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Sarra F, Paocic D, Zöchling A, Gregor A, Auñon-Lopez A, Pignitter M, Duszka K. Gut microbiota, dietary taurine, and fiber shift taurine homeostasis in adipose tissue of calorie-restricted mice to impact fat loss. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 134:109720. [PMID: 39103106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that caloric restriction (CR) stimulates the synthesis, conjugation, secretion, and deconjugation of taurine and bile acids in the intestine, as well as their reuptake. Given taurine's potent antiobesogenic properties, this study aimed to assess whether the CR-induced shift in taurine homeostasis contributes to adipose tissue loss. To verify that, male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 20% CR or ad libitum feeding, with variations in cage bedding and gut microbiota conditions. Additional groups received taurine supplementation or were fed a low-taurine diet (LTD). The results showed that in CR animals, taurine derived from the intestine was preferentially trafficked to epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) over other tested organs. Besides increased levels of taurine transporter TauT, gene expression of Cysteine dioxygenase (Cdo) involved in taurine synthesis was upregulated in CR eWAT. Taurine concentration in adipocytes was inversely correlated with fat pad weight of CR mice. Different types of cage bedding did not impact eWAT taurine levels; however, the lack of bedding and consumption of a diet high in soluble fiber did. Depleting gut microbiota with antibiotics or inhibiting bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity reduced WAT taurine concentration in CR mice. Taurine supplementation increased taurine levels in WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT), promoting fat loss in CR animals. LTD consumption blunted WAT loss in CR animals, with negligible impact on BAT. This study provides multiple insights into taurine's role in CR-triggered fat loss and describes a novel communication path between the liver, gut, microbiota, and WAT, with taurine acting as a messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Sarra
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Paocic
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Zöchling
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - András Gregor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arturo Auñon-Lopez
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Chemistry, Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Jang HJ, Boo HJ, Min HY, Kang YP, Kwon SW, Lee HY. Effect of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and benzo[a]pyrene exposure on the development of metabolic syndrome in mice. Life Sci 2023; 329:121925. [PMID: 37423377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of serious medical conditions that raise the risk of lung cancer, has increased worldwide. Tobacco smoking (TS) potentially increases the risk of developing MetS. Despite the potential association of MetS with lung cancer, preclinical models that mimic human diseases, including TS-induced MetS, are limited. Here we evaluated the impact of exposure to tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) and two representative tobacco carcinogens, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNK) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), on MetS development in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS FVB/N or C57BL/6 mice were exposed to vehicle, TSC, or NNK and BaP (NB) twice weekly for 5 months. The serum levels of total cholesterol (TCHO), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), blood glucose, and metabolites, along with glucose tolerance and body weight, were measured. KEY FINDINGS Compared with those of vehicle-treated mice, mice with TSC or NB exposure displayed major phenotypes associated with MetS, including increased serum levels of TCHO, triglycerides, and fasting and basal blood glucose and decreased glucose tolerance, and serum levels of HDL. These MetS-associated changes were found in both FVB/N and C57BL/6 mice that were susceptible or resistant to carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, respectively, indicating that tumor formation is not involved in the TSC- or NB-mediated MetS. Moreover, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid, which are known to be associated with MetS, were significantly upregulated in the serum of TSC- or NB-treated mice compared with those in vehicle-treated mice. SIGNIFICANCE Both TSC and NB caused detrimental health problems, leading to the development of MetS in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Jang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Boo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zakariaª EM, Abdel-Ghanyª RH, Elgharbawyª AS, Alsemehᵇ AE, Metwallyª SS. A novel approach to repositioning memantine for metabolic syndrome-induced steatohepatitis: Modulation of hepatic autophagy, inflammation, and fibrosis. Life Sci 2023; 319:121509. [PMID: 36822316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the possible hepatoprotective effects of memantine, compared to pioglitazone, in rat steatohepatitis, emphasizing its role in modulating hepatic autophagy. MAIN METHODS Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was provoked in adult male Wistar rats by a high fructose/fat/salt regimen for eight weeks. Then, rats were administered either memantine or pioglitazone daily for 10 weeks (both at 20 mg/kg, orally). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done at the end of the study, and serum liver enzymes, lipids, and fasting blood glucose were measured. Also, hepatic contents of inflammatory, oxidative, and autophagy markers were quantified. Additionally, histopathological examinations of general hepatic structure and glycogen content were performed. KEY FINDINGS Compared to the MetS rats, memantine normalized fasting serum insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR), serum lipids, and liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Memantine also markedly reduced hepatic inflammatory markers; NF-κB and TNF-α. In addition, hepatic NRF2 and GSH were augmented, while hepatic MDA was reduced by memantine. Interestingly, livers of the memantine group showed elevated Beclin1 and LC3 and reduced p62 contents compared to the MetS group indicating that memantine preserved hepatic autophagy. Histopathological examination revealed that memantine ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Pioglitazone also mitigated most of the steatohepatitis-related changes, however, memantine was more effective in most of the studied parameters. SIGNIFICANCE The hepatoprotective effect of memantine against steatohepatitis is mediated, at least partly, through conserving hepatic autophagy along with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M Zakariaª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Rasha H Abdel-Ghanyª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Atef S Elgharbawyª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amira Ebrahim Alsemehᵇ
