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Appleby BS, Rhoads DD, Mente K, Cohen ML. A Practical Primer on Prion Pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:346-352. [PMID: 29608707 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases comprise a group of transmissible degenerative encephalopathies resulting from propagation of a misfolded cellular protein of uncertain function. As is generally the case with rare diseases, lack of institutional experience compromises individual familiarity with the varying, and apparently protean, manifestations of prion diseases, both clinically and pathologically. Coupled with the documented transmissibility of these diseases both within and between species, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has established the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center to both aid with diagnosis of prion disease and to survey the United States for evidence of zoonotic transmission. We have assembled this primer with the hope that our accumulated experience will enable the neuropathological community to help the CDC "save lives and protect people."
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Appleby
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel D Rhoads
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Karin Mente
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark L Cohen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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2
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Abdel-Haq H. Detection of water-soluble disease-associated PrP species in blood and brain of scrapie-infected hamster. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2219-29. [PMID: 26105967 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The high-speed supernatant (S(HS)) of scrapie-infected hamster brain homogenate contains a soluble infectivity similar to that of the plasma that escapes leukodepletion and can transmit prion infection. This recent finding highlights the fact that soluble prion infectivity could be relevant for prion disease propagation and progression. PrP(Sc) is essential in prion disease pathogenesis, but little to nothing is known about the PrP(Sc) species that may be associated with this form of prion infectivity. Scrapie-infected hamster plasma and S(HS) were subjected to biochemical analysis, and the results demonstrate for the first time that soluble infectivity is associated with a water-soluble PrP(Sc) species with substantially different properties from classical PrP(Sc), the concentration of which seems to correlate with the magnitude and efficiency of the soluble infectivity. Such characteristics suggest that this species might represent the soluble prion agent itself or its vehicle, highlighting the need to adequately revise the strategies involved in prion removal, diagnosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Abdel-Haq
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy,
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3
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Molecular dynamics studies on the NMR and X-ray structures of rabbit prion proteins. J Theor Biol 2013; 342:70-82. [PMID: 24184221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases, traditionally referred to as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide variety of mammalian species, manifesting as scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or mad-cow disease) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, and kulu in humans, etc. These neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the conversion from a soluble normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into insoluble abnormally folded infectious prions (PrP(Sc)), and the conversion of PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) is believed to involve conformational change from a predominantly α-helical protein to one rich in β-sheet structure. Such a conformational change may be amenable to study by molecular dynamics (MD) techniques. For rabbits, classical studies show that they have a low susceptibility to be infected by PrP(Sc), but recently it was reported that rabbit prions can be generated through saPMCA (serial automated Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification) in vitro and the rabbit prion is infectious and transmissible. In this paper, we first do a detailed survey on the research advances of rabbit prion protein (RaPrP) and then we perform MD simulations on the NMR and X-ray molecular structures of rabbit prion protein wild-type and mutants. The survey shows to us that rabbits were not challenged directly in vivo with other known prion strains and the saPMCA result did not pass the test of the known BSE strain of cattle. Thus, we might still look rabbits as a prion resistant species. MD results indicate that the three α-helices of the wild-type are stable under the neutral pH environment (but under low pH environment the three α-helices have been unfolded into β-sheets), and the three α-helices of the mutants (I214V and S173N) are unfolded into rich β-sheet structures under the same pH environment. In addition, we found an interesting result that the salt bridges such as ASP201-ARG155, ASP177-ARG163 contribute greatly to the structural stability of RaPrP.
