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Munnikhuysen SR, Ekpo PA, Xue W, Gao Z, Lupo PJ, Venkatramani R, Heske CM. Impact of race and ethnicity on presentation and outcomes of patients treated on rhabdomyosarcoma clinical trials: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer Med 2023; 12:12777-12791. [PMID: 37081771 PMCID: PMC10278507 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic disparities have been demonstrated in pediatric and adult cancers. However, there is no consensus on whether such disparities exist in the presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). METHODS Patient information from the seven most recent RMS clinical trials was obtained from the Children's Oncology Group (COG). Chi-squared analyses were used to compare patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics across racial and ethnic groups. Pairwise analyses comparing Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) versus Non-Hispanic White (NHW) racial groups and Hispanic versus NHW ethnic groups were conducted for significant characteristics. Kaplan-Meier method and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to analyze outcomes. RESULTS In the overall cohort (n = 2157), patients' self-identified race/ethnicity was: 0.4% American Indian/Alaska Native, 2.6% Asian, 12.6% Hispanic, 0.2% Native American/other Pacific Islander, 12.8% NHB, 61.9% NHW, and 9.6% unknown. Six characteristics differed by race/ethnicity: age, histology, IRS group, invasiveness, metastatic disease, and FOXO1 fusion partner. Five were significant in pairwise comparisons: NHB patients were more likely to present at age ≥ 10 years and with invasive tumors than NHW patients; Hispanic patients were more likely to present with alveolar histology, metastatic disease, and IRS group IV disease than NHW patients. No differences were found in event free or overall survival of the entire cohort, in risk group-based subset analyses, or among patients with high-risk characteristics significant on pairwise analysis. CONCLUSIONS While NHB and Hispanic patients enrolled in COG trials presented with higher risk features than NHW patients, there were no outcome differences by racial or ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senna R. Munnikhuysen
- Pediatric Oncology BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Princess A. Ekpo
- Pediatric Oncology BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Zhengya Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer CenterTexas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer CenterTexas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Christine M. Heske
- Pediatric Oncology BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Brady AC, Rao KA, Lane R, Garvin L, Sola JE, Perez EA. Increased lymph node ratio predicts poor survival in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:369-375. [PMID: 31706606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Lymph Node Ratio (LNR) is defined as the number of positive lymph nodes (pLN) divided by total lymph nodes (LN) examined. LNR correlates with recurrence and/or overall survival in many adult cancers but has not previously been described in pediatric oncologic disease. We hypothesized that LNR correlates with worse disease specific survival (DSS) in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). METHODS Patients <20 years who underwent surgery for RMS between 1988 and 2013 in the SEER database were analyzed. RESULTS 188 patients with a mean age at diagnosis of 8.8 ± 6 years and a mean LNR of 0.13 ± 0.27 were identified. Univariate analysis found that alveolar type, positive lymph node (pLN), stage, site, LNR, and age had significantly worse survival. Cox regression analysis identified LNR > 0.75 (HR 4.32, P = 0.015), alveolar histology (HR 4.797, P < 0.003), age < 1 year (HR 4.402, P = 0.004), and distant disease (HR 5.738, P < 0.001), as independent determinants of worse DSS. pLN and site were not statistically significant determinant of DSS on multivariate analysis. DSS for the entire cohort was 83% at 5 and 78% at 10 and 15 years. DSS at 5, 10, and 15 year for LNR ≤ 0.75 was 79% while patients with LNR > 0.75 had a 22% 5 year and 0% 10 year survival (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS LNR is superior to pLN status as an independent prognostic indicator of DSS in pediatric RMS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christina Brady
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, SUITE 450, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Krishnamurti A Rao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, SUITE 450, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Rebecca Lane
- Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave #1140, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Lillian Garvin
- Department of Biology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Juan E Sola
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, SUITE 450, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Eduardo A Perez
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, SUITE 450, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
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Brady AC, Picado O, Tashiro J, Sola JE, Perez EA. Lymph Node Sampling and Survival in Child and Adolescent Extremity Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. J Surg Res 2019; 241:205-214. [PMID: 31028942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significance of lymph node sampling (LNS) on disease-specific survival (DSS) of extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is unknown. We investigated the effect of LNS on DSS in child and adolescent extremity STS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry was queried for patients aged <20 y with extremity STS who underwent surgery. Patient demographics were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 1550 patients were included, with findings of 10-y DSS of 74% for all extremity STS and 49% for rhabdoymyosarcoma (RMS) (P < 0.005). LNS was associated with worse DSS in patients with extremity nonrhabdomyosacrcoma soft tissue sarcomas (79% versus 84%, P = 0.036). Conversely, LNS was associated with an improved DSS in patients with extremity RMS (64% versus 49%, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS LNS is positively associated with an improved DSS in child and adolescent extremity RMS. Multivariate analysis found no correlation between DSS and LNS in child and adolescent extremity nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christina Brady
