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Kassa A, Benor A, Tigineh GT, Abebe A. Characterization and Application of a Synthesized Novel Poly(chlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)resorcinolcobalt(II) chloride)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Selective Voltammetric Determination of Cefadroxil in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Human Urine, and Blood Serum Samples. ACS Omega 2023; 8:15181-15192. [PMID: 37151555 PMCID: PMC10157687 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cefadroxil belongs to the β-lactam antibiotics, mainly used for the treatment of various bacterial infections, caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, it is also encountering serious bacterial resistance, necessitating continuous monitoring of its level in pharmaceutical and biological samples. This study presents a selective, accurate, and precise square-wave voltammetric method based on a novel poly(chlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)resorcinolcobalt(II)chloride)-modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE) for determination of cefadroxil (CDL). UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, metal and halide estimation, CHN elemental analysis, and electrolytic conductivity measurement results confirmed the synthesis of the title complex modifier. Electrode characterization results revealed modification of the surface of the electrode by an electroactive and a conductive polymer film (poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE), leading to an improved effective electrode surface area. In contrast to the bare electrode, the appearance of an irreversible oxidative peak at a much reduced potential with a 7-fold current enhancement at poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE showed the catalytic effect of the modifier toward oxidation of CDL. The square-wave voltammetric current response of poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE showed a linear dependence on the concentration of CDL in the range of 1 × 10-7-3.0 × 10-4 M with a detection limit of 4.3 × 10-9. The CDL level in the selected two tablet brands was in the range of 97.25-100.00% of their labeled values. The spike recovery results in tablet, human blood serum, and urine samples were 98.85-101.30, 99.20-100.39, and 98.10-99.99%, respectively. Interference recovery results with a less than 4.74% error, lower LoD, and wider dynamic range than the previously reported methods validated the potential applicability of the present method with excellent accuracy and sensitivity based on the novel mixed-ligand complex-modified GCE (poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE) for determination of CDL in various real samples with a complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Kassa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir
Dar University, Bahir
Dar H9FX+Q62, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Benor
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, Bahir Dar
University, Bahir Dar H9FX+Q62, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir
Dar University, Bahir
Dar H9FX+Q62, Ethiopia
| | - Atakilt Abebe
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir
Dar University, Bahir
Dar H9FX+Q62, Ethiopia
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Kassa A, Amare M, Benor A, Tigineh GT, Beyene Y, Tefera M, Abebe A. Potentiodynamic Poly(resorcinol)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Voltammetric Sensor for Determining Cephalexin and Cefadroxil Simultaneously in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluid Samples. ACS Omega 2022; 7:34599-34607. [PMID: 36188243 PMCID: PMC9520737 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study covers the development of a fast, selective, sensitive, and stable method for the simultaneous determination of cephalosporins (cephalexin (CLN) and cefadroxil (CFL)) in biological fluids and tablet samples using potentiodynamic fabrication of a poly(resorcinol)-modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(reso)/GCE). The results of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy supported the modification of the GCE by a polymer layer that raised the electrode surface area and conductivity. At the poly(reso)/GCE, an irreversible oxidative peak with four- and fivefold current enhancement for CLN and CFL, respectively, at a substantially lower potential demonstrated the catalytic action of the modifier. Under optimized solution and parameters, the peak current response at the poly(reso)/GCE revealed a linear dependence on the concentration of CLN and CFL within the range 0.1-300 and 0.5-300 μM, respectively, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.12 and 8.7 nM, respectively. The levels of CLN in four selected tablet brands and CFL in two tablet brands were in the vicinity of 91.00-103.65% and 97.7-98.83%, respectively, of their nominal values. The recovery results for CLN in pharmaceutical samples were in the range of 99.00-100.67% and for CFL 97.9-99.75% and for blood serum and urine samples 99.55-100.55% and 99.33-100.34% for CLN and 97.13-100.60% and 96.73-102.50% for CFL, respectively. Interference recovery results with errors less than 4.81%, lower LoD, wider dynamic range, excellent recovery results, and good stability of the modifier compared to those for the previously reported methods validated the use of the poly(reso)/GCE for determining CLN and CFL simultaneously in various real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Kassa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Meareg Amare
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Benor
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Beyene
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Molla Tefera
