; NMRI strain) to infection by S. mansoni, revealed several snail strain-specific differences. At concentrations of 0.5 mM RGDS, R snail hemocyte spreading was unaffected, whereas a significant depression of spreading was seen in cells of the S snail. Moreover, we observed that R strain hemocytes spread more rapidly on homologous plasma-coated surfaces than the S snail strain following peptide pretreatment and removal. These data suggest that hemocytes from S and R snails may differ either in the number of RGDS-binding receptors or in their affinity for the RGDS peptide. In order to identify the type(s) of integrin-like RGD-binding receptors that may be present on the surface of snail immunocytes, washed hemocytes were placed on various mammalian extracellular matrix proteins and evaluated for their spreading function in the presence of specific or non-specific peptides. Hemocyte aggregation or clumping was observed on all test protein substrates, and this aggregation behavior was specifically inhibited by RGDS. Thus, RGD-binding receptors appear to play a critical role in cellular motility on matrix-coated surfaces and/or cell-cell binding. Our data provide functional evidence for an integrin-like receptor on circulating phagocytes of snails, and for an RGD-binding mechanism involved in cell-substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Davids
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Monteil JF, Matricon-Gondran M. Structural and cytochemical study of the hemocytes in normal and trematode-infected Lymnaea truncatula. Parasitol Res 1993; 79:675-82. [PMID: 8295905 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructural study of adult Lymnaea truncatula hemocytes reveals a preponderance of spreading cells at different stages of differentiation. A few round cells may represent a distinct population of hemocytes. As in L. stagnalis, spreading cells are remarkable in that they synthesize peroxidase that is stored in secretory granules, but in L. truncatula hemocytes, endogenous peroxidase activity is also localized in multivesicular bodies. The ultrastructure and peroxidase content of hemocytes do not seem to be affected in snails with established parasites. Evidence that parasites interfere with normal hemocyte functions is that in the few capsules that occurred in parasitized snails the hemocytes did not spread normally and their peroxidase granules were resorbed into multivesicular bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Monteil
- Laboratoire d'Histologie et Cytologie des Invertébrés marins, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Ottaviani E. Immunorecognition in the gastropod molluscs with particular reference to the freshwater snailPlanorbarius corneus(L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009209386661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Noda S, Sato A. Effects of infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis on the circulating haemocyte population and the haematopoietic organ of the host snail M-line Biomphalaria glabrata. J Helminthol 1990; 64:239-47. [PMID: 2230034 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00012220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The number of circulating haemocytes, the size of the haematopoietic organ, and the size of haemocyte capsules around the parasite were studied in M-line Biomphalaria glabrata snails exposed to 100 or 400 first-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The number of haemocytes in exposed snails increased significantly at 1 day post-exposure, decreased to control value, and then increased again. The decrease in number of circulating haemocytes is probably due to the removal of cells from the circulation to participate in encapsulation of larvae. The majority of circulating haemocytes in M-line B. glabrata are fully-spread granulocytes, which increase significantly in number in snails following exposure to A. cantonensis larvae. However, populations of partially-spread granulocytes, round cells, hyalinocytes and miscellaneous haemocytes were relatively constant. The size of capsules around the parasite increased during the 42-day interval of the experiment. The haematopoietic organ increased in size in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Noda
