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A Fast Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 26 Beta-Agonists in Swine Muscle with a Multi-Functional Filter by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and simplified sample preparation method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 26 beta-agonists in swine muscle using a multi-functional filter (MFF) based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe methods (QuEChERS). MFF integrated the cleanup and filter procedures, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of sample preparation compared with traditional solid-phase extraction. The sample was processed via enzymatic hydrolysis, purified with the optimized MFF containing 150 mg magnesium sulfate, 50 mg PSA, and 50 mg C18, and then analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All procedures can be completed in 6.5 h. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was detected in all analytes. The recoveries ranged from 71.2% to 118.6%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 18.37% in all spiked concentrations. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.01–0.10 and 0.10–0.50 μg/kg, respectively. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capacity (CCβ) values fluctuated in the range of 3.44–25.71 and 6.38–51.21 μg/kg, respectively. This method is a good alternative for detecting beta-agonist residues in swine muscle and can be successfully applied to the national risk monitoring of agro-product quality and safety in China.
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Feng F, Zheng J, Qin P, Han T, Zhao D. A novel quartz crystal microbalance sensor array based on molecular imprinted polymers for simultaneous detection of clenbuterol and its metabolites. Talanta 2017; 167:94-102. [PMID: 28340793 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For the rapid and robust detection of both parent clenbuterol (CLB) and its metabolites in swine urine samples, a novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor array for CLB detection based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was developed in this investigation. At first, clenbuterol and the structural analogs of its metabolites, 4-Aminohippuric acid (AHA) and 4-hydroxymandelic acid (HMA), were chosen as molecular templates. Through computational molecular modeling, the optimum ratio between the functional monomer and molecular template was selected. The surface imprinting method was applied to modify QCM electrode surface to graft a thin MIP film. The grafting polymer was characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. After then, an array system composed of three sensors was employed to test the responses with different solutions and the principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to analyze the corresponding data. As a result, for the designed sensor to clenbuterol, a linear equation y=100.07x-722.96 (R2=0.9928) was found between the sensor frequency shift ΔF and negative logarithm of clenbuterol concentration (-lgC). The limitation of detection (LOD) was 3.0ng/mL, which is lower than the Codex Alimentarius Commission regulations residue limit 10μg/L. The corresponding data of the three template solutions were analyzed by PCA, obtaining 100% recognition. The result demonstrated the feasibility that the developed method could be applied to detect whether the livestock was feed with CLB nutrient redistribution agent by checking the urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianwu Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Dayun Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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3
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Analysis of beta-agonist residues in bovine hair: Development of a UPLC–MS/MS method and stability study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1036-1037:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Sun K, Fang C, Yang W, Xu Z, Wang H, Sun W, Luo Y, Xu Y. Efficient synthesis of D6-clenproperol and D6-cimaterol using deuterium isopropylamine as labelled precursor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:552-556. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai China
- Research and Development Center; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Chao Fang
- Research and Development Center; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Weicheng Yang
- Research and Development Center; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Zhongjie Xu
- Research and Development Center; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Research and Development Center; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Wen Sun
- Research and Development Center; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Yong Luo
- Research and Development Center; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai China
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5
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Özkütük EB, Uğurağ D, Ersöz A, Say R. Determination of Clenbuterol by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Potentiometric Sensors. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1079213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Cai F, Wang N, Dong T, Deng A, Li J. Dual-signal amplified electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for salbutamol based on quantum dots and gold nanoparticle-labeled horseradish peroxidase. Analyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-signal amplification was achieved by the employment of HRP and AuNPs, and led to a higher sensitivity and wider detection range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Cai
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Tiantian Dong
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Anping Deng
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
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7
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Lee S, Piao Y. Voltammetric Determination of Clenbuterol on Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.5229/jkes.2014.17.4.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Wieder ME, Paine SW, Hincks PR, Pearce CM, Scarth J, Hillyer L. Detection and pharmacokinetics of salbutamol in thoroughbred racehorses following inhaled administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:41-7. [PMID: 25229326 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salbutamol sulphate (Ventolin Evohaler) was administrated via the inhalation route to six horses at a dose of 0.5 mg every 4 h during the day for 2 days (total dose 4 mg). Urine and blood samples were taken up to 92 h postadministration. Hydrolyzed plasma and urine were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). A sensitive tandem mass spectrometric method was developed in this study, achieving a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for salbutamol of 10 pg/mL in plasma and urine. The parent drug was identified using UPLC-MS/MS. Most of the determined salbutamol plasma concentrations, post last administration, lie below the LLOQ of the method and so cannot be used for plasma PK analysis. Urine PK analysis suggests a half-life consistent with the pharmacological effect duration. An estimate of the urine average concentration at steady-state was collected by averaging the concentration measurements in the dosing period from -12 to 0 h relative to the last administered dose. The value was averaged across the six horses and used to estimate an effective urine concentration as a marker of effective lung concentration. The value estimated was 9.6 ng/mL and from this a number of detection times were calculated using a range of safety factors.