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Atakilt Abebe
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
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Kaddah MMY, Al-Dokhmaisy EH, Mansour B, Daabees HG, Kamal MF. Quantification of sixteen cephalosporins in the aquatic environment by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4052-4069. [PMID: 36095323 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are essential to protect human and animal health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, antimicrobials such as cephalosporins were widely used as prophylactics and to prevent bacterial co-infection. Undoubtedly, the prevalence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment will ultimately affect the degree of resistance against these bacteria in animals and the environmental systems. In order to monitor sixteen cephalosporins in the aquatic environment, we developed a new LC-MS/MS method that functioned simultaneously under positive and negative ESI switching modes. The chromatographic separation has been implemented using a pentafluorophenyl propyl column kept at 40°C. The limits of detection and quantitation for the studied cephalosporins ranged from (8 × 10-4 ) to (7.11 × 10-2 ) ng/mL and from (2.61 × 10-3 ) to (2.37 × 10-1 ) ng/mL, respectively. The percent extraction efficiency (apparent recovery) and relative standard deviations for the analyzed cephalosporins ranged from 61.69 to 167.67% and 2.45 to 13.48%, respectively. The overall findings showed that the effluent from the wastewater treatment plants that receive wastewater from pharmaceutical factories had a higher detected amount of cephalosporins than that of domestic sewage. Moreover, seven cephalosporins, including cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cefradine, cefprozil, cefixime, cefalexin, and cefadroxil (0.68-105.45 ng/L) were determined in the aquatic environment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Y Kaddah
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Pharmaceutical & Fermentation Industries Development Center, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Emad H Al-Dokhmaisy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Beheira, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Basem Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Dakahlia, 11152, Egypt
| | - Hoda G Daabees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Beheira, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Miranda F Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Beheira, Damanhour, Egypt
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Kassa A, Amare M. Highly selective and sensitive differential pulse voltammetric method based on poly(Alizarin)/GCE for determination of cefadroxil in tablet and human urine samples. ARAB J CHEM 2021; 14:103296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Martín-Serrano Á, Gonzalez-Morena JM, Barbero N, Ariza A, Sánchez Gómez FJ, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Pérez-Sala D, Torres MJ, Montañez MI. Biotin-Labelled Clavulanic Acid to Identify Proteins Target for Haptenation in Serum: Implications in Allergy Studies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:594755. [PMID: 33442385 PMCID: PMC7797785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.594755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavulanic acid (CLV) and amoxicillin, frequently administered in combination, can be independently involved in allergic reactions. Protein haptenation with β-lactams is considered necessary to activate the immune system. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of biotinylated analogues of CLV as probes to study protein haptenation by this β-lactam. Two synthetic approaches afforded the labeling of CLV through esterification of its carboxylic group with a biotin moiety, via either direct binding (CLV-B) or tetraethylenglycol linker (CLV-TEG-B). The second analogue offered advantages as solubility in aqueous solution and potential lower steric hindrance for both intended interactions, with the protein and with avidin. NMR reactivity studies showed that both CLV and CLV-TEG-B reacts through β-lactam ring opening by aliphatic amino nitrogen, however with different stability of resulting conjugates. Unlike CLV conjugates, that promoted the decomposition of clavulanate fragment, the conjugates obtained with the CLV-TEG-B remained linked, as a whole structure including biotin, to nucleophile and showed a better stability. This was a desired key feature to allow CLV-TEG-B conjugated protein detection at great sensitivity. We have used biotin detection and mass spectrometry (MS) to detect the haptenation of human serum albumin (HSA) and human serum proteins. MS of conjugates showed that HSA could be modified by CLV-TEG-B. Remarkably, HSA preincubation with CLV excess only reduced moderately the incorporation of CLV-TEG-B, which could be attributed to different protein interferences. The CLV-TEG-B fragment with opened β-lactam was detected bound to the 404-430HSA peptide of the treated protein. Incubation of human serum with CLV-TEG-B resulted in the haptenation of several proteins that were identified by 2D-electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting as HSA, haptoglobin, and heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins. Taken together, our results show that tagged-CLV keeps some of the CLV features. Moreover, although we observe a different behavior in the conjugate stability and in the site of protein modification, the similar reactivity indicates that it could constitute a valuable tool to identify protein targets for haptenation by CLV with high sensitivity to get insights into the activation of the immune system by CLV and mechanisms involved in β-lactams allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Martín-Serrano