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sami S Metwallyª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Wang MM, Hao G, Qu YC, Chen L, Hua WY, Zong SL, Wang M, Su CJ, Zhang QY, Du ZY, Yu YL. Comparative effect of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin on the modulation of bile acid profiles and gut microbiota in rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e191086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Wang
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Hao
- Suzhou Institute for Drug Control, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chen Qu
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Suzhou Institute for Drug Control, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yan Hua
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun-Lin Zong
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cun-Jin Su
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-Ying Zhang
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yan Du
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Li Yu
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, People’s Republic of China
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De Carvalho FG, Brandao CFC, Muñoz VR, Batitucci G, Tavares MEDA, Teixeira GR, Pauli JR, De Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, da Silva ASR, Junqueira-Franco MVM, Marchini JS, De Freitas EC. Taurine supplementation in conjunction with exercise modulated cytokines and improved subcutaneous white adipose tissue plasticity in obese women. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1391-1403. [PMID: 34255136 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interventions that can modulate subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) function, such as exercise training and nutritional components, like taurine, modulate the inflammatory process, therefore, may represent strategies for obesity treatment. We investigated the effects of taurine supplementation in conjunction with exercise on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in plasma and scWAT of obese women. Sixteen obese women were randomized into two groups: Taurine supplementation group (Tau, n = 8) and Taurine supplementation + exercise group (Tau + Exe, n = 8). The intervention was composed of daily taurine supplementation (3 g) and exercise training for 8 weeks. Anthropometry, body fat composition, and markers of inflammatory and oxidative stress were determined in plasma and scWAT biopsy samples before and after the intervention. We found that, although taurine supplementation increased taurine plasma levels, no changes were observed for the anthropometric characteristics. However, Tau alone decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6), and in conjunction with exercise (Tau + Exe), increased anti-inflammatory interleukins (IL-15 and IL10), followed by reduced IL1β gene expression in the scWAT of obese women. Tau and Tau + Exe groups presented reduced adipocyte size and increased connective tissue and multilocular droplets. In conclusion, taurine supplementation in conjunction with exercise modulated levels of inflammatory markers in plasma and scWAT, and improved scWAT plasticity in obese women, promoting protection against obesity-induced inflammation. TRN NCT04279600 retrospectively registered on August 18, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Giolo De Carvalho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-907, Brazil
| | - Camila Fernanda Cunha Brandao
- Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo-FMRP USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,State University of Minas Gerais - UEMG, Divinopolis unit, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas-FCA UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Batitucci
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University-FCFAR UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda de Almeida Tavares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas-FCA UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira De Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas-FCA UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas-FCA UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, University of Campinas-FCA UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-907, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Sergio Marchini
- Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo-FMRP USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini De Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-907, Brazil. .,Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University-FCFAR UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zheng J, Xiao H, Duan Y, Song B, Zheng C, Guo Q, Li F, Li T. Roles of amino acid derivatives in the regulation of obesity. Food Funct 2021; 12:6214-6225. [PMID: 34105579 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an issue of great concern to people all over the world. It is accompanied by serious complications, leading to reduced quality of life and higher morbidity and mortality. Over the past few years, there has been an explosion in knowledge about the roles of potential therapeutic agents in obesity management. Among them, amino acid (AA) derivatives, such as taurine, glutathione (GSH), betaine, α-ketoglutarate (AKG), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), have recently gained popularity due to their beneficial effects on the promotion of weight loss and improvement in the lipid profile. The mechanisms of action of these derivatives mainly include inhibiting adipogenesis, increasing lipolysis, promoting brown/beige adipose tissue (BAT) development, and improving glucose metabolism. Therefore, this review summarizes these AA derivatives and the possible mechanisms responsible for their anti-obesity effects. Based on the current findings, these AA derivatives could be potential therapeutic agents for obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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Huang XT, Yang JX, Wang Z, Zhang CY, Luo ZQ, Liu W, Tang SY. Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor regulates insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Theranostics 2021; 11:2247-2262. [PMID: 33500723 PMCID: PMC7797674 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Although significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of steatosis and insulin resistance, the physiological functions of regulators in these processes remain largely elusive. Evidence has suggested that the glutamate/N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) axis contributes to acute lung injury, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and diabetes, but the specific metabolic contribution of the glutamate/NMDAR axis is not clear. Here we provide data at the animal, cellular, and molecular levels to support the role of the glutamate/NMDAR axis as a therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome in obesity. Methods: We examined the glutamate level in the obese mouse induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. To assess the role of NMDAR in insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism, we tested the effects of Memantine (an NMDAR antagonist) and NMDA (an NMDAR agonist) on mice fed with HFD or standard chow diet. The in vitros NMDAR roles were analyzed in hepatocytes and potential mechanisms involved in regulating lipid metabolism were investigated. Results: Glutamate was increased in the serum of HFD-treated mice. The NMDAR blockade by Memantine decreased the susceptibility to insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in obese mice. NMDA treatment for 6 months induced obesity in mice, characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and pathological changes in the liver. We provided in vitro evidence demonstrating that NMDAR activation facilitated metabolic syndrome in obesity through promoting lipid accumulation. NMDAR inhibition attenuated lipid accumulation induced by palmitic acid. Mechanistically, NMDAR activation impaired fatty acid oxidation by reducing PPARα phosphorylation and activity. The PPARα activity reduction induced by NMDAR activation was reversibly mediated by ERK1/2 signaling. Conclusion: These findings revealed that targeting NMDAR might be a promising therapeutic strategy for metabolic syndrome in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Huang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun-Xiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zun Wang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Si-Yuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Halinski LP, Pakiet A, Jablonska P, Kaska L, Proczko-Stepaniak M, Slominska E, Sledzinski T, Mika A. One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Reconstitutes the Appropriate Profile of Serum Amino Acids in Patients with Morbid Obesity. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010100. [PMID: 31906073 PMCID: PMC7020034 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery leads to metabolic benefits in patients with obesity, but their mechanisms are not well understood. The appropriate composition of serum amino acids (AA) is important for sufficient supply of these components into various tissues and organs. Obesity leads to alterations in serum AA concentrations. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), a promising type of bariatric surgery, on serum AA concentrations, which were assayed by LC-MS in serum of 46 bariatric patients prior to and 6–9 months after OAGB, as well as in 30 lean control subjects. The results were analyzed by principle components analysis and metabolic pathway analysis. PCA analysis showed that OAGB led to normalization of serum AA concentrations of patients with obesity to a pattern similar to the control subjects, and the concentrations of essential AA remained decreased after OAGB. Changes of individual AA and their associated metabolic pathways were also presented. OAGB caused normalization of the AA profile, which may contribute to improvement of glucose homeostasis and reduction of cardiovascular risk. Considering decreased essential AA concentrations after OAGB, increased intake of high protein food should be recommended to the patients after this type of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz P. Halinski
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Pakiet
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jablonska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kaska
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Proczko-Stepaniak
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-51-90
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Evaluation of the effect of oral taurine supplementation on fasting levels of fibroblast growth factors, β-Klotho co-receptor, some biochemical indices and body composition in obese women on a weight-loss diet: a study protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:315. [PMID: 31151464 PMCID: PMC6544910 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taurine (Tau) is involved in many biochemical functions such as regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, enhancement of energy expenditure, anti-inflammatory effects and appetite control. The most important effect of Tau in obesity is its direct effect on adipose tissue. Some evidence has shown an impaired FGF (fibroblast growth factor) 19 and 21 biosyntheses in obesity. Besides the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on serum FGF concentrations, the effect of other nutrients on FGFs is not clear. Since obesity as an important health problem is rising around the world and on the other side, Tau biosynthesis is reduced by adipose-tissue-derived factors in obesity, the effects of Tau and a weight-loss diet on obesity need to be investigated further. Methods We will conduct an 8-week. double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate the effect of Tau supplementation on fasting serum levels of FGFs, β-Klotho co-receptor, some biochemical indices and body composition in 50 obese women aged between 18 and 49 years on a weight-loss diet. Discussion We will determine the other advantages of a weight-loss diet on new metabolic risk factors. Since Tau may regulate adipose-tissue-derived factors and a weight-loss diet can promote the useful effects of Tau supplementation; for the first time, the effects of a weight-loss diet along with Tau supplementation on these variables will be assessed. Trial registration Iran Clinical Trials Registry, ID: IRCT20131125015542N2. Registered on 24 November 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3421-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Seidel U, Huebbe P, Rimbach G. Taurine: A Regulator of Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Skeletal Muscle Function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800569. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Seidel