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Omar Picado
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jun Tashiro
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan E Sola
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eduardo A Perez
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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Risk-reduction surgery in pediatric surgical oncology: A perspective. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:675-87. [PMID: 26898681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A small percentage of pediatric solid cancers arise as a result of clearly identified inherited predisposition syndromes and nongenetic lesions. Evidence supports preemptive surgery for children with genetic [multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP), hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) and nongenetic [thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC), congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM), alimentary tract duplication cysts (ATDC), and congenital choledochal cysts (CCC)] developmental anomalies. Our aim was to explore the utility of risk reduction surgery to treat and prevent cancer in children. METHODS A systematic review of the available peer-reviewed literature on PubMed was performed using a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) search strategy, where possible. Search items included "risk reduction surgery", "hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome", "multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2", "familial adenomatous polyposis", "hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer", "hereditary diffuse gastric cancer", "thyroglossal duct cysts", congenital pulmonary airway malformations", "alimentary tract duplication cysts", "malignant transformation", and "guidelines". RESULTS We identified 67 articles that met the inclusion criteria describing the indications for prophylactic surgery in surgical oncology. For the genetic predisposition syndromes, 7 studies were related to professional endorsed guidelines, 7 were related to surgery for MEN2, 11 were related to colectomy for FAP, 6 were related to colectomy for HNPCC, and 12 related to gastrectomy for HDGC. Articles for the nongenetic lesions included 5 for techniques related to TGDC resection, 9 for surgery for CPAMs, and 10 for resection of ATDCs. Guidelines and strategies varied significantly especially related to the extent and timing of surgical intervention; the exception was for the timing of thyroidectomy in children with MEN2. CONCLUSION Current evidence supporting prophylactic surgery in the management of pediatric cancer predisposition syndromes and nongenetic lesions is best delineated for thyroidectomy to prevent medullary thyroid cancer in children with MEN2 (Strength of Recommendation Grade B/C). Despite the lack of pediatric specific evidence-based recommendations regarding the appropriate extent and timing for risk-reduction surgery for FAP, HNPCC, HDGC and nongenetic anomalies, our review represents an opportunity towards understanding the postgenomic development of these lesions and provides current indications and techniques for preemptive cancer prevention surgery in children.
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Oberlin O, Rey A, Brown KL, Bisogno G, Koscielniak E, Stevens MC, Hawkins DS, Meyer WH, La TH, Carli M, Anderson JR. Prognostic Factors for Outcome in Localized Extremity Rhabdomyosarcoma. Pooled Analysis from Four International Cooperative Groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:2125-31. [PMID: 26257045 PMCID: PMC5002346 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremity rhabdomyosarcomas do not always show satisfactory outcomes. We analyzed data from 643 patients treated in 14 studies conducted by European and North American groups between 1983 and 2004 to identify factors predictive of outcome. PROCEDURE Clinical factors, including age; histology; site of primary (hand and foot vs. other); size; invasiveness (T stage); nodal involvement (N stage); and treatment factors, including post-surgical group; chemotherapy type and duration; radiotherapy; and treatment (before or after 1995); were evaluated for impact on overall survival (OS). RESULTS 5-year OS were 67% (se 1.8). Multivariate analysis showed that lower OS correlated with age >3 years, T2 and N1 stage, incomplete initial surgery, treatment before 1995, and European cooperative group treatment. Patients with gross residual disease after initial incomplete resection/biopsy had similar outcomes in both continental groups. The better global survival of patients treated in American studies was accounted for by differences in outcome in the subset of those with grossly resected tumors (OS 86% [se 3] for COG patients vs. 68% [se 4] for European patients (P = 0.004)). When excluding chemotherapy duration from the model, analysis in this subset of patients showed that cooperative group (P = 0.001), site (P = 0.001), and T stage (P = 0.05) were all significant. However, after adding duration of chemotherapy (≥27 weeks) to the model, only primary site remained significant (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis confirms the role of many established prognostic factors but identifies for the first time that chemotherapy duration may have an impact on outcome in patients with grossly resected tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Oberlin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France,Correspondence to: Odile Oberlin, Department of Pediatrics, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France,
| | - Annie Rey
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Kenneth L.B. Brown
- Departments of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ewa Koscielniak