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan M Gonzalez-Morena
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nekane Barbero
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain.,Department Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Adriana Ariza
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez Gómez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Pérez-Inestrosa
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain.,Department Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Torres
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain.,Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María I Montañez
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
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Mishra A, Chhonker YS, Bisen AC, Prasad YD, Tulsankar SL, Chandasana H, Dey T, Verma SK, Bala V, Kanojiya S, Ghatak S, Bhatta RS. Rapid and Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Classes of Antimicrobial Drugs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to Routine Biomedical, Food, and Soil Analyses. ACS Omega 2020; 5:31584-31597. [PMID: 33344811 PMCID: PMC7745213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents (AMAs) are widely exploited nowadays to meet the high demand for animal-derived food. It has a significant impact on the food chain whose end consumers are human beings. The burden of AMAs on humans comes from either meat or crops cultivated on soil containing high residual antibiotics, which are responsible for the global crisis of antibiotic resistance. Thus, the objective of this study was to design a selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS-based simultaneous bioanalytical method for estimation of twenty AMAs in human plasma, raw meat, and soil samples. The selective extraction of all analytes from the above matrices was performed by the solid-phase extraction clean-up method to overcome the interferences. Analytes were separated on a Waters Symmetry Shield C18 (150 × 4.6 mm2, 5 μm) column, using an isocratic solvent system of methanol-0.5% formic acid (80:20, v/v) with 0.75 mL/min flow rate. The average extraction recoveries for all analytes in plasma were ranged from 42.0 to 94.0% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below ±15%. All of the validation parameters are in accordance with the United State Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) guidelines. Moreover, the method was also valid for a broad plasma concentration range and can be proposed as an excellent method for routine pharmacokinetic studies, therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical analysis, and detection and quantitation of AMA remnants in raw meat as a standard quality control test for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Chhonker
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Yarra Durga Prasad
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sachin Laxman Tulsankar
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Hardik Chandasana
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Tushar Dey
- Division
of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex
for North Eastern Hill Region, Meghalaya 793103, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Veenu Bala
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
- Medicinal
& Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sanjeev Kanojiya
- Sophisticated
Analytical Instruments Facility, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division
of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex
for North Eastern Hill Region, Meghalaya 793103, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
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Atif S, Baig JA, Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Waris M. Novel nontoxic electrochemical method for the detection of cefadroxil in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Microchem J 2020; 154:104574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Caro Y, Cámara M, De Zan M. A review of bioanalytical methods for the therapeutic drug monitoring of β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients: Evaluation of the approaches used to develop and validate quality attributes. Talanta 2020; 210:120619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Barbero N, Fernández‐Santamaría R, Mayorga C, Martin‐Serrano Á, Salas M, Bogas G, Nájera F, Pérez‐Sala D, Pérez‐Inestrosa E, Fernandez TD, Montañez MI, Torres MJ. Identification of an antigenic determinant of clavulanic acid responsible for IgE-mediated reactions. Allergy 2019; 74:1490-1501. [PMID: 30829415 DOI: 10.1111/all.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective reactions to clavulanic acid (CLV) account for around 30% of immediate reactions after administration of amoxicillin-CLV. Currently, no immunoassay is available for detecting specific IgE to CLV, and its specific recognition in patients with immediate reactions has only been demonstrated by basophil activation testing, however with suboptimal sensitivity. The lack of knowledge regarding the structure of the drug that remains bound to proteins (antigenic determinant) is hampering the development of in vitro diagnostics. We aimed to identify the antigenic determinants of CLV as well as to evaluate their specific IgE recognition and potential role for diagnosis. METHODS Based on complex CLV degradation mechanisms, we hypothesized the formation of two antigenic determinants for CLV, AD-I (N-protein, 3-oxopropanamide) and AD-II (N-protein, 3-aminopropanamide), and designed different synthetic analogs to each one. IgE recognition of these structures was evaluated in basophils from patients with selective reactions to CLV and tolerant subjects. In parallel, the CLV fragments bound to proteins were identified by proteomic approaches. RESULTS Two synthetic analogs of AD-I were found to activate basophils from allergic patients. This determinant was also detected bound to lysines 195 and 475 of CLV-treated human serum albumin. One of these analogs was able to activate basophils in 59% of patients whereas CLV only in 41%. Combining both results led to an increase in basophil activation in 69% of patients, and only in 12% of controls. CONCLUSION We have identified AD-I as one CLV antigenic determinant, which is the drug fragment that remains protein-bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekane Barbero