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Zhang J, Cai F, Deng A, Li J. CdSe Quantum Dots Based Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor with Simple Structure for Ultrasensitive Detection of Salbutamol. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Garrido BC, Silva MLC, Borges RM, Padilha MC, de Aquino Neto FR. Salbutamol extraction from urine and its stability in different solutions: identification of methylation products and validation of a quantitative analytical method. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1630-8. [PMID: 23801106 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salbutamol is commonly used in asthma treatment, being considered a short-effect bronchodilator. This drug poses special interest in certain fields of chemical analysis, such as food, clinical and doping analyses, in which it needs to be analyzed with quantitative precision and accuracy. Salbutamol, however, is known to degrade under certain conditions and this is critical if quantitative results must be generated. The present work aimed to investigate salbutamol extraction from urine samples, to determine whether salbutamol is unstable in other solvents as well as in urine samples, to elucidate the structures of the possible degradation products and to validate an analytical method using the extraction procedure evaluated. Stability investigations were performed in urine at different pH values, in methanol and acetone at different temperatures. Semi-preparative liquid chromatography was performed for the isolation of degradation products, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as well as nuclear magnetic resonance were used for identification. Three unreported methylation products were detected in methanolic solutions and had their structures elucidated. Urine samples showed a reduction in salbutamol concentration of up to 25.8% after 5 weeks. These results show that special care must be taken regarding salbutamol quantitative analyses, since degradation either in standard solutions or in urine could lead to incorrect values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carius Garrido
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, LAB DOP-LADETEC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Zhang MX, Li C, Wu YL. Determination of phenylethanolamine A in animal hair, tissues and feeds by reversed phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with QuEChERS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 900:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Xiao F, Lai Y, Zhang N, Bai J, Xian Y, Jin L. Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor Array Based on Thioglycolic Acid Capped CdS Quantum Dots for Multiplexed Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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LIANG RN, GAO Q, QIN W. Potentiometric Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Rapid Determination of Clenbuterol in Pig Urine. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(11)60535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Geng Y, Zhang M, Yuan W, Xiang B. Modified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of clenbuterol in swine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1006-12. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.576444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Chen XB, Wu YL, Yang T. Simultaneous determination of clenbuterol, chloramphenicol and diethylstilbestrol in bovine milk by isotope dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:799-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Simultaneous determination of clenbuterol, salbutamol and ractopamine in milk by reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with isotope dilution. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7873-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Wu Y, Miao H, Fan S, Zhao Y. Determination of 23 β2-agonists and 5 β-blockers in animal muscle by high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Kong J, Jiang L, Su X, Qin J, Du Y, Lin B. Integrated microfluidic immunoassay for the rapid determination of clenbuterol. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1541-7. [PMID: 19458860 DOI: 10.1039/b818430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic immunoassay system was established for high throughput analysis of clenbuterol. This system consisted of an integrated microchip and a linear confocal laser induced fluorescence (LIF) scanner. The microchip was composed of three layers: a fluidic channel layer, a PDMS membrane layer and a pneumatic control layer. The multi-layer chip was integrated with 36 pneumatic micro-valves and multiple micro-pumps to realize the flexible reagent delivery, facilitating the automatic assays with less consumption of samples and reduced analysis time. The homemade LIF scanner was able to simultaneously detect multi-channels and provide the potential capability of high throughput assays. The performance of the system was demonstrated by the determination of clenbuterol, one of the most widely used beta-agonists. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range and the limit of detection of clenbuterol were 0 approximately 5.0 ng mL(-1) and 0.088 ng mL(-1), respectively. The recovery rates determined with pig urine samples of 1.0 ng mL(-1) and 2.0 ng mL(-1) were 98.74% and 102.51% (n = 3), respectively. The total detection time was less than 30 min. The system had the potential application for rapid detection of multiple beta-agonists in clinical, pharmaceutical and chemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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19