- Pediatric 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunolgy), Olga Hospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael C.G. Stevens
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William H. Meyer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Trang H. La
- Radiation Oncology, Kaiser Permanente-Oakland, Oakland, California
| | - Modesto Carli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - James R. Anderson
- Department of Preventive and Societal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Stanelle EJ, Christison-Lagay ER, Healey JH, Singer S, Meyers PA, La Quaglia MP. Pediatric and adolescent synovial sarcoma: multivariate analysis of prognostic factors and survival outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:73-9. [PMID: 22878620 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of synovial sarcoma (SS) is challenging because of its unpredictable clinical behavior. We reviewed our institutional experience with pediatric SS to identify prognostic indicators and survival outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all pediatric/adolescent patients (age<22 years) with confirmed SS treated from 1970 to 2010. Patient and clinical characteristics were evaluated for prognostic significance and survival outcomes. RESULTS We identified 111 patients. The median age was 15.4 years. Sixty-seven tumors (60%) were monophasic, 42 (38%) were biphasic, and 2 (2%) were of unknown histology. Median follow-up was 5.3 years (range 0.8-36.8 years), 5-year overall survival (OS) was 73%, and 10-year OS was 65%. Greater tumor size (stratified as ≤5 cm, >5 cm, or ≥10 cm) (P=0.001) and depth (P=0.03) correlated with decreased OS. Primary tumor location in the upper extremity correlated with increased OS when compared with lower-extremity and central lesions (P=0.05). Bone and/or neurovascular invasion negatively impacted survival (P=0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size (trichotomized) was the dominant and sole factor in discriminating survival risk. Neither radiotherapy nor chemotherapy correlated with improved 5-year survival. CONCLUSIONS Tumor size, depth, invasion, and primary location affect survival in pediatric SS. The role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for SS warrants future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Stanelle
- Pediatric Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Van Gaal JC, De Bont ES, Kaal SE, Versleijen-Jonkers Y, van der Graaf WT. Building the bridge between rhabdomyosarcoma in children, adolescents and young adults: The road ahead. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82:259-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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La TH, Wolden SL, Rodeberg DA, Hawkins DS, Brown KL, Anderson JR, Donaldson SS. Regional nodal involvement and patterns of spread along in-transit pathways in children with rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremity: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 80:1151-7. [PMID: 20542386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the incidence and prognostic factors for regional failure, with attention to the in-transit pathways of spread, in children with nonmetastatic rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremity. METHODS AND MATERIALS The Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma studies III, IV-Pilot, and IV enrolled 226 children with rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremity. Failure at the in-transit (epitrochlear/brachial and popliteal) and proximal (axillary/infraclavicular and inguinal/femoral) lymph nodes was evaluated. The median follow-up for the surviving patients was 10.4 years. RESULTS Of the 226 children, 55 (24%) had clinical or pathologic evidence of either in-transit and/or proximal lymph node involvement at diagnosis. The actuarial 5-year risk of regional failure was 12%. The prognostic factors for poor regional control were female gender and lymph node involvement at diagnosis. In the 116 patients with a distal extremity primary tumor, 5% had in-transit lymph node involvement at diagnosis. The estimated 5-year incidences of in-transit and proximal nodal failure was 12% and 8%, respectively. The in-transit failure rate was 0% for patients who underwent radiotherapy and/or underwent lymph node sampling of the in-transit nodal site but was 15% for those who did not (p = .07). However, the 5-year event-free survival rate did not differ between these two groups (64% vs. 55%, respectively, p = .47). CONCLUSION The high incidence of regional involvement necessitates aggressive identification and treatment of regional lymph nodes in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremity. In patients with distal extremity tumors, in-transit failures were as common as failures in more proximal regional sites. Patients who underwent complete lymph node staging with appropriate radiotherapy to the in-transit nodal site, if indicated, were at a slightly lower risk of in-transit failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang H La
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Cheung MC, Zhuge Y, Yang R, Ogilvie MP, Koniaris LG, Rodríguez MM, Sola JE. Incidence and outcomes of extremity soft-tissue sarcomas in children. J Surg Res 2010; 163:282-9. [PMID: 20638678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the outcomes of pediatric extremity tumors on a population scale. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1973-2006) was queried for all patients under 20 y of age. RESULTS Overall, 1175 patients were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 12 y, but most patients were ≥10 y of age (72%, n = 842). Most tumors were non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) (79%, n = 879). The most common tissue of origin was muscle (43%, n = 474). Most rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) (n = 220) were alveolar type (n = 140). Most patients presented with local disease (64%, n = 699), and underwent surgical intervention (88%, n = 1027), but did not have radiotherapy (62%, n = 710). RMS was more likely to present in younger children (P < 0.001) and with distant disease (P < 0.001). Older patients were more likely to receive radiotherapy than infants (P < 0.001). Overall 5-y survival was 79%. RMS had significantly worse 5-y survival (56% versus 85% for NRSTS, P < 0.001). Surgical intervention was associated with higher 5-y survival (84% versus 48%, P < 0.001). Radiotherapy was associated with worse 5-y survival (74% versus 83%, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis identified RMS (HR 2.20, P < 0.001), nerve and muscle (not synovial sarcoma) tissue of origin (HR 2.26, P = 0.002, and HR 1.59, P = 0.036), regional or distant disease (HR 1.65, P = 0.011, and HR 5.96, P < 0.001, respectively), and lack of surgical intervention (HR 2.20, P < 0.001) as independent predictors of poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS Extremity sarcomas are most common in older children. RMS is more common in younger children, but is associated with lower survival, and is an independent prognostic indicator of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Casanova M, Meazza C, Favini F, Fiore M, Morosi C, Ferrari A. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremities: a focus on tumors arising in the hand and foot. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 26:321-31. [PMID: 19579078 DOI: 10.1080/08880010902964367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremities are peculiar sites of origin for rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) and are usually associated with an unfavorable outcome. METHODS The authors reviewed the clinical data on 60 patients <21 years old with limb RMS treated at the Pediatric Oncology Unit of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, in Italy, over a 30-year period. Twelve patients had tumors arising in the hand and foot. RESULTS Complete tumor resection was achieved in 21 patients (but in only 1 case of hand/foot RMS); all patients received chemotherapy and 43 also had radiotherapy. The alveolar subtype was identified in 62% of cases. Half of the hand/foot cases had metastatic disease at onset. Overall survival at 5 years was 33% among the hand/foot cases and 56% for the others. Most of the relapsing cases had distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS A particularly poor survival was observed for RMS of the hand/foot due its marked tendency to spread. Surgical resection is particularly difficult in such cases and a multimodality treatment approach seems crucial to improving their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Casanova
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare childhood cancer that affects only approximately 300 children per year in the United States. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader a greater understanding of the complex diagnosis, assessment and treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in children. RECENT FINDINGS This review focuses on the new risk classification that is the foundation of all present rhabdomyosarcoma protocols developed by the Children's Oncology Group of the United States and Canada. The new risk classification of low, intermediate and high encompasses the staging and grouping categories that were previously utilized. SUMMARY This review also provides a complete list of diagnostic tests and imaging required to identify rhabdomyosarcoma in any body site. Rapid diagnosis and recognition of this rare disorder will facilitate long-term survival. Rhabdomyosarcoma today has an overall survival of 70%, depending on the site, and in orbital and other sites survival is as high as 90%. The treatment approaches that have led to this doubling in survival over the last 25 years are reviewed. For a practitioner, this review can be used as a reference when a child with a suspicious mass is encountered.
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Kayton ML, Delgado R, Busam K, Cody HS, Athanasian EA, Coit D, La Quaglia MP. Experience with 31 sentinel lymph node biopsies for sarcomas and carcinomas in pediatric patients. Cancer 2008; 112:2052-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities in patients of pediatric age. J Child Orthop 2007; 1:195-203. [PMID: 19308495 PMCID: PMC2656726 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-007-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The extremity site is a peculiar location for soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) of children and adolescents. Here we report the experience of the Pediatric Oncology Unit of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, Italy, concerning 204 patients with STS of the limbs treated between 1977 and 2006. METHODS The study series included 52 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)(65% of which were of the alveolar subtype), nine with extraosseous Ewing sarcoma and 143 with non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas (NRSTS), 38% of which were synovial sarcoma. Patients were treated with a multimodality approach including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. RESULTS For the RMS patients, the 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was 37.1%, with distant metastases being the main cause of treatment failure. The outcome was particularly poor for patients with large invasive tumors, hand/foot involvement and/or nodal or distant metastases, and for patients who were not given radiotherapy. For the extraosseous Ewing sarcoma cases, 5-year EFS was 74%. For the NRSTS cases, the 5-year EFS was 72.6%: tumor size and local invasiveness, tumor grade, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) histology, and distant metastases were the main prognostic factors. DISCUSSION While the limbs are the most common sites of NRSTS and are often characterized by a more favorable prognosis than for axial tumors, the clinical features of extremity RMS often differ from those of RMS of other sites, with a higher incidence of unfavorable prognostic factors (e.g., alveolar subtype) and consequently unsatisfactory treatment results. The treatment of these patients is complex and necessarily multidisciplinary, and it demands not only adequate experience of treating children and adolescents in clinical trials, but also particular skills in the field of orthopedic surgery.