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4
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Abdel-Haq H, Lu M, Cardone F, Liu QG, Puopolo M, Pocchiari M. Efficacy of phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate against mouse-adapted human prion strains. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1005-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Ingrosso L, Novoa B, Valle AZD, Cardone F, Aranguren R, Sbriccoli M, Bevivino S, Iriti M, Liu Q, Vetrugno V, Lu M, Faoro F, Ciappellano S, Figueras A, Pocchiari M. Scrapie infectivity is quickly cleared in tissues of orally-infected farmed fish. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:21. [PMID: 16776828 PMCID: PMC1513558 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to the group of animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). BSE epidemic in the UK and elsewhere in Europe has been linked to the use of bovine meat and bone meals (MBM) in the feeding of cattle. There is concern that pigs, poultry and fish bred for human consumption and fed with infected MBM would eventually develop BSE or carry residual infectivity without disease. Although there has been no evidence of infection in these species, experimental data on the susceptibility to the BSE agent of farm animals other than sheep and cow are limited only to pigs and domestic chicken. In the framework of a EU-granted project we have challenged two species of fish largely used in human food consumption, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), with a mouse-adapted TSE strain (scrapie 139A), to assess the risk related to oral consumption of TSE contaminated food. In trout, we also checked the "in vitro" ability of the pathological isoform of the mouse prion protein (PrPSc) to cross the intestinal epithelium when added to the mucosal side of everted intestine. Results Fish challenged with a large amount of scrapie mouse brain homogenate by either oral or parenteral routes, showed the ability to clear the majority of infectivity load. None of the fish tissues taken at different time points after oral or parenteral inoculation was able to provoke scrapie disease after intracerebral inoculation in recipient mice. However, a few recipient mice were positive for PrPSc and spongiform lesions in the brain. We also showed a specific binding of PrPSc to the mucosal side of fish intestine in the absence of an active uptake of the prion protein through the intestinal wall. Conclusion These results indicate that scrapie 139A, and possibly BSE, is quickly removed from fish tissues despite evidence of a prion like protein in fish and of a specific binding of PrPSc to the mucosal side of fish intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ingrosso
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, viale Regina Elena,299,00161 Rome, Italy.
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6
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Magri G, Clerici M, Dall'Ara P, Biasin M, Caramelli M, Casalone C, Giannino ML, Longhi R, Piacentini L, Della Bella S, Gazzuola P, Martino PA, Della Bella S, Pollera C, Puricelli M, Servida F, Crescio I, Boasso A, Ponti W, Poli G. Decrease in pathology and progression of scrapie after immunisation with synthetic prion protein peptides in hamsters. Vaccine 2005; 23:2862-8. [PMID: 15780734 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapy for prion diseases is currently unavailable. Recently, vaccination was shown to be effective in mouse models of a particular neurodegenerative conditions: Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we report that vaccination with synthetic oligopeptides homologous to the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) prion protein augments survival time in animals infected intraperitoneally with 263K scrapie agent. For each hamster included in the study, prion-specific serum antibodies as well as deposition of pathological prion protein (PrP(res)), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and mRNA expression for cytokines (TNF alpha, IL-1beta, IL-10) in brain tissues were evaluated. In immunized animals, increased survival after challenge was associated with a reduction of cerebral lesion, PrP deposition and GFAP expression; in these animals, anti-prion protein peptide antibody levels were increased, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha and IL-1beta) was reduced. Vaccination could be an effective therapeutic approach to postpone disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Magri
- Laboratory of Immunology, DSP LITA Vialba, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
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7
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Brown P, Rau EH, Lemieux P, Johnson BK, Bacote AE, Gajdusek DC. Infectivity studies of both ash and air emissions from simulated incineration of scrapie-contaminated tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:6155-6160. [PMID: 15575075 DOI: 10.1021/es040301z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effectiveness of 15 min exposures to 600 and 1000 degrees C in continuous flow normal and starved-air incineration-like conditions to inactivate samples of pooled brain macerates from hamsters infected with the 263K strain of hamster-adapted scrapie with an infectivity titer in excess of 10(9) mean lethal doses (LD50) per g. Bioassays of the ash, outflow tubing residues, and vented emissions from heating 1 g of tissue samples yielded a total of two transmissions among 21 inoculated animals from the ash of a single specimen burned in normal air at 600 degrees C. No other ash, residue, or emission from samples heated at either 600 or 1000 degrees C, under either normal or starved-air conditions, transmitted disease. We conclude that at temperatures approaching 1000 degrees C under the air conditions and combustion times used in these experiments, contaminated tissues can be completely inactivated, with no release of infectivity into the environment from emissions. The extent to which this result can be realized in actual incinerators and other combustion devices will depend on equipment design and operating conditions during the heating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brown
