Comparative study of liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of cefadroxil

Characteristics, Properties and Analytical Methods of Cefadroxil: A Review

Infections are the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and there are many reasons justifying the need for further studies of antimicrobial agents. Cefadroxil is a drug that has bactericidal activity and broad spectrum of action. Quantitative analyzes about cefadroxil are essential for the understanding of bioavailability, bioequivalence, and therapeutic control, which will ensure the product's characteristics and patients' safety. Thus, this study highlights a brief literature review about the drug and the existing methods developed for the determination of cefadroxil found in official and scientific papers. According to the methods found in literature, liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry of absorption in the ultraviolet region prevailed over the others. Importantly, most of the solvents used for the development of the described analytical methods are toxic to the environment, making it necessary to educate researchers and pharmaceutical companies to use nontoxic solvents to provide environmental-friendly methods and better benefits to equipments and mainly to analysts.

Simultaneous pharmacokinetic assessment of cefadroxil and clavulanic acid in human plasma by LC-MS and its application to bioequivalence studies

A simple, rapid and selective liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry (LC–APCI–MS) assay method has been developed and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of cefadroxil (CF) and clavulanic acid (CA) in human plasma. Analytes and internal standard (IS) were extracted from human plasma by solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique using Sam prep (3 mL, 100 mg) extraction cartridge. The extracted samples were chromatographed on a reverse phase C₁₈ column using a mixture of methanol: acetonitrile: 2 mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.5) (25:25:50, v/v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Quantification of the analytes and IS were carried out using single quadrupole LC–APCI–MS through selected-ion monitoring (SIM) at m/z 362 and m/z 198, for CF and CA, respectively. Method validation was performed as per the FDA guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. Plasma concentration of CF and CA followed by the oral administration of CF/CA (500/125 mg) pill to healthy male volunteers (n=12) was measured. Area under plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC_0–12 h) and 0 h extrapolated to infinity (AUC_0−∞) were calculated. The ratio of AUC_0–12 h/AUC_0−∞ was found to be >85% for all the subjects, as recommended by the FDA guidelines.

Analysis of cephalosporin antibiotics

A comprehensive review with 276 references for the analysis of members of an important class of drugs, cephalosporin antibiotics, is presented. The review covers most of the methods described for the analysis of these drugs in pure forms, in different pharmaceutical dosage forms and in biological fluids.

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of cefadroxil using potassium permanganate and formaldehyde system

A simple, rapid and precise flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method is proposed for the determination of cefadroxil and is suitable for application to other antibiotics containing phenolic hydroxyl groups. A possible mechanism for this selectivity is suggested. The method is based on the CL-emitting reaction between cefadroxil and potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid medium, enhanced by formaldehyde (HCHO). Under the optimum conditions, calibration graphs over the ranges of 0.05-0.8 and 1.0-10.0 microg ml(-1) were obtained. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of cefadroxil in pharmaceutical formulations with no evidence of interference from common excipients. The detection limit (3sigma) of this method is 25 ng ml(-1) (6.9 x 10(-8) mol l(-1)). The relative standard deviation was less than 2% for 0.4 and 4.0 microg ml(-1) cefadroxil (n = 20). The sample throughput was found to be 120 h(-1).

Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic beta-lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives

A simple, sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric procedure was developed for the determination of amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone. The method is based on the reaction between these drugs and ethyl acetoacetate, in acidic medium, to give yellow fluorescent products with excitation wavelengths ranging from 401 to 467 nm and emission wavelengths ranging from 465 to 503 nm. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. The reaction obeyed Beer's law over the range of 10.0-20.0, 1.5-1.0 and 50.0-100.0 microg ml(-1) for amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone, respectively. Interference's from other antibiotics, drugs and dosage forms additives, in capsules and vials dosage forms, were investigated. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations (capsules and vials) containing the above antibiotics, either alone or in combination with other antibiotics or drugs. The validity of the method was tested by the recovery studies of standard addition which were found to be satisfactory. The results of the proposed method demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise and reproducible as the official methods (USP XXIII) and those published for the non-official binary mixtures.

Analysis of cefadroxil by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography: development and validation

A method is developed and validated for analysis of the antibiotic cefadroxil using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. It permits cefadroxil to be completely separated from ten of its known related substances within 15 min (including the washing procedure). The separation is performed in an acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.25) containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; 110 mM). The fused-silica capillary was 44 cm long (36 cm effective length), 50 microm ID; the voltage, 18 kV; temperature, 15 degrees C; and the detection wavelength; 254 nm. The influence of the type of buffer, buffer pH and concentration, and of the SDS concentration was investigated. The robustness of the method was examined by means of a full-fraction factorial design. The parameters for validation such as linearity, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation are also reported.