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McMulkin HM, Yanchar NL, Fernandez CV, Giacomantonio C. Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy: a potentially valuable tool in the management of childhood extremity rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Surg Int 2003; 19:453-6. [PMID: 12740706 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-003-0956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal therapy, involving surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, now dominates the management of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in childhood. Yet, despite improvements in these practices, extremity tumors continue to fare relatively poorly. Several investigators have identified prognostic factors that can be used to direct therapy and predict outcome. These factors include histology and metastatic disease, the latter requiring accurate staging to identify. The presence of lymph node metastases has been shown to be of prognostic significance and is incorporated into pre-treatment staging schemes. Up to 50% of all surgically evaluated nodes and 17% of clinically negative nodes in extremity RMS may harbor tumor, underscoring the increased risk of understaging the disease if accurate lymph node dissection is not undertaken. Despite its importance, there appears to be no standard format by which regional nodal status is evaluated in extremity RMS. Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy are a minimally invasive technique, currently used in the staging of adult breast cancer and melanoma. In adults, the technique is associated with optimum nodal yield and low morbidity. We describe a case in which sentinel node mapping and dissection were used to easily and accurately stage a distal upper extremity alveolar RMS in a child with clinically and radiologically negative regional lymph nodes. The procedure yielded no positive nodes, was associated with no morbidity and spared the child more extensive radiotherapy. We propose the further evaluation of this simple and innovative technique in the overall management of this childhood malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M McMulkin
- General Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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15
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Schalow EL, Broecker BH. Role of surgery in children with rhabdomyosarcoma. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2003; 41:1-6. [PMID: 12764734 DOI: 10.1002/mpo.10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Historically, surgery has played a central role in the management of children with this tumor, though with surgery alone survival rates were poor. With current multimodal (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) treatment of these patients, survival has dramatically improved and, with this improvement, there has been an evolution of the role of surgery in the management of this condition. MATERIAL AND METHOD The contemporary published literature (English) regarding surgical aspects of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma was reviewed and evaluated. RESULTS Multimodal therapy has improved the survival of children with RMS from 25% in 1970 to greater than 70% today. Surgical procedures for childhood RMS today are less apt to be exenterative or mutilating than those employed thirty years ago. CONCLUSIONS Surgery plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of children with RMS. This role has evolved in the context of multimodal therapy and improved survival to an emphasis on less radical procedures with decreased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Schalow
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30345, USA
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16
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Abstract
The management of children with soft tissue sarcomas has changed and survival has improved markedly during the past three decades. This is, in large part, due to the multi-modal approach to pediatric malignancies; decreasing the need for radical surgical procedures, while improving survival and decreasing morbidity. The management of patients with rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) and nonrhabdomyosarcomas soft-tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) as well as neurofibromatosis and related tumors is best accomplished in an organized and systematic fashion with the surgeon involved early in the planning, diagnostic, and treatment phases. Cooperative trials for rhabdomyosarcoma, as part of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study, have led to improved survival with less radical surgery. Ongoing trials of the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Group of the Children's Oncology Group are under way. Since these tumors are rare, cooperative trials are essential to answering the remaining questions regarding extent of surgery and adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Andrassy
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Pediatric Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 6431 Fannin, MSB 4.020, 77030, USA.