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology – BIONANDMálaga Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry IBIMAUniversity of Málaga Málaga Spain
| | | | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology – BIONANDMálaga Spain
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigacion Biomédica de Malaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Malaga Málaga Spain
| | - Ángela Martin‐Serrano
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology – BIONANDMálaga Spain
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigacion Biomédica de Malaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
| | - María Salas
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigacion Biomédica de Malaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Malaga Málaga Spain
| | - Gador Bogas
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigacion Biomédica de Malaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Malaga Málaga Spain
| | - Francisco Nájera
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology – BIONANDMálaga Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry IBIMAUniversity of Málaga Málaga Spain
| | | | - Ezequiel Pérez‐Inestrosa
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology – BIONANDMálaga Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry IBIMAUniversity of Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Tahia D. Fernandez
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigacion Biomédica de Malaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
| | - María I. Montañez
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology – BIONANDMálaga Spain
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigacion Biomédica de Malaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
| | - María J. Torres
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology – BIONANDMálaga Spain
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigacion Biomédica de Malaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Malaga Málaga Spain
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Abstract
Infections are the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and there are many reasons justifying the need for further studies of antimicrobial agents. Cefadroxil is a drug that has bactericidal activity and broad spectrum of action. Quantitative analyzes about cefadroxil are essential for the understanding of bioavailability, bioequivalence, and therapeutic control, which will ensure the product's characteristics and patients' safety. Thus, this study highlights a brief literature review about the drug and the existing methods developed for the determination of cefadroxil found in official and scientific papers. According to the methods found in literature, liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry of absorption in the ultraviolet region prevailed over the others. Importantly, most of the solvents used for the development of the described analytical methods are toxic to the environment, making it necessary to educate researchers and pharmaceutical companies to use nontoxic solvents to provide environmental-friendly methods and better benefits to equipments and mainly to analysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Aparecida de Marco
- a Department of Drugs and Medicines , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- a Department of Drugs and Medicines , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
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Jin HE, Kim IB, Kim YC, Cho KH, Maeng HJ. Determination of cefadroxil in rat plasma and urine using LC-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetic and urinary excretion studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 947-948:103-10. [PMID: 24412692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of cefadroxil, a first-generation cephalosporin, in rat plasma and urine. Rat samples were deproteinized with methanol, and then injected into the LC-MS/MS system (electro-spray ionization, positive mode) for quantification. Drugs were separated on a Synergi™ 4 μm Polar-RP 80A column (150 mm × 2.0 mm, 4 μm) with a mixture of 0.1% formic acid and methanol (62:38, v/v) as the mobile phase at 0.2 mL/min. Detection was performed using multiple reaction-monitoring modes at m/z 364.1→208.1 (for cefadroxil) and m/z 368.1→174.2 (for cefaclor, the internal standard). Method was specific and linear over the concentration range of 10-10,000 ng/mL. Validation parameters for cefadroxil, including accuracy, precision, absolute matrix effect, and stability in rat plasma and urine, were acceptable according to the biological method validation guidelines of the FDA (2001) [16]. Cefadroxil levels in plasma up to 1440 min or 480 min and urine up to 96 h were quantifiable following oral and intravenous cefadroxil administrations to rats at a dose of 2mg/kg, each, suggesting that the method is appropriate for routine pharmacokinetic studies including urinary recovery in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Chul Kim
- C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
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