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Harwood G, Salmela H, Freitak D, Amdam G. Social immunity in honey bees: royal jelly as a vehicle in transferring bacterial pathogen fragments between nestmates. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238089. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Social immunity is a suite of behavioral and physiological traits that allow colony members to protect one another from pathogens, and includes the oral transfer of immunological compounds between nestmates. In honey bees, royal jelly is a glandular secretion produced by a subset of workers that is fed to the queen and young larvae, and which contains many antimicrobial compounds. A related form of social immunity, transgenerational immune priming (TGIP), allows queens to transfer pathogen fragments into their developing eggs, where they are recognized by the embryo's immune system and induce higher pathogen resistance in the new offspring. These pathogen fragments are transported by vitellogenin (Vg), an egg-yolk precursor protein that is also used by nurses to synthesize royal jelly. Therefore, royal jelly may serve as a vehicle to transport pathogen fragments from workers to other nestmates. To investigate this, we recently showed that ingested bacteria are transported to nurses' jelly-producing glands, and here, we show that pathogen fragments are incorporated into the royal jelly. Moreover, we show that consuming pathogen cells induces higher levels of an antimicrobial peptide found in royal jelly, defensin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Heli Salmela
- Department of Biosciences, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Institute of Biology, Division of Zoology, University of Graz, A8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gro Amdam
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Aas, Norway
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Ab Majid AH, Dieng H, Ellias SS, Sabtu FS, Abd Rahim AH, Satho T. Olfactory behavior and response of household ants (Hymenoptera) to different types of coffee odor: A coffee-based bait development prospect. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 21:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aspen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Biocidal properties of maltose reduced silver nanoparticles against American foulbrood diseases pathogens. Biometals 2017; 30:893-902. [PMID: 28986750 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bee disease caused by spore-forming Paenibacillus larvae and Paenibacillus alvei is a serious problem for honey production. Thus, there is an ongoing effort to find an effective agent that shows broad biocidal activity with minimal environmental hazard. In this study, the biocidal effect of maltose reduced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is evaluated against American foulbrood and European foulbrood pathogens. The results demonstrate that the maltose reduced AgNPs are excellent short and long-term biocides against P. larvae isolates. The long-term effect suggests that the Ag+ ions are released from the AgNPs with increasing time in a controlled manner.
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Yost DG, Tsourkas P, Amy PS. Experimental bacteriophage treatment of honeybees ( Apis mellifera) infected with Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood Disease. BACTERIOPHAGE 2016; 6:e1122698. [PMID: 27144085 PMCID: PMC4836486 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2015.1122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
American Foulbrood Disease (AFB) is an infection of honeybees caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. One potential remedy involves using biocontrol, such as bacteriophages (phages) to lyse P. larvae. Therefore, bacteriophages specific for P. larvae were isolated to determine their efficacy in lysing P. larvae cells. Samples from soil, beehive materials, cosmetics, and lysogenized P. larvae strains were screened; of 157 total samples, 28 were positive for at least one P. larvae bacteriophage, with a total of 30. Newly isolated bacteriophages were tested for the ability to lyse each of 11 P. larvae strains. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the phage isolates were from the family Siphoviridae. Seven phages with the broadest host ranges were combined into a cocktail for use in experimental treatments of infected bee larvae; both prophylactic and post-infection treatments were conducted. Results indicated that although both pre- and post-treatments were effective, prophylactic administration of the phages increased the survival of larvae more than post-treatment experiments. These preliminary experiments demonstrate the likelihood that phage therapy could be an effective method to control AFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane G Yost
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Penny S Amy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Alvarado I, Elekonich MM, Abel-Santos E, Wing HJ. Comparison of in vitro methods for the production of Paenibacillus larvae endospores. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 116:30-2. [PMID: 26130193 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae endospores are the infectious particles of the honey bee brood disease, American Foulbrood. We demonstrate that our previously published protocol (Alvarado et al., 2013) consistently yields higher numbers and purer preparations of P. larvae endospores, than previously described protocols, regardless of the strain tested (B-3650, B-3554 or B-3685).
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Alvarado
- School of Life Sciences, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Bldg WHI, M/S 4004, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
| | - Michelle M Elekonich
- School of Life Sciences, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Bldg WHI, M/S 4004, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
| | - Ernesto Abel-Santos
- Department of Chemistry, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Bldg CHE, M/S 4003, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, United States.