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17
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Jones TR, Norton MS, Johnstone PAS, Kane E, Shin AY. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult forearm: a case report. J Hand Surg Am 2002; 27:154-9. [PMID: 11810631 DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2002.29481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare malignancy, and treatment protocols for this tumor are not established. Although Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study data have led to improvement in overall and disease-free survival for children with juvenile RMS, the applicability of those findings to adult pleomorphic RMS is uncertain. This report presents the case of a 29-year-old man with pleomorphic RMS of the forearm (a location not previously reported in current literature); reviews the immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and histologic diagnostic criteria; and discusses treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Jones
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134-1005
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18
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Strong immunostaining for myogenin in rhabdomyosarcoma is significantly associated with tumors of the alveolar subclass. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:399-408. [PMID: 10666368 PMCID: PMC1850049 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with respect to their molecular basis, degree of differentiation, histology, and clinical behavior. Because of the wide variation of tumor morphology, it is often difficult to distinguish between the distinct subtypes of rhabdomyosarcomas. By using cryosections of tumor specimens and immunohistochemistry, in the present study we show that strong expression of myogenin in rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with alveolar histology (P = <0.0001, Fisher's exact test). Although staining for myogenin was observed in 22 of 26 rhabdomyosarcomas, all alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (nine of nine) showed high levels of staining for myogenin, as defined by the frequency and intensity of staining of the tumor cells. The staining pattern suggests that the tumor cells are clonally derived from myogenin-positive progenitor cells. In contrast, most embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (13 of 15) were either negative or showed a low level of staining for myogenin. In these tumors a larger proportion of tumor cells were distinctly negative for myogenin. Six of seven alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas that strongly stained for myogenin were also positive for Pax3-7/Forkhead (FKHR) by polymerase chain reaction/reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. One of two embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas that strongly stained for myogenin was retrospectively found to be positive for Pax3/FKHR transcripts. Quantitative analysis for myogenin by Western blotting using a smaller subset of rhabdomyosarcomas revealed that in general there was a good correlation between immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting (P = 0.01, Pearson Correlation), although the former technique was more sensitive for detecting tumors with low levels of the protein. On average, alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas expressed at least threefold more myogenin than embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Our data show that staining for myogenin will be a simple, rapid, and accurate adjunct for distinguishing between alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. We propose that embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas result from an early block in myogenesis, before the expression of myogenin. In contrast, we propose that alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas either originate from a late block in myogenesis (after expression of myogenin) or that the pathological mechanisms involved in these neoplasms also induce strong expression of this protein.
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19
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Kilpatrick SE. Histologic prognostication in soft tissue sarcomas: grading versus subtyping or both? A comprehensive review of the literature with proposed practical guidelines. Ann Diagn Pathol 1999; 3:48-61. [PMID: 9990113 DOI: 10.1016/s1092-9134(99)80009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the validation of many histologic grading systems for soft tissue sarcomas, none have been universally accepted. Because of the overall rarity of specific histologic sarcoma subtypes, evaluation of grading systems and their prognostic significance have tended to base the results on sarcomas as a general group, diminishing the value and significance of histologic subtyping. A representative review of the literature regarding histologic grading of soft tissue sarcomas and its relationship to histologic subtype, stage, and prognosis is analyzed and discussed. Histologic grading of many soft tissue sarcomas appears to be a valuable predictor of patient survival, as confirmed by the literature. However, accurate histologic subtyping is essential for accurate histologic grading. Histologic grading in some sarcoma subtypes is probably not applicable and may underestimate biologic behavior. Clinicians and pathologists should be aware of the limitations, prognostic significances, and relationships of histologic subtyping and histologic grading in the therapeutic management and prognostication of soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kilpatrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Peabody
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Illinois 60637, USA
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21