- Laboratory of CNS Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and Div. of Environmental Protection, Office of Research Facilities Development and Operations, NIH, US Dept. of HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Caramelli M, Acutis P, Bozzetta E, Casalone C, Gagna C, Ingravalle F, Ru G. The role of CEA (Center of Animal Encephalopathies) in the BSE surveillance: BSE in Italy. Vet Res Commun 2003; 27 Suppl 1:29-30. [PMID: 14535365 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000014114.02668.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Caramelli
- Centro Encefalopatie Animali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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9
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Bozzetta E, Caramelli M, Casalone C, Acutis PL, Ru G. BSE surveillance in Italy: neuropathological findings in cattle in the frame of the passive surveillance programme. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:48-9. [PMID: 12650509 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta - Centro di Referenza per le, Encefalopatie Animali e le Neuropatologie Comparate, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
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10
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Caramelli M, Ru G, Casalone C, Bozzetta E, Acutis PL, Calella A, Forloni G. Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae. Vet Rec 2001; 148:531-6. [PMID: 11354646 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.17.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An accidental infection from a vaccine was suggested as the explanation for the sudden increase in outbreaks of scrapie in Italy in 1997 and 1998. This paper describes a recent outbreak of scrapie in sheep and goats which were exposed to the same vaccine. No ewes or goats had been imported into the herd since 1992, but a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae had been administered twice, in 1995 and 1997. High rates of crude mortality and scrapie incidence were experienced by both species, all birth cohorts were involved and a large proportion of aged animals was affected. A pattern of brain lesions was observed, with slight differences between the sheep and goats, which was very similar to the pattern observed in animals previously exposed to the same vaccine but clearly different from that observed in the brains of sheep with scrapie in a flock not exposed to the vaccine. Regardless of their exposure status, genotype analysis of the sheep showed the presence of polymorphism only at codon 171. The patterns of both incidence and brain lesions provide evidence that the epidemic of scrapie was due to the use of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caramelli
- Centro per le Encefalopatie Animali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
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11
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New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: threshold survival after ashing at 600 degrees C suggests an inorganic template of replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000. [PMID: 10716712 PMCID: PMC16254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050566797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One-gram samples from a pool of crude brain tissue from hamsters infected with the 263K strain of hamster-adapted scrapie agent were placed in covered quartz-glass crucibles and exposed for either 5 or 15 min to dry heat at temperatures ranging from 150 degrees C to 1,000 degrees C. Residual infectivity in the treated samples was assayed by the intracerebral inoculation of dilution series into healthy weanling hamsters, which were observed for 10 months; disease transmissions were verified by Western blot testing for proteinase-resistant protein in brains from clinically positive hamsters. Unheated control tissue contained 9.9 log(10)LD(50)/g tissue; after exposure to 150 degrees C, titers equaled or exceeded 6 log(10)LD(50)/g, and after exposure to 300 degrees C, titers equaled or exceeded 4 log(10)LD(50)/g. Exposure to 600 degrees C completely ashed the brain samples, which, when reconstituted with saline to their original weights, transmitted disease to 5 of 35 inoculated hamsters. No transmissions occurred after exposure to 1, 000 degrees C. These results suggest that an inorganic molecular template with a decomposition point near 600 degrees C is capable of nucleating the biological replication of the scrapie agent.
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12
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Brown P, Rau EH, Johnson BK, Bacote AE, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3418-21. [PMID: 10716712 PMCID: PMC16254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One-gram samples from a pool of crude brain tissue from hamsters
infected with the 263K strain of hamster-adapted scrapie agent were
placed in covered quartz-glass crucibles and exposed for either 5 or 15
min to dry heat at temperatures ranging from 150°C to 1,000°C.
Residual infectivity in the treated samples was assayed by the
intracerebral inoculation of dilution series into healthy weanling
hamsters, which were observed for 10 months; disease transmissions were
verified by Western blot testing for proteinase-resistant protein in
brains from clinically positive hamsters. Unheated control tissue
contained 9.9 log
10
LD
50
/g tissue; after
exposure to 150°C, titers equaled or exceeded 6
log
10
LD
50
/g, and after exposure to 300°C,
titers equaled or exceeded 4 log
10
LD
50
/g.