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of Kiel Kiel Germany
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Libert DM, Nowacki AS, Natowicz MR. Metabolomic analysis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes: amino acid and acylcarnitine levels change along a spectrum of metabolic wellness. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5410. [PMID: 30186675 PMCID: PMC6120443 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a construct used to separate “healthy” from “unhealthy” obese patients, and is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. There is controversy over whether obese “metabolically well” persons have a higher morbidity and mortality than lean counterparts, suggesting that MS criteria do not completely describe physiologic risk factors or consequences of obesity. We hypothesized that metabolomic analysis of plasma would distinguish obese individuals with and without MS and T2D along a spectrum of obesity-associated metabolic derangements, supporting metabolomic analysis as a tool for a more detailed assessment of metabolic wellness than currently used MS criteria. Methods Fasting plasma samples from 90 adults were assigned to groups based on BMI and ATP III criteria for MS: (1) lean metabolically well (LMW; n = 24); (2) obese metabolically well (OBMW; n = 26); (3) obese metabolically unwell (OBMUW; n = 20); and (4) obese metabolically unwell with T2D (OBDM; n = 20). Forty-one amino acids/dipeptides, 33 acylcarnitines and 21 ratios were measured. Obesity and T2D effects were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank-sum tests comparing obese nondiabetics vs LMW, and OBDM vs nondiabetics, respectively. Metabolic unwellness was analyzed by Jonckheere-Terpstra trend tests, assuming worsening health from LMW → OBMW → OBMUW. To adjust for multiple comparisons, statistical significance was set at p < 0.005. K-means cluster analysis of aggregated amino acid and acylcarnitine data was also performed. Results Analytes and ratios significantly increasing in obesity, T2D, and with worsening health include: branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), cystine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, phenylalanine, leucine + lysine, and short-chain acylcarnitines/total carnitines. Tyrosine, alanine and propionylcarnitine increase with obesity and metabolic unwellness. Asparagine and the tryptophan/large neutral amino acid ratio decrease with T2D and metabolic unwellness. Malonylcarnitine decreases in obesity and 3-OHbutyrylcarnitine increases in T2D; neither correlates with unwellness. Cluster analysis did not separate subjects into discreet groups based on metabolic wellness. Discussion Levels of 15 species and metabolite ratios trend significantly with worsening metabolic health; some are newly recognized. BCAAs, aromatic amino acids, lysine, and its metabolite, alpha-aminoadipate, increase with worsening health. The lysine pathway is distinct from BCAA metabolism, indicating that biochemical derangements associated with MS involve pathways besides those affected by BCAAs. Even those considered “obese, metabolically well” had metabolite levels which significantly trended towards those found in obese diabetics. Overall, this analysis yields a more granular view of metabolic wellness than the sole use of cardiometabolic MS parameters. This, in turn, suggests the possible utility of plasma metabolomic analysis for research and public health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Libert
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Amy S Nowacki
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.,Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Marvin R Natowicz
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genomic Medicine, Pediatrics and Neurological Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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12
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Orihara K, Odemuyiwa SO, Stefura WP, Ilarraza R, HayGlass KT, Moqbel R. Neurotransmitter signalling via NMDA receptors leads to decreased T helper type 1-like and enhanced T helper type 2-like immune balance in humans. Immunology 2017; 153:368-379. [PMID: 28940416 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the pivotal roles that CD4+ T cell imbalance plays in human immune disorders, much interest centres on better understanding influences that regulate human helper T-cell subset dominance in vivo. Here, using primary CD4+ T cells and short-term T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2-like lines, we investigated roles and mechanisms by which neurotransmitter receptors may influence human type 1 versus type 2 immunity. We hypothesized that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R), which play key roles in memory and learning, can also regulate human CD4+ T cell function through induction of excitotoxicity. Fresh primary CD4+ T cells from healthy donors express functional NMDA-R that are strongly up-regulated upon T cell receptor (TCR) mediated activation. Synthetic and physiological NMDA-R agonists elicited Ca2+ flux and led to marked inhibition of type 1 but not type 2 or interleukin-10 cytokine responses. Among CD4+ lines, NMDA and quinolinic acid preferentially reduced cytokine production, Ca2+ flux, proliferation and survival of Th1-like cells through increased induction of cell death whereas Th2-like cells were largely spared. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that (i) NMDA-R is rapidly up-regulated upon CD4+ T cell activation in humans and (ii) Th1 versus Th2 cell functions such as proliferation, cytokine production and cell survival are differentially affected by NMDA-R agonists. Differential cytokine production and proliferative capacity of Th1 versus Th2 cells is attributable in part to increased physiological cell death among fully committed Th1 versus Th2 cells, leading to increased Th2-like dominance. Hence, excitotoxicity, beyond its roles in neuronal plasticity, may contribute to ongoing modulation of human T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Orihara