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Anurukvorakun O, Buchberger W, Himmelsbach M, Klampel CW, Suntornsuk L. A sensitive non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric method for multiresidue analyses ofβ-agonists in pork. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:588-99. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Sirichai S, Khanatharana P. Rapid analysis of clenbuterol, salbutamol, procaterol, and fenoterol in pharmaceuticals and human urine by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2008; 76:1194-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Lee HB, Sarafin K, Peart TE. Determination of β-blockers and β2-agonists in sewage by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:158-67. [PMID: 17408682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of 12 beta-blockers and beta(2)-agonists in wastewater samples. Extraction of the drugs was effected by an Oasis MCX cartridge with a strong cation resin adsorbent. Matrix coextractives were removed from the SPE cartridge by methanol prior to the elution of the drugs with a mixture of dichloromethane, 2-propranol, and ammonium hydroxide. The extract was analyzed by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization operating in the positive mode. Recovery of the 12 compounds was in most cases better than 85% at the fortification levels of 500 and 50 ng/L, with standard deviations between 3 and 7%. Based on a concentration factor of 250, the method detection limits ranged from 6 to 11 ng/L for the target compounds. No degradation of these drugs in spiked sewage effluent samples was observed over a storage period of 7 days at 4 degrees C in the dark. Many beta-blockers were detected in the 14 wastewater samples collected from seven Canadian sewage treatment plants; those occurring at the highest concentrations were atenolol, acebutolol, sotalol, and metroprolol, with overall median concentrations of 1370, 339, 282, and 257 ng/L, respectively. However, there was only a small decrease in the median concentrations of these beta-blockers between the primary and final effluent, suggesting that these drugs are not easily removed by the sewage treatment processes. As a result of selective extraction and effective removal of coextractives, no matrix effect was observed for the samples during LC-MS/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hing-Biu Lee
- Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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Anurukvorakun O, Suntornsuk W, Suntornsuk L. Factorial design applied to a non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of β-agonists. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:326-32. [PMID: 17027995 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effects of both chemical and instrumental parameters on the separation of beta-agonists (clenbuterol (CLE), salbutamol (SAL) and terbutaline (TER)) by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) method. Due to the number of parameters involved and their interactions, factorial experimental designs (EDs) at two levels was applied to investigate the influence of experimental factors (ionic strength of the background electrolyte (BGE), organic solvent, injection time, voltage and temperature) in sets of several CE responses (resolution, (RS), number of theoretical plate (N), tailing factor (TF) and migration time (tm)). As a compromise between the four responses, the optimum condition was obtained in 18 mM ammonium acetate in methanol (MeOH):acetonitrile (ACN):glacial acetic acid (66:33:1%, v/v/v) using an injection time of 4 s, the voltage and the temperature of 28 kV and 24 degrees C, respectively. The proposed NACE permitted the baseline separation of the three beta-agonists within 10.5 min with good repeatability (%RSD < 3.5%) and linearity (r2 > 0.99). The developed method was applicable for the analysis of the beta-agonists in syrup and tablets and the NACE condition was compatible with a mass spectrometer detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphan Anurukvorakun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Di X, Wu M. Quantitation of salbutamol in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:328-32. [PMID: 16359934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) is described for quantitation of salbutamol in human urine using nadolol as the internal standard (I.S.). Urine samples were hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase followed by a solid-phase extraction procedure using Bond Elut-Certify cartridges. The HPLC column was an Agilent Zorbax SB-C(18) column. A mixture of 0.01 M ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.5)-acetonitrile (85:15, v/v) was used as the mobile phase. Analytes were quantitated using positive electrospray ionization in a quadrupole spectrometer. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used to monitor m/z 166 for salbutamol and m/z 310 for I.S. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 10.0-2000.0 ng/ml. The limit of quantification was 10.0 ng/ml. The intra- and inter-run precision, calculated from quality control (QC) samples was less than 7.3%. The accuracy as determined from QC samples was within +/-2.6%. The method was applied for determining excretion curves of salbutamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zhang
- China Doping Control Center, National Research Institute of Sports Medicine, The State Sport General Administration, 1 Anding Road, Beijing 100029, China.