- Department of Medical Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Influence of environmental factors on the invasion of molluscs by parasites: with special reference to Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1876-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Variation in four acid hydrolase activities in filarial-susceptible and -refractory genotypes ofAedes aegypti. Biochem Genet 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00553630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Variation in four acid hydrolase activities in filarial-susceptible and -refractory genotypes ofAedes aegypti. Biochem Genet 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02396150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Noda S, Loker ES. Effects of infection with Echinostoma paraensei on the circulating haemocyte population of the host snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Parasitology 1989; 98 ( Pt 1):35-41. [PMID: 2717217 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000059667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circulating haemocytes from Echinostoma paraensei-infected M line Biomphalaria glabrata snails, or from age- and size-matched control snails, were studied on plastic slides with phase-contrast optics. Granulocytes, hyalinocytes, and round cells were consistently present; granulocytes were further categorized as 'fully spread' (FS) or 'partially spread' (PS). Among control snails, the relative percentage and estimated number/mm3 of round cells declined significantly with increased snail size, and the corresponding values for both categories of granulocytes increased. At 1 day post-infection (p.i.) with E. paraensei, overall composition of the haemocyte population was relatively unaffected, but by 8 days p.i. infected snails had significantly higher relative percentages of round cells and PS granulocytes than controls. Because a marked increase in the number of circulating haemocytes is also evident by 8 days p.i., infected snails had approximately 12 times more round cells and PS granulocytes/mm3 of haemolymph than did controls. At 30 days p.i. the relative and absolute abundance of PS granulocytes was still significantly elevated, but otherwise haemocyte populations did not differ from control snails. Alterations in granulocyte size in infected snails were also noted. Infection with E. paraensei has a striking impact of circulating haemocyte populations and also increases the relative concentration of haemocytes with less ability to adhere to a foreign surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Noda
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131
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Ottaviani E, Franchini A. Ultrastructural Study of Haemocytes of the Freshwater SnailPlanorbarius corneus(L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1988.tb00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Cheng TC. In vivo effects of heavy metals on cellular defense mechanisms of Crassostrea virginica: Total and differential cell counts. J Invertebr Pathol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(88)90027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Phospholipase C-like activity in phagocytic cells of the asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, and its possible role in cell-mediated cytolytic reactions. J Invertebr Pathol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(88)90085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mohandas A, Cheng TC. Release pattern of aminopeptidase from Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes subjected to high-level bacterial challenge. J Invertebr Pathol 1985; 45:298-303. [PMID: 3923126 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(85)90107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cheng TC, Mohandas A. Effect of high dosages of bacterial challenge on acid phosphatase release from Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes. J Invertebr Pathol 1985; 45:236-41. [PMID: 3920329 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(85)90014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Granath WO, Yoshino TP. Schistosoma mansoni: passive transfer of resistance by serum in the vector snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. Exp Parasitol 1984; 58:188-93. [PMID: 6479289 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(84)90034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Passive transfer of natural resistance to Schistosoma mansoni (PR-1 strain) has been successfully accomplished in the snail intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata (PR albino, M-line strain). Injection of serum (cell-free hemolymph) from a naturally schistosome-resistant strain of B. glabrata (10-R2) into PR albino snails induced a complete protection from a primary infection with the parasite in 29 of 48 snails (60.4%). In comparison, inoculation of homologous PR albino serum or heterologous proteins (fetal calf serum) had no effect. Moreover, this protection could be induced 24 hr prior to, or 24 hr after, exposure to the parasite, although heating of 10-R2 serum to 70 C for 30 min destroyed its protective ability. When in vitro transformed sporocysts were preincubated in 10-R2 or PR albino serum and then were injected into susceptible snails, a high level of infection (88.5 and 83.3%, respectively) was produced in both groups. Thus, the 10-R2 serum factor does not appear to be mediating specific parasite recognition by host hemocytes. Alternatively, our results suggest that 10-R2 serum possesses a heat-labile factor which specifically activate B. glabrata hemocytes to encapsulate and destroy sporocysts whereas PR albino serum lacks this factor.