Exposure to 600°C completely ashed the brain samples, which, when
reconstituted with saline to their original weights, transmitted
disease to 5 of 35 inoculated hamsters. No transmissions occurred after
exposure to 1,000°C. These results suggest that an inorganic
molecular template with a decomposition point near 600°C is capable
of nucleating the biological replication of the scrapie agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brown
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Lngrosso L, Pisani F, Pocchiari M. Transmission of the 263K scrapie strain by the dental route. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 11):3043-3047. [PMID: 10580068 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-11-3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from a few cases of iatrogenic and familial human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases, the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) remains unknown. In this paper we investigated the possibility that dental procedures may represent a potential route of infection. This was assessed by using the experimental model of scrapie in hamster. In the first part of this study we found that after intraperitoneal inoculation, oral tissues commonly involved in dental procedures (gingival and pulp tissues) bore a substantial level of infectivity. We also found high scrapie infectivity in the trigeminal ganglia, suggesting that the scrapie agent had reached the oral tissues through the sensitive terminal endings of the trigeminal nerves. In the second part of the study we inoculated a group of hamsters in the tooth pulp and showed that all of them developed scrapie disease. In these animals, we detected both infectivity and the pathological prion protein (PrPsc) in the trigeminal ganglion homolateral to the site of injection but not in the controlateral one. This finding suggests that the scrapie agent, and likely other TSE agents as well, spreads from the buccal tissues to the central nervous system through trigeminal nerves. Although these findings may not apply to humans affected by TSEs, they do raise concerns about the possible risk of transmitting these disorders through dental procedures. Particular consideration should be taken in regard to new variant CJD patients because they may harbour more infectivity in peripheral tissues than sporadic CJD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Lngrosso
- Laboratory of Virology, lstituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy1
| | - Flavio Pisani
- Laboratory of Virology, lstituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy1
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Laboratory of Virology, lstituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy1
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Cardone F, Liu QG, Petraroli R, Ladogana A, D'Alessandro M, Arpino C, Di Bari M, Macchi G, Pocchiari M. Prion protein glycotype analysis in familial and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Brain Res Bull 1999; 49:429-33. [PMID: 10483920 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are characterised by the accumulation of a pathological conformer of PrP, named PrPsc. Molecular weight and glycosylation of the protease-resistant core of PrPsc (PrP27-30) are heterogeneous in different forms of TSEs. We analysed PrP27-30 glycotypes in a large number of TSE-affected patients: 50 sporadic CJD (sCJD), 1 iatrogenic CJD, 1 Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) with the Pro102Leu mutation of PrP, 3 familial CJD (fCJD) with the Glu200Lys mutation and, for the first time, 7 fCJD with the Val210ll3e mutation. All patients were screened for the polymorphic codon 129 of the PrP gene. PrP27-30 deglycosylation and PrPsc immunohistochemistry were performed in selected cases. We found that two PrP27-30 glycotypes (type 1A and type 2A) are produced in sCJD. Type 1A is more frequently associated with methionine than valine in position 129. Type 1A is also formed in Val210lle fCJD. In Glu200Lys fCJD and GSS patients, we found that PrP27-30 has the same mobility of type 1 but different glycosylation ratios (type 1B). Our findings indicate that the polymorphic residue 129 of PrP has a leading role in determining the proteinase degradation site of PrPsc while mutant residues 102 or 200 influence only the glycosylation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cardone
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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15
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Jiménez-Huete A, Lievens PM, Vidal R, Piccardo P, Ghetti B, Tagliavini F, Frangione B, Prelli F. Endogenous proteolytic cleavage of normal and disease-associated isoforms of the human prion protein in neural and non-neural tissues. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1561-72. [PMID: 9811348 PMCID: PMC1853409 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the proteolytic cleavage of the cellular (PrPC) and pathological (PrPSc) isoforms of the human prion protein (PrP) in normal and prion-affected brains and in tonsils and platelets from neurologically intact individuals. The various PrP species were resolved after deglycosylation according to their electrophoretic mobility, immunoreactivity, Sarkosyl solubility, and, as a novel approach, resistance to endogenous proteases. First, our data show that PrPC proteolysis in brain originates amino-truncated peptides of 21 to 22 and 18 (C1) kd that are similar in different regions and are not modified by the PrP codon 129 genotype, a polymorphism that affects the expression of prion disorders. Second, this proteolytic cleavage of PrPC in brain is blocked by inhibitors of metalloproteases. Third, differences in PrPC proteolysis, and probably in Asn glycosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor composition, exist between neural and non-neural tissues. Fourth, protease-resistant PrPSc cores in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker F198S disease brains all have an intact C1 cleavage site (Met111-His112), which precludes disruption of a domain associated with toxicity and fibrillogenesis. Fifth, the profile of endogenous proteolytic PrPSc peptides is characteristic of each disorder studied, thus permitting the molecular classification of these prion diseases without the use of proteinase K and even a recognition of PrPSc heterogeneity within type 2 CJD patients having different codon 129 genotype and neuropathological phenotype. This does not exclude the role of additional factors in phenotypic expression; in particular, differences in glycosylation that may be especially relevant in the new variant CJD. Proteolytic processing of PrP may play an important role in the neurotropism and phenotypic expression of prion diseases, but it does not appear to participate in disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jiménez-Huete