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Shen S, Ouyang J, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR, Yang Y. Determination of β2-agonists by ion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:166-72. [PMID: 15907636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the simultaneous detection of four beta2-agonists (salbutamol, fenoterol, clorprenaline, and clenbuterol) using ion chromatography (IC) with direct conductivity detection (CD) based on their ionization in acidic medium without chemical suppression is presented. The mixture of 1.8 mM HNO3 and 2% (v/v) acetonitrile was used as eluent. The method could be applied to the determination of the beta2-agonists in pharmaceutical preparations. The recovery of salbutamol and clenbuterol in tablets was more than 97% (n=3) and the relative standard deviation (n=11) less than 2.8%. With the proposed method, salbutamol could also be successfully detected in human plasma. In a single chromatographic run, the four beta2-agonists can be separated and determined in less than 8 min. The linear ranges were of 7.0-1.4 x 10(3)ng/ml for salbutamol, 34-7.8 x 10(3)ng/ml for fenoterol, 8.0-1.6 x 10(3)ng/ml for clorprenaline, and 25-7.5 x 10(3)ng/ml for clenbuterol. The detection limits were 2.0 ng/ml for salbutamol, 10 ng/ml for fenoterol, 3.0 ng/ml for clorprenaline, and 10 ng/ml for clenbuterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, No. 44, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Oliva MDLA, Olsina RA, Masi AN. Sensitive detection of salbutamol using europium-enhanced fluorescence with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as coligand. Analyst 2005; 130:1312-7. [PMID: 16096679 DOI: 10.1039/b508790b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work a simple and sensitive fluorimetric method for determination of salbutamol (4-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl) phenol) using an Eu enhanced signal was developed. The employed methodology is based on the formation of a ternary complex formed with Eu, salbutamol and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). Intermolecular transfer of energy from the excited organic molecule to the lanthanide followed by lanthanide emission is responsible for excitation of the lanthanide ion in complex solutions and fluorescent enhancement. The luminescence properties of the ternary complex formed with TOPO and optimum formation conditions were investigated. The calibration curve is linear in the range between 6.92-180 microg l(-1) of salbutamol. The detection limit was 2.31 microg l(-1). Common excipients for these formulations were not found to interfere. A proposed method for the assay in commercial aerosols and nebulizer solutions containing salbutamol was applied with very good precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los A Oliva
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Reig M, Batlle N, Navarro JL, Toldrá F. Stability of β-agonist methyl boronic derivatives before gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Abstract
A sensitive method for the quantification of free salbutamol in human urine is described. Sample clean up is performed using SPE on a mixed phase extraction column. Derivatisation is performed with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and the extract is analysed by GC-MS. The method was found to be suitable for use in the doping field, where a cut-off limit of 1 microg salbutamol/mL urine is set by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Above that value a doping violation occurs. In addition, the stability of salbutamol in human urine has been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH, A-2224 Seibersdorf, Austria
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28
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Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. Diagnostic evidence for the presence of beta-agonists using two consecutive derivatization procedures and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780:61-71. [PMID: 12383481 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A GC-MS procedure for the detection of different beta-agonists in urine samples based on two consecutive derivatization steps is described. The derivatization procedure is based on the consecutive formation of cyclic methylboronate derivatives followed by a second derivatization step with MSTFA on the same extract, forming TMS derivatives. Injections in the GC-MS system may be carried out after each one of the derivatization steps, obtaining enough information for unambiguous identification. Limits of detection for the two derivatization steps ranged from 0.5 to 5 ng/ml. This procedure was tested with the beta-agonists bambuterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, alpha-hydroxy-salmeterol and terbutaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Damasceno
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Van Eenoo P, Delbeke FT, Deprez P. Detection of inhaled clenbuterol in horse urine by GC/MS2. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:475-81. [PMID: 12378561 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, is used in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction in horses. It is prohibited by horse racing authorities, because of its stimulating and growth-promoting properties. However, information on detection times of clenbuterol after administration by nebulization is lacking. In this study, a fast, sensitive quantitative GC-MS(2) method for the detection of clenbuterol in urine was developed. Alkaline liquid-liquid extraction was followed by derivatization to a cyclic methyl boronate derivative and analysis on a Finnigan MAT GCQ instrument. Method validation showed good linearity in the range 0.1-2.0 ng/mL, excellent repeatability and specificity. The limit of quantitative detection of the method was 0.1 ng/ml. Different instrumental parameters of the ion trap mass spectrometer were changed to increase the number of diagnostic ions for the cyclic methyl boronate derivative of clenbuterol. The influence of these changes and their applicability within the requirements and the criteria for mass spectrometry set by the responsible regulatory bodies are discussed. Clenbuterol was administered via nebulization to five standardbred mares (0.4 micro g/kg body weight). Analysis of the urine samples resulted in the detection of clenbuterol, as early as 2 h post administration and for up to 36 h post treatment. Generally, maximum urinary concentrations of 1.2 ng/mL were reached after -6-9 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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30