| | - Helen J Wing
- School of Life Sciences, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Bldg WHI, M/S 4004, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
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Hansen H, Brødsgaard CJ. American foulbrood: a review of its biology, diagnosis and control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0005772x.1999.11099415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Müller S, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Genersch E, Süssmuth RD. Involvement of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of the American foulbrood of honey bees caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:765-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the fatal disease American Foulbrood of the western honey bee. This article highlights recent findings on secondary metabolites synthesized by P. larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Garcia-Gonzalez
- Institute for Bee Research
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases
- Hohen Neuendorf
- Germany
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institute for Bee Research
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases
- Hohen Neuendorf
- Germany
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Strauss U, Human H, Gauthier L, Crewe RM, Dietemann V, Pirk CWW. Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata). J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:45-52. [PMID: 23702244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The loss of Apis mellifera L. colonies in recent years has, in many regions of the world, been alarmingly high. No single cause has been identified for these losses, but the interactions between several factors (mostly pathogens and parasites) have been held responsible. Work in the Americas on honeybees originating mainly from South Africa indicates that Africanised honeybees are less affected by the interplay of pathogens and parasites. However, little is known about the health status of South African honeybees (A. m. scutellata and A. m. capensis) in relation to pathogens and parasites. We therefore compared the seasonal prevalence of honeybee pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi) and parasites (mites, bee lice, wax moth, small hive beetles, A. m. capensis social parasites) between sedentary and migratory A. m. scutellata apiaries situated in the Gauteng region of South Africa. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of pathogens and parasites between sedentary and migratory apiaries. Three (Black queen cell virus, Varroa destructor virus 1 and Israeli acute paralysis virus) of the eight viruses screened were detected, a remarkable difference compared to European honeybees. Even though no bacterial pathogens were detected, Nosema apis and Chalkbrood were confirmed. All of the honeybee parasites were found in the majority of the apiaries with the most common parasite being the Varroa mite. In spite of hosting few pathogens, yet most parasites, A. m. scutellata colonies appeared to be healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Strauss
- Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Interactions among flavonoids of propolis affect antibacterial activity against the honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:68-72. [PMID: 22386493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Propolis is derived from plant resins, collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) and renown for its antibacterial properties. Here we test the antibacterial effects of ethanolic extracts of propolis from different origins on Paenibacillus larvae, the bacterial pathogen that causes American Foulbrood, a larval disease that can kill the honeybee colony. All tested propolis samples inhibited significantly the growth of P. larvae tested in vitro. The extracts showed major differences in the content of total flavonoids (ranging from 2.4% to 16.4%) and the total polyphenols (ranging between 23.3% and 63.2%). We found that it is not only the content of compounds in propolis, which influences the strength of antimicrobial effects but there is also a significant interaction effect among flavonoids of the propolis extracts. We propose that interaction effects among the various chemical compounds in propolis should be taken into account when considering the antibacterial effects against honeybee pathogens.
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Näumann G, Mahrt E, Himmelreich A, Mohring A, Frerichs H. Traces of contamination–well preserved in honey. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-011-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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American Foulbrood in honeybees and its causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 103 Suppl 1:S10-9. [PMID: 19909971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After more than a century of American Foulbrood (AFB) research, this fatal brood infection is still among the most deleterious bee diseases. Its etiological agent is the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. Huge progress has been made, especially in the last 20 years, in the understanding of the disease and of the underlying host-pathogen interactions. This review will place these recent developments in the study of American Foulbrood and of P. larvae into the general context of AFB research.
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Lindström A. Distribution of Paenibacillus larvae spores among adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) and the relationship with clinical symptoms of American foulbrood. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 56:253-259. [PMID: 18046600 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-007-9342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the distribution of Paenibacillus larvae spores, the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), among individual adult honey bees is crucial for determining the appropriate number of adult bees to include in apiary composite samples when screening for diseased colonies. To study spore distribution at the individual bee level, 500 honey bees were collected from different parts of eight clinically diseased colonies and individually analyzed for P. larvae. From the brood chamber and from the super, bees were randomly collected and individually put in Eppendorf vials. The samples were frozen as soon as possible after collection. Concurrently with sampling, each colony was visually inspected for clinical symptoms of AFB. The number of clinically diseased cells in the colony was visually estimated. All samples were cultured in the laboratory for P. larvae. The results demonstrate that the spores are not randomly distributed among the bees; some bees have much higher spore loads than others. It is also clear that as the proportion of contaminated bees increase, the number of spores from each positive bee also increases. The data also demonstrated a relationship between the number of clinically diseased cells and the proportion of positive bees in individual colonies. This relationship was used to develop a mathematical formula for estimating the minimum number of bees in a sample to detect clinical disease. The formula takes into account the size of the apiary and the degree of certainty with which one aims to discover clinical symptoms. Calculations using the formula suggest that adult bee samples at the colony level will detect light AFB infections with a high probability. However, the skewed spore distribution of the adult bees makes composite sampling at the apiary level more problematic, if the aim of the sampling is to locate lightly infected individual colonies within apiaries. The results suggest that false-negative culturing results from composite samples of adult bees from individual colonies with clinical symptoms of AFB are highly improbable. However, if single colonies have light infections in large apiaries, the dilution effect from uncontaminated bees from healthy colonies on the positive bees from diseased colonies may yield false-negative results at the apiary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Lindström
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yue D, Nordhoff M, Wieler LH, Genersch E. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of the interactions between honeybee larvae and Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood of honeybees (Apis mellifera). Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1612-20. [PMID: 18331334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Yue
- Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
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Riessberger-Gallé U, von der Ohe W, Crailsheim K. Adult honeybee's resistance against Paenibacillus larvae larvae, the causative agent of the American foulbrood. J Invertebr Pathol 2001; 77:231-6. [PMID: 11437525 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.2001.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
American foulbrood is a widespread disease of honeybee larvae caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae. Spores represent the infectious stage; when ingested by a larva they germinate in the midgut. The rod-shaped vegetative forms penetrate the larva's intestinal tissue and start multiplying rapidly, which finally kills the larva. Spores fed to adult honeybees, however, do not harm the bees. We investigated this phenomenon. Specifically, we studied the influence of the adult honeybee midgut on the vegetative growth and on the germination of spores of P. larvae larvae. We focused on two groups of adult workers that are likely to have large numbers of spores in their gastrointestinal tracts in infected colonies: middle-aged bees, which are known to remove or cannibalize dead larvae and clean brood cells, and winterbees, which do not have frequent chances to defecate. We found that midgut extract from winterbees and worker-aged bees of different colonies almost completely inhibited the growth of the vegetative stage of P. larvae larvae and suppressed the germination of spores. The inhibiting substance or substances from the adult midgut are very temperature stable: they still show about 60% of their growth-inhibiting capacity against this bacterium after 15 min at 125 degrees C. We established a method to test growth-inhibiting factors against P. larvae larvae in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Riessberger-Gallé
- Institut für Zoologie an der Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, A-8010, Austria
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