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
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16
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Salvatore M, Seeber AC, Nacmias B, Petraroli R, Sorbi S, Pocchiari M. Alpha1 antichymotrypsin signal peptide polymorphism in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurosci Lett 1997; 227:140-2. [PMID: 9180223 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, the deposition of the pathological prion protein (PrP-res) in the brain of affected individuals is the key event that triggers the appearance of the disease. Since a polymorphism in the signal peptide of the serine-protease inhibitor alpha1 antichymotrypsin (ACT) is one of the factors that may enhance amyloid formation, we studied this polymorphism in 63 CJD patients and 103 control subjects. No difference in allele frequencies and genotype distribution was found between CJD cases and controls, nor any difference was found between the ACT genotype and the age at onset and disease duration. Interestingly, there was a significantly different (P = 0.04) ACT distribution between CJD patients and controls in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) E4, and the interaction between ACT and ApoE was almost significant (P = 0.053). Further studies on a larger number of patients will clarify whether this association can identify a possible risk factor for CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salvatore
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
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17
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Silvestrini MC, Cardone F, Maras B, Pucci P, Barra D, Brunori M, Pocchiari M. Identification of the prion protein allotypes which accumulate in the brain of sporadic and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Nat Med 1997; 3:521-5. [PMID: 9142120 DOI: 10.1038/nm0597-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the accumulation in the brain of the amyloid protease-resistant protein PrPres. PrPres derives from a host-encoded, protease-sensitive isoform, PrPsen. Mutations of this protein are linked to familial variants of the disease, and the presence of a methionine or valine residue at the polymorphic position 129 may be critical in sporadic CJD cases. We found that in the brain of patients heterozygous for the mutation in which isoleucine is substituted for valine at codon 210 (Val21Olle), the PrPres is formed by both the wild-type and mutant PrPsen. We also found that in a sporadic CJD patient, who was heterozygous (Met/Val) at position 129, PrPres is also formed by both allotypes. These data associate transmissible spongiform encephalopathies with other amyloidosis, although the nature of the transmissible agent remains unsettled.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Silvestrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, A. Rossi Fanelli, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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Castellani RJ, Parchi P, Madoff L, Gambetti P, McKeever P. Biopsy diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by western blot: a case report. Hum Pathol 1997; 28:623-6. [PMID: 9158712 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(97)90086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disorder that often requires brain biopsy for definitive diagnosis. We report the case of a 62-year-old man who underwent brain biopsy for progressive neurological deterioration. Histopathologically, there was minimal spongiform change that could not be unequivocally attributed to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A 16 mg portion of gray matter saved frozen was subsequently analyzed by Western blot and showed definitive protease-resistant prion protein. This case illustrates applicability, ease in interpretation, and accuracy of Western blot analysis for protease-resistant prion protein in small brain biopsy specimens. Given the importance of accurate diagnosis in suspected prion disease, we recommend that a small portion of tissue from any brain biopsy performed in this setting be kept frozen for possible biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, baltimore, USA
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Shetty AK, Steele RW. Prion diseases. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1997; 36:1-7. [PMID: 9007341 DOI: 10.1177/000992289703600101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Shetty
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans 70112, USA
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Brown P, Kenney K, Little B, Ironside J, Will R, Cervenáková L, Bjork RJ, San Martin RA, Safar J, Roos R. Intracerebral distribution of infectious amyloid protein in spongiform encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1995; 38:245-53. [PMID: 7654073 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410380218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied the regional distribution of infectious amyloid protein by western immunoblots of brain tissue extracts from 37 patients with different forms of spongiform encephalopathy, i.e., 16 sporadic cases, 18 familial cases with a variety of mutations, and 3 iatrogenic cases. In sporadic and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, amyloid protein concentrations were usually highest in the frontotemporal regions of the cerebral cortex, whereas iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome had as high or higher concentrations in the deep cerebral nuclei and cerebellum. As a group, familial cases had lower amyloid protein concentrations than either sporadic or iatrogenic cases, and fatal familial insomnia patients had the lowest concentrations found in any form of disease. This hierarchy of amyloid protein concentrations corresponds to the experimental transmission rates observed for each form of disease and is consistent with the concept that the protein molecule is an integral component of the infectious agent. Regional amyloid protein pattern analysis of brain and spinal cord may help to distinguish sporadic from environmentally acquired infections, as for example, cases of human disease suspected to have arisen from exposure to sheep or cows infected with scrapie or bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brown
- Laboratory of CNS Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ladogana A, Liu Q, Xi YG, Pocchiari M. Proteinase-resistant protein in human neuroblastoma cells infected with brain material from Creutzfeldt-Jakob patient. Lancet 1995; 345:594-5. [PMID: 7776812 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pocchiari
- Section of Persistent and Slow Virus Infections, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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