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Abdel-Ghani NT, Rizk MS, El-Nashar RM. POTENTIOMETRIC FLOW INJECTION DETERMINATION OF SALBUTAMOL. ANAL LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120002360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has recently exploded in various analytic fields, including toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring (although still far behind pharmacokinetics). There is no doubt that LC-MS is currently competing with gas chromatography (GC)-MS for the status of the reference analytic technique in toxicology. This review presents, for the nonspecialist reader, the principles, advantages, and drawbacks of LC-MS systems using atmospheric pressure interfaces. It also gives an overview of the analytic methods for xenobiotics that could be set up with these instruments for clinical or forensic toxicology. In particular, as far as quantitative techniques are concerned, this review tries to underline the large number and variety of drugs or classes of drugs (drugs of abuse, therapeutic drugs) or toxic compounds (e.g., pesticides) that can be readily determined using such instruments, the respective merits of the different ionization sources, and the improvements brought about by tandem MS. It also discusses new applications of LC-MS in the field of toxicology, such as "general unknown" screening procedures and mass spectral libraries using LC-atmospheric pressure ionization (API)-MS or MS-MS, presenting the different solutions proposed to overcome the naturally low fragmentation power of API sources. Finally, the opportunities afforded by the most recent or proposed instrument designs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marquet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, CHU Dupeytren, 87042 Limoges, France.
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32
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Martı́n Y. Influence of the storage conditions on the concentration of clenbuterol in cattle urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Masci G, Casati G, Crescenzi V. Synthesis and LC characterization of clenbuterol molecularly imprinted polymers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:211-7. [PMID: 11275430 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective non-covalent clenbuterol (CL) imprinted polymers were prepared using methacrylic acid as monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking agent. HPLC experiments with columns packed with this material showed that CL are selectively recognised with respect to all other adrenergic substances studied using a phosphate buffer/acetonitrile eluent. The separation was strongly dependent on pH and the organic/aqueous phase ratio. An important contribution to the recognition mechanism from hydrophobic interactions was found at higher water content. These results demonstrate that a novel family of absorbents with high selectivity for CL was obtained which can be exploited in solid phase extractions or as recognition elements for selective sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Masci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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34
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Damasceno L, Ventura R, Ortuño J, Segura J. Derivatization procedures for the detection of beta(2)-agonists by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1285-1294. [PMID: 11114086 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200011)35:11<1285::aid-jms61>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of derivatization procedures for the detection of beta(2)-agonists is presented. The study was performed with the beta(2)-agonists bambuterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol and terbutaline. Different derivatizating agents were employed, aiming to obtain derivatives with high selectivity to be used in the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of beta(2)-agonists in biological samples. Trimethylsilylation was compared with different agents and the role of some catalysts was evaluated. Acylation, combined trimethylsilylation and acylation, and the formation of cyclic methylboronates were also studied. Sterical hindrance caused by different substituents at the nitrogen atom of the beta-ethanolamine lateral chain of beta(2)-agonist molecules is mainly responsible for differences in the abundances of the derivatives obtained. The use of catalysts produces an increase in the derivatization yield, especially for compounds with low steric hindrance (substituents with primary and secondary carbon atoms). The formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers is not influenced by structural molecular differences when only hydroxy groups are involved in derivatization. Combined trimethylsilylation and acylation showed that compounds with a secondary carbon atom linked to the nitrogen atom form mainly N-TFA-O-TMS derivatives, with a small amount of N-TMS-O-TMS derivatives. Compounds with tert-butyl substituents at the amino group (bambuterol, salbutamol and terbutaline) formed O-TMS derivatives as the main products, although a limited amount of trifluoroacylation at the nitrogen atom also occurred. Cyclic methylboronates were formed with bambuterol, clenbuterol, formoterol, salbutamol and salmeterol. Owing to hydroxy substituents in unsuitable positions for ring formation, this procedure was not effective for fenoterol and terbutaline. Mass spectra of different derivatives and tentative fragmentation profiles are also shown. For screening purpose (e.g. sports drug testing), derivatization with MSTFA or BSTFA alone is recommended as a comprehensive derivatization technique for beta(2)-agonists owing to minimal by-product formation; formation of cyclic methylboronates can be useful for confirmation purposes. Detection limits were obtained for the TMS and cyclic methylboronate derivatives using the derivatizing reagents MSTFA and trimethylboroxine, respectively. For most of the compounds, lower detection limits were found for the TMS derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Damasceno