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Jeong KH, Lie KJ, Heyneman D. An ultrastructural study on ventricular encapsulation reactions in Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to irradiated echinostome parasites. Int J Parasitol 1984; 14:127-33. [PMID: 6735576 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(84)90039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wittke M, Renwrantz L. Quantification of cytotoxic hemocytes of Mytilus edulis using a cytotoxicity assay in agar. J Invertebr Pathol 1984; 43:248-53. [PMID: 6699421 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(84)90144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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29
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Granath WO, Yoshino TP. Characterization of molluscan phagocyte subpopulations based on lysosomal enzyme markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402260205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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McReath AM, Reader TA, Southgate VR. The development of the host-response in juvenile Lymnaea palustris to invasion by Fasciola hepatica. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1982; 67:175-84. [PMID: 7113356 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies indicate that miracidia of Fasciola hepatica can penetrate several species of lymnaeids in Europe, other than the natural host lymnaea truncatula. However, the production of cercariae from infections in abnormal hosts is unlimited to a small percentage of juvenile snails infected before a species-specific age. Juvenile Lymnaea palustris, of known ages, were exposed individually to F. hepatica miracidia and killed at 24 h intervals up to 14 days post exposure, and then processed for histological examination to ascertain reasons for the failure of F. hepatica infections to develop successfully in this abnormal host. The results indicate that the course of infection is rapidly halted by a cellular encapsulation response against the sporocyst. The response may be divided into two stages: first, the development of a cellular capsule and the concomitant degeneration of the sporocyst; second, the removal of the remains of the parasite and dispersal of the capsule. The efficiency of the response appears to increase with increasing age of the snail; statistical manipulation of the data obtained from histological investigations suggest that the defence mechanisms develop quickly in the first 6 days post hatching with little subsequent development during the experimental period. However, as sporocysts were encapsulated and killed regardless of age of the snail at exposure to infection, it is unlikely that in the host-parasite system used any of the infections would have survived.
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Yoshino TP. Concanavalin A-induced receptor redistribution on Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes: characterization of capping and patching responses. J Invertebr Pathol 1981; 38:102-12. [PMID: 7024423 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(81)90040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sminia T, Barendsen L. A comparative morphological and enzyme histochemical study on blood cells of the freshwater snails Lymnaea stagnalis, Biomphalaria glabrata, and Bulinus truncatus. J Morphol 1980; 165:31-39. [PMID: 30153712 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051650104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and ultrastructure of the blood cells of the freshwater snails Lymnaea stagnalis, Biomphalaria glabrata, and Bulinus truncatus were studied. By performing in vitro experiments and enzyme histochemical studies, special attention was paid to the role of the blood cells in phagocytosis of foreign particles. No fundamental differences were found in the ultrastructure, lysosomal enzyme contents, and phagocytic capacities of the blood cells of these species. It is concluded that only one type of blood cell, the amoebocyte, exists in the freshwater snails. Amoebocytes constitute a morphologically and functionally heterogeneous population of cells, ranging from round (electron-dense) cells with the morphological characteristics of young cells to highly phagocytic spreading cells with a prominent lysosomal system. In addition to acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and peroxidase were found within the lysosomes. The presence of enzyme activity in the RER and the Golgi bodies indicates that amoebocytes are able to synthesize lysosomal enzymes continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taede Sminia
- Biological laboratory, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam-Buitenveldert, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Barendsen
- Biological laboratory, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam-Buitenveldert, The Netherlands
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Lie KJ, Jeong KH, Heyneman D. Tissue reactions induced by Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1980; 74:157-66. [PMID: 7436601 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1980.11687326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In Biomphalaria glabrata with a strong natural resistance, Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts are rapidly encapsulated by granulocytes and killed, mainly by the strong phagocytic activity of the cells. Irradiated Echinostoma paraensei sporocysts seem able to suppress the function of the granulocytes. Tissue reactions in snails with self-cure demonstrate: involvement of two types of cells, granulocytes and hyalinocyte-like cells; formation of amoeba-fibrous capsules; limited tendency of granulocytes to become attracted to the parasites; a slow process of parasite destruction; and a possible involvement of humoral factors. It seems that there is partial suppression of the granulocyte function in smails with self-cure.
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Cheng TC, Butler MS. Experimentally induced elevations in acid phosphatase activity in hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca). J Invertebr Pathol 1979; 34:119-24. [PMID: 119812 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(79)90090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cheng TC, Guida VG, Gerhart PL. Aminopeptidase and lysozyme activity levels and serum protein concentrations in Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca) challenged with bacteria. J Invertebr Pathol 1978; 32:297-302. [PMID: 103974 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(78)90192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cheng TC, Lie KJ, Heyneman D, Richards CS. Elevation of aminopeptidase activity in Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca) parasitized by Echinostoma lindoense (Trematoda). J Invertebr Pathol 1978; 31:57-62. [PMID: 624848 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(78)90109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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