Early gene products of bacteriophage Mu. Identification of the B gene product

The effect of gamma-irradiation on mu DNA transposition and gene expression

Mobile genetic elements are a ubiquitous presence in the genomes of all well-studied organisms. The effect of genomic stress on the status and transposition of these elements has not, as yet, been extensively characterized. We have been using temperate, transposable bacteriophage Mu as a model system to examine the behavior of mobile genetic elements and have previously shown that many DNA-damaging agents did not induce a Mu prophage to enter the lytic cycle of multiple rounds of DNA transposition. To extend these results and to examine the possibility that they were a reflection of damage to the DNA substrate for Mu transposition, we have constructed a mini-Mu plasmid, pMD12, which contains the early region of Mu, flanked by both extremities required for transposition in cis, and the beginning of the transposase gene A fused in frame to the lacZ gene. This A'-lacZ fusion protein maintains beta-galactosidase enzymatic activity under the control of the expression of the Mu transposase A gene and thus, the capacity for Mu transposition can be easily monitored by assaying for beta-galactosidase. By measuring the amount of beta-galactosidase after various doses of gamma-irradiation, we found that doses of up to 75 krad had no effect on the expression of the Mu transposase gene A. This was confirmed by the lack of induction of a Mu prophage in strains containing a chromosomally inserted Mu genome. Although the plaque-forming units per colony-forming unit of strain CSH67, containing a chromosomally inserted lambda prophage, increased approximately 100-fold from 0 to 75 krad, no stimulation of induction of prophage Mu lytic growth was observed. We also found that plasmid pMD12 did not transpose and chromosomally associate upon gamma-irradiation. This supports the assertion that DNA-damaging agents, including gamma-rays, do not induce the transposition of prokaryotic mobile genetic elements.

The bacteriophage Mu gene B product is incorporated into the inner membrane of Escherichia coli

By using the Triton X-114 method, it could be shown that an Mr 33 000 protein expressed from the left-end EcoRI-C fragment of phage Mu behaves like a hydrophobic protein. Fusion of a DNA region coding for this protein to the controllable pL promoter of phage lambda results in the production of large amounts of the 33-kDal protein under inducing conditions. This protein can be isolated in association with the inner membrane of Escherichia coli cells. Based on complementation studies it was concluded that the 33-kDal protein is the product of the early gene B.

Instability of transposase activity: evidence from bacteriophage mu DNA replication

Transposition of genetic elements involves coupled replication and integration events catalyzed in part by a class of proteins called transposases. We have asked whether the transposase activity of bacteriophage Mu (the Mu A protein) is stable and capable of catalyzing multiple rounds of coupled replication/integration, or whether its continued synthesis is required to maintain Mu DNA replication. Inhibition of protein synthesis during the lytic cycle with chloramphenicol inhibited Mu DNA synthesis with a half-life of approximately 3 min, demonstrating a need for continued protein synthesis to maintain Mu DNA replication. Synthesis of specific Mu-encoded proteins was inhibited by infecting a host carrying a temperature-sensitive suppressor, at permissive temperature, with Mu amber phages, then shifting to nonpermissive temperature. When Aam phages were used, Mu DNA replication was inhibited with kinetics essentially identical to those with chloramphenicol addition; hence, it is likely that continued synthesis of the Mu A protein is required to maintain Mu DNA replication. The data suggest that the activity of the Mu A protein is unstable, and raise the possibility that the Mu A protein and other transposases may be used stoichiometrically rather than catalytically.

Thermo-inducible expression of cloned early genes of bacteriophage Mu

An EcoRI fragment, containing approx. 5100 base pairs (bp) of the immunity-end of bacteriophage Mu, was inserted into the multicopy plasmid pMB9 by in vitro recombination. The expression of early Mu genes, located on the cloned fragment, is thermo-inducible because of the presence of the ts mutation in gene c. The isolation of a transformant harbouring the recombinant plasmid, pGP1, was possible only when expression of Mu genes was prevented. pGP1 can be maintained at 28 degrees C at high copy number, but at 42 degrees C the pGP1 containing cells are killed due to the expression of the kil gene of Mu. The following Mu genes are present on pGP1: the ner gene, the integration and replication genes A and B, the cim gene, and the kil gene. pGP1 containing cells do not show Gam and Sot activity at 42 degrees C, therefore the leftmost EcoRI site on the Mu DNA is located between genes kil and gam or sot, or within the gam or sot gene.

Mu insertion duplicates a 5 base pair sequence at the host inserted site

Nucleotide sequences were analyzed across the two ends of lysogenic Mu DNA. These ends were cloned separately in lambdapMu hybrid particles that derived from a single Mu lysogen in the lac Z part of lambdaplac5. The obtained data imply that Mu lysogenization was associated with the duplication of 5 base pairs present in lac DNA at the Mu insertion site. As a result of this duplication, Mu DNA is flanked by two copies of five identical base pairs oriented as direct repeats. A similar conclusion has been obtained independently by other investigators with the use of a different Mu lysogen (D. Kamp and R. Kahmann, personal communication). Thus Mu insertion seems to have a striking similarity to typical IS-mediated insertions that were found to be associated with a short DNA duplication at the target site.