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Institut Municipal d'Investigaci o M edica, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Bai X, You T, Sun H, Yang X, Wang E. Determination of Three β-Blockers by Capillary Electrophoresis with End-Column Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200011)12:17<1379::aid-elan1379>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Analytical methodology for the detection of β2-agonists in urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for application in doping control. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Chapter 15 Doping substances in human and animal sport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Van Eeckhout N, Perez JC, Claereboudt J, Vandeputte R, Van Peteghem C. Determination of tetracyclines in bovine kidney by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with on-line extraction and clean-up. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:280-285. [PMID: 10669888 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000229)14:4<280::aid-rcm880>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel, sensitive, high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (i.e. mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry) method with on-line extraction and clean-up for the screening and confirmation of residues of tetracyclines in kidney has been developed. After liquid extraction of homogenised kidney with McIlvain buffer, an aliquot of the extract is directly injected on the LC/MS/MS system with further extraction and clean-up of the sample on-line. Detection of the analytes was achieved by positive electrospray ionization followed by multiple reaction monitoring. For each tetracycline the collisional decomposition of the protonated molecule to a unique, abundant fragment ion was monitored. The method has been validated for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline. Calibration curves resulting from spiked blank kidney samples at the 100-1200 microgram/kg level showed good linear correlation. At the level of 600 microgram/kg both within- and between-day precision, as measured by relative standard deviation (RSD), were less than 7%. The limits of detection (LODs) for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycyline were 18, 23, 24 and 21 microgram/kg, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycyline were 36, 46, 47 and 42 microgram/kg, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 71 to 91%. The procedure provides a rapid, reliable and sensitive method for the determination of residues of tetracyclines in bovine kidney. The advantage of this method over existing methods is its decreased sample preparation and analysis time, which makes the method more suitable for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Eeckhout
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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39
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Guy PA, Savoy MC, Stadler RH. Quantitative analysis of clenbuterol in meat products using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 736:209-19. [PMID: 10677001 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented that allows quantitation of clenbuterol in meat and liver products at the ng/kg level by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESIMS-MS) using a stable isotopically labeled internal standard. The practical procedure involves acid extraction followed by two solid-phase clean-up steps with C18 and strong cation-exchange (SCX) resins. The typical recovery of the analyte spiked at 0.4 microg/kg in meat and liver samples was at 63+/-7%. Mass spectral acquisition was done in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to provide a high degree of sensitivity, achieving a limit of detection and quantitation at 10 and 15 ng/kg, respectively. Two precursor ions at m/z 277 and 279, corresponding to the characteristic isotopic cluster of the two chlorine atoms of clenbuterol, were monitored by LC-ESIMS-MS to provide unambiguous identity of the analyte. Samples of meat and liver of various origins with either incurred residues or spiked with known amounts of clenbuterol were used to validate the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Guy
- Department of Quality and Safety Assurance, Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Whaites LX, Murby EJ. Determination of clenbuterol in bovine urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following clean-up on an ion-exchange resin. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 728:67-73. [PMID: 10379658 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of residues of clenbuterol in bovine urine. The method involves a simple cation-exchange clean-up and concentration of clenbuterol in the acidified urine, followed by ethyl acetate extraction. The analyte is determined as the di-trimethylsilyl derivative and quantitated against an internal standard of penbutolol. Using a 5-ml sample of urine, a detection limit of 0.07 ng/ml can be achieved with recoveries close to 100% for fortification levels of 0.2 and 1 ng/ml. By increasing the sample volume to 50 ml, a detection limit below 0.01 ng/ml was achievable with recovery averaging 70%. The coefficient of variation of the assay ranged from 15% at 0.01 ng/ml (50-ml sample) to 6% at 1 ng/ml (5-ml sample). It was demonstrated that the method can detect the presence of clenbuterol in bovine urine at sub-ppb (ng/ml) levels using low resolution GC-MS with electron impact (EI) ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L X Whaites
- Australian Government Analytical Laboratories, Pymble, NSW
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41