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Kraus DH, Saenz NC, Gollamudi S, Heller G, Moustakis M, Gardiner S, Gerald WL, Ghavimi F, LaQuaglia MP. Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck. Am J Surg 1997; 174:556-60. [PMID: 9374237 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(97)00171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Survival for pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma has improved with the use of multidrug chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy. This study was performed to determine survival in a cohort of patients treated on one of three multidrug treatment protocols for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma and to identify factors that place patients at risk for treatment failure. METHODS Pertinent prognostic variables including age, sex, subsite of origin, resectability, and TNM stage were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier methods with comparisons between variables performed using the Prentice-Wilcoxon test statistic. RESULTS Overall 5-year survival was 74% (95% confidence interval 64% to 84%). Local failure accounted for the cause of death in 10 patients, and 8 died of disseminated disease. On univariate analysis, each variable contributing to the TNM staging system was significant in determining survival; invasiveness (P = 0.01), size (P = 0.02), nodal metastases (P <0.01), and distant disease (P <0.01). CONCLUSION Survival has improved for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma treated with multimodality therapy. Patients with advanced-stage disease are at greatest risk for treatment failure and require the most aggressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kraus
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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22
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Gross E, Rao BN, Bowman L, Michalkiewicz E, Pappo A, Santana V, Kaste S, Greenwald C, Pratt C. Outcome of treatment for pediatric sarcoma of the foot: a retrospective review over a 20-year period. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32:1181-4. [PMID: 9269966 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) arising in the foot are rare in children. From 1975 to 1994, 18 children (median age, 13.5 years) were treated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital for STS of the foot. Five children had rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), with alveolar histology in four cases. All of these patients presented with metastatic disease, which proved fatal within 9 to 24 months despite combined modality treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Thirteen patients had nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS). The most common histological variant was synovial sarcoma (7 patients). Of the 10 who presented with localized disease, seven survived 1 to 12 years (median, 7 years). Surgical treatment for these consisted of local excision (n = 2), wide local excision (n = 3), below knee amputation (n = 1 ), ray amputation (n = 1). Three received supplemental radiation, and one was also treated with chemotherapy. Local or distant recurrence proved fatal in the three other children who had localized disease. Three children who presented with metastatic NRSTS died 8 to 14 months after diagnosis. All surviving patients are without significant functional disability. In our experience, pediatric RMS of the foot has a poor outcome, attributable to both alveolar histology and presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis. In contrast, NRSTS of the foot is more often localized, and limited surgery with adjuvant radiation in the absence of clear margins should be the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gross
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38105, USA
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23
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Andrassy RJ, Corpron CA, Hays D, Raney RB, Wiener ES, Lawrence W, Lobe TE, Bagwell C, Maurer HM. Extremity sarcomas: an analysis of prognostic factors from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study III. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31:191-6. [PMID: 8632278 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prognostic factors for extremity sarcomas have been reported previously, after analysis of Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcomas Studies (IRS) I and II. This report reviews the experience of IRS III (1984-1992), in light of these reported factors, and the pretreatment factors used in the staging system currently being evaluated in IRS IV. The results of treatment of extremity sarcomas in IRS III are reported. METHODS The charts of all patients entered in IRS III with an extremity-site tumor were reviewed. This group included patients with shoulder girdle and buttock sites. All patients were treated according to IRS III protocols. Survival rates were estimated by the method of Kaplan and Meier, and comparisons among groups of patients were made using a log-rank test. A multivariate analysis was performed to analyze all pretreatment factors that were significant by univariate analysis. RESULTS Of the 189 patients entered in IRS III with extremity sites, 88 (47%) had the most common alveolar histology. Fifty-nine patients were in group I at the time of presentation (completely resected disease), 48 in group II (microscopic residual disease), 36 in group III (gross residual disease), and 46 in group IV (metastatic disease). By univariate analysis, the significant prognostic factors affecting survival were clinical group, age at time of diagnosis, tumor size, distant metastases, nodal metastases, and local and distant recurrence. By multivariate analysis of pretreatment factors, age at time of diagnosis, nodal metastases, and distant metastases were significant prognostic factors affecting survival; tumor size approached significance. Both the clinical group system and pretreatment staging system (Lawrence/Gehan) predicted significant differences in survival between groups of patients. The lower survival rate among group II and III node-negative patients with a distal tumor (who, with more extensive surgery, could have been in group I) in comparison to group I patients with a distal lesion, approached significance. In patients without distant metastases, survival was significantly different in those patients that had negative nodes from those in whom nodes were not biopsied. CONCLUSION This review confirms that both clinical grouping and the new pretreatment staging system used in IRS IV can predict the likelihood of survival of children with extremity sarcomas. By multivariate analysis of the elements included in the staging system, nodal metastases, distant metastases, and tumor size were useful in predicting survival. In addition, age was a significant predictor. This study confirms previous suggestions that complete excision with gross and microscopically negative margins is preferable in the treatment of children with extremity rhabdomyosarcomas.
