Presence of plasma branched-chain fatty acids in multineuronal degeneration, hepatosplenomegaly and adrenocortical insufficiency

Discovery of Gut Bacteria Specific to Alzheimer's Associated Diseases is a Clue to Understanding Disease Etiology: Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Data on Human Gut Metagenomics and Metabolomics

Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated sequence (ADAS) of cultured fecal bacteria was discovered in human gut targeted screening. This study provides important information to expand our current understanding of the structure/activity relationship of ADAS and putative inhibitors/activators that are potentially involved in ADAS appearance/disappearance. The NCBI database analysis revealed that ADAS presents at a large proportion in American Indian Oklahoman (C&A) with a high prevalence of obesity/diabetes and in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients from the US and China. An Oklahoman non-native group (NNI) showed no ADAS. Comparison of two large US populations reveals that ADAS is more frequent in individuals aged ≥66 and in females. Prevalence and levels of fecal metabolites are altered in the C&A and CRC groups versus controls. Biogenic amines (histamine, tryptamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, cadaverine, putrescine, agmatine, spermidine) that present in food and are produced by gut microbiota are significantly higher in C&A (e.g., histamine/histidine 95-fold) versus NNI (histamine/histidine 16-fold). The majority of these bio-amines are cytotoxic at concentrations found in food. Inositol phosphate signaling implicated in AD is altered in C&A and CRC. Tryptamine stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphate. The seizure-eliciting tryptamine induced cytoplasmic vacuolization and vesiculation with cell fragmentation. Present additions of ADAS-carriers at different ages including infants led to an ADAS-comprising human sample size of 2,830 from 27 studies from four continents (North America, Australia, Asia, Europe). Levels of food-derived monoamine oxidase inhibitors and anti-bacterial compounds, the potential modulators of ADAS-bacteria growth and biogenic amine production, were altered in C&A versus NNI. ADAS is attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors of AD associated diseases.

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid diets on plasma lipids of patients with adrenomultineuronal degeneration, hepatosplenomegaly and fatty acid derangement

The effect on plasma fatty acid composition of 3-6 weeks feeding of standard diets supplemented with various omega 6 polyenoic fatty acids (18:2, 18:3, 20:3 or 20:4) was studied in two young brothers with multineuronal degeneration plus. These boys had mental retardation or maldevelopment, neurosensory hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa, progressive muscular atrophy, hepatosplenomegaly and adrenal failure. The study objectives were to localize the site of metabolic block and to assess the safety and short-term clinical effect of dietary treatment. Our studies have shown that the low plasma levels of 20:4 omega 6 can be corrected by feeding ethyl arachidonate and that no adverse effects were experienced. A diet enriched in ethyl linoleate produced no obvious increases of 18:2 omega 6 metabolites, indicating that these patients do not have a linoleate deficiency in their omega 6 polyenoic fatty acid pathway. Lack of incorporation of 20:4 omega 6 and a retroconversion of 20:3 omega 6 to 18:2 omega 6 after a dihomo-gamma-linolenate-enriched diet suggest that a defect of delta 5 desaturase may be involved.