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Sun XX, Aboul-Enein HY. Internal Solid Contact Electrode for the Determination of Clenbuterol in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine. ANAL LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719908542884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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42
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de Boer T, Ensing K. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of (-) terbutaline by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in a polyethylene glycol gel. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 17:1047-56. [PMID: 9884194 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for determination of the enantiomeric purity of the therapeutic-pharmacological active (-)-enantiomer of terbutaline using cyclodextrins as a chiral selector dissolved in a removable liquid polyethylene glycol gel by use of capillary electrophoresis. The effect of temperature, type and concentration of polyethylene glycol and cyclodextrins was studied on the resolution between the two enantiomers. Best results were obtained with 10 mM hydroxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin dissolved in a 10% polyethylene glycol-2000 solution at 15 degrees C. Under these conditions, an impurity of 0.1% (distomer/eutomer) can be readily detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- T de Boer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Centre for Pharmacy, Groningen Institute for Drug Studies, The Netherlands
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43
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Maurer HH. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in forensic and clinical toxicology. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:3-25. [PMID: 9700550 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) procedures for the identification and/or quantification of drugs of abuse, therapeutic drugs, poisons and/or their metabolites in biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humor, liver or hair) of humans or animals (cattle, dog, horse, mouse, pig or rat). Papers published from 1995 to early 1997, which are relevant to clinical toxicology, forensic toxicology, doping control or drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, were taken into consideration. They cover the following analytes: amphetamines, cocaine, lysergide (LSD), opiates, anabolics, antihypertensives, benzodiazepines, cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, neuroleptics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), opioids, quaternary amines, xanthins, biogenic poisons such as aconitines, aflatoxins, amanitins and nicotine, and pesticides. LC-MS interface types, mass spectral detection modes, sample preparation procedures and chromatographic systems applied in the reviewed papers are discussed. Basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, LC column, mobile phase, interface type, mass spectral detection mode, and validation data of each procedure is summarized in tables. Examples of typical LC-MS applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Maurer
- Department of Toxicology, University of Saarland, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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44
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Hogendoorn EA, van Zoonen P, Polettini A, Marrubini Bouland G, Montagna M. The potential of restricted access media columns as applied in coupled-column LC/LC-TSP/MS/MS for the high-speed determination of target compounds in serum. Application to the direct trace analysis of salbutamol and clenbuterol. Anal Chem 1998; 70:1362-8. [PMID: 9553493 DOI: 10.1021/ac971030w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential of restricted access media (RAM) columns used as a first column in coupled-column LC hyphenated to thermospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-TSP/MS/MS) for the fast, selective, and sensitive determination of target drugs in serum samples. Because of their wide range in polarity, salbutamol and clenbuterol were chosen as model compounds and representatives of the class of beta 2-agonists. Three types of RAM columns were tested: (i) Pinkerton ISRP (internal surface reversed phase, 5 microns), (ii) SPS (semipermeable surface, 5 microns C18), and (iii) RP-18 ADS (alkyl-diol silica, 25 microns). A 3-micron C18 column (50 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) was chosen as the second column. Tandem mass spectrometric detection was carried out in the selected reaction monitoring (one parent-->one daughter) mode. With regard to retention and, moreover, the peak elution volume of the analytes, the ISRP material was found to perform best: a 50-mm x 4.6-mm i.d. ISRP column in combination with a 100% aqueous buffer (pH of 7.0 +/- 0.2) allowed the injection of large volumes (up to 200 microL) of sample without additional band broadening of the analytes and provided sufficient preseparation between analytes and large-molecule serum constituents. Under the selected conditions, both analytes could be determined in serum samples up to a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.5 ng/mL, with a sample throughput of 7 and 5 h-1 for salbutamol and clenbuterol, respectively. Method validation was carried out by analyzing, in the course of several days, calf and human serum samples spiked with the analytes. In the case of salbutamol, the overall recovery from serum samples spiked at levels between 0.5 and 50 ppb (n = 33) was 103.4%, with a repeatability of 12.7% and reproducibility of 14.3%. The overall recovery for clenbuterol was 99.6% (n = 15, spiked level 0.5-5 ppb), with a repeatability of 15.2% and reproducibility of 16.4%. The adopted LC/LC-TSP/MS/ MS analyzer appeared to be very robust under the selected conditions, and, after the period of analysis involving the processing of more than 100 mL of serum, neither loss of chromatographic performance nor pressure increase of columns or of the interface was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hogendoorn
- National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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