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24
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Newton WA. Classification of rhabdomyosarcoma. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1995; 89:241-59. [PMID: 7882712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77289-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W A Newton
- Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Pathology Center, Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
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25
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Kilpatrick SE, Teot LA, Geisinger KR, Martin PL, Shumate DK, Zbieranski N, Russell GB, Fletcher CD. Relationship of DNA ploidy to histology and prognosis in rhabdomyosarcoma. Comparison of flow cytometry and image analysis. Cancer 1994; 74:3227-33. [PMID: 7526971 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19941215)74:12<3227::aid-cncr2820741223>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although DNA ploidy correlates with prognosis in certain childhood cancers, e.g., neuroblastoma, its significance in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is unclear and controversial. METHODS Ploidy by flow cytometry (FCM) and image analysis (IA) in 26 of 27 children with RMS (17 embryonal, 3 mixed embryonal/alveolar, 5 alveolar, 1 anaplastic, 1 ectomesenchymoma) and 4 adults with pleomorphic RMS were evaluated. Statistical comparisons were analyzed between DNA content and gender, age, localization, Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) group, and histopathologic subtype. Survival analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier test using the approximate chi-square statistic for the log rank test. RESULTS The concordance rate between FCM and IA was 26 of 30 (87%); FCM was not performed in one tumor. Image analysis was more sensitive than FCM in detecting aneuploidy. Furthermore, DNA content was associated significantly with histologic subtype (P = 0.031); embryonal histology commonly was hyperdiploid (mean, 1.44; median, 1.27), whereas alveolar histology usually was near-tetraploid (mean, 1.83; median, 1.95). All four adult patients with pleomorphic RMS were aneuploid, with one showing multiple DNA peaks. No correlation between DNA content and survival was observed in the children with RMS. However, IRS group (P = 0.011) and patient age (P = 0.036) were independent prognostic indicators significantly related to survival. All adult patients died of their disease. CONCLUSIONS Although ploidy correlates with histologic subtype, DNA content is not significantly predictive of prognosis in patients with RMS. Age at diagnosis and IRS group are independent predictors of clinical outcome in children with RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kilpatrick
- Department of Pathology, North Carolina Baptist Hospital, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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26
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LaQuaglia MP. Extremity rhabdomyosarcoma: biological principles, staging, and treatment. SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 1993; 9:510-9. [PMID: 8284570 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980090609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood and adolescence with 20% of the primary tumors anatomically located on extremities. It is a complicated entity that requires careful planning and coordination between the surgical oncologist and other members of the therapeutic team for successful treatment. Even with the most effective regimens more than 50% of patients will die from progressive, usually distant disease. Further progress may require new therapeutic agents or techniques. The surgical oncologist is a necessary and often prominent member of the team. Elements of the biological behavior, histopathology, clinical staging, and treatment of extremity rhabdomyosarcomas occurring in children are discussed. In particular, the importance of the alveolar subtype in determination of prognostic risk as well as new findings regarding the molecular biologic determinants of phenotypic behavior are mentioned. Finally, innovative methods of local control like regional arterial perfusion and rapid intraoperative brachytherapy are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P LaQuaglia
- Department of Surgery (Pediatric Surgery), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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27
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Wiener ES. Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Extremities in Children: Special Considerations. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3207(18)30554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Pratt
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101
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29
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La Quaglia MP, Ghavimi F, Herr H, Mandell L, Pennenberg D, Hajdu S, Exelby PR. Prognostic factors in bladder and bladder-prostate rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25:1066-72. [PMID: 2262860 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3468(90)90220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine surgical factors predictive of fatal outcome in patients presenting with histologically verified rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder, we performed a retrospective analysis of cases presenting between the years 1970 and 1985 and treated by protocol. Twenty-five patients were identified and data were complete for univariate and multivariate analysis on all. Staging was done according to the criteria of the International Union Against Cancer (TNM). Median age at presentation was 14.7 years and 10 patients were younger than 10 years. Median follow-up was 4.8 years overall and 8.4 years in survivors. Four patients presented with involvement of regional lymph nodes and three with distant metastases. Complete surgical resection, defined as negative microscopic margins, was accomplished by total cystectomy in 14 patients, and partial cystectomy in two. In this group cystectomy was performed prior to chemotherapy and radiation in five and after in 10 (persistent disease). Three salvage cystectomies were performed in patients who recurred after initial complete responses to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Thirteen patients received a median of 3,000 cGy (range, 1,800 to 5,000 cGy) of external beam pelvic irradiation, and two received brachytherapy. All patients received multiple agent chemotherapy according to either the T2 or T6 protocol. There are 11 disease-free survivors (44%) and 10 of these have been followed for more than 6 years. One patient is alive with disease 6.5 years after diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M P La Quaglia
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10075
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30
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Literature Review. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 1990. [DOI: 10.1177/104345429000700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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