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Solomon O Odemuyiwa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - William P Stefura
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ramses Ilarraza
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kent T HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Redwan Moqbel
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Okekunle AP, Li Y, Liu L, Du S, Wu X, Chen Y, Li Y, Qi J, Sun C, Feng R. Abnormal circulating amino acid profiles in multiple metabolic disorders. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 132:45-58. [PMID: 28783532 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate circulating amino acids (AA) profiles in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS Serum AA were profiled among 200; healthy, obese, T2D and MetS subjects matched by sex, age and BMI using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS). A meta-analysis, including 47 case-control studies (including the current study) on serum AA in obesity, T2D and MetS searched through October 2016 was conducted to explore the AA differences in obesity, T2D and MetS. RESULTS In comparison with healthy controls, 14 AA (10 increased and 4 decreased) were significantly altered (P<0.05) in all non-healthy subjects. Also, mean differences of valine (obese: 34.13 [27.70, 40.56]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 19.49 [3.31, 35.68]µmol/L, P<0.05, MetS: 29.18 [16.04, 42.33]µmol/L, P<0.001), glutamic acid (obese: 18.62 [11.64, 25.61]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 19.94 [0.28, 39.61]µmol/L, P<0.05, MetS: 12.45 [3.98, 20.91]µmol/L, P<0.001), proline (obese: 16.72 [6.20, 27.24]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 20.72 [15.82, 25.61]µmol/L, P<0.001, MetS: 29.95 [25.18, 34.71]µmol/L, P<0.001) and isoleucine (obese: 11.39 [8.54, 14.24]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 7.37 [1.52, 13.22]µmol/L, P<0.05, MetS: 10.40 [4.90, 15.89]µmol/L, P<0.001) were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. Similarly, mean differences of glycine (obese: -30.99 [-39.69, -22.29]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: -30.37 [-41.80, -18.94]µmol/L, P<0.001 and MetS: -35.24 [-39.28, -31.21]µmol/L, P<0.001) were significantly lower compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION In both the case-control study and meta-analysis, obesity was related to the most circulating AA changes, followed by MetS and T2D. Valine, isoleucine, glutamic acid and proline increased, while Glycine decreased in all metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Qi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Wu Q, Zhang X, Zhong M, Han H, Liu S, Liu T, Wei M, Guo W, Xie H, Hu S, Zhang G. Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Serum Bile Acid Composition and Conjugation in a Diabetic Rat Model. Obes Surg 2017; 26:2384-92. [PMID: 26843082 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum bile acids (BAs) are elevated following bariatric surgery and have emerged as a potential glucose-lowering beneficial factor. The change of BA components and its underlying mechanisms may be of great significance during bariatric surgery. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different bariatric procedures on serum BA composition and explore the potential mechanisms using a diabetic rat model. METHODS Duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and sham operation were performed in diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). Body weight, food intake, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were measured at indicated time points. Serum BAs composition and the expression of cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1), bile acid: CoA synthase (BACS) and bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) at both transcriptional and protein levels in the liver were evaluated at 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS Compared with sham group, DJB and SG both achieved rapid and sustained improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. They also resulted in increased serum BAs, especially the taurine-conjugated BAs by elevated conjugation. No obvious difference was detected between DJB and SG except that SG achieved decreased weight gain and food intake. CONCLUSIONS The preferentially elevated serum taurine-conjugated BAs were similar after different bariatric surgeries, and the enhanced conjugation of BAs in the liver might account for the changed serum BAs profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunzheng Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Han
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhuang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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15
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An excessive increase in glutamate contributes to glucose-toxicity in β-cells via activation of pancreatic NMDA receptors in rodent diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44120. [PMID: 28303894 PMCID: PMC5356012 DOI: 10.1038/srep44120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, excessive activation of NMDA receptors causes neuronal injury. Although activation of NMDARs has been proposed to contribute to the progress of diabetes, little is known about the effect of excessive long-term activation of NMDARs on β-cells, especially under the challenge of hyperglycemia. Here we thoroughly investigated whether endogenous glutamate aggravated β-cell dysfunction under chronic exposure to high-glucose via activation of NMDARs. The glutamate level was increased in plasma of diabetic mice or patients and in the supernatant of β-cell lines after treatment with high-glucose for 72 h. Decomposing the released glutamate improved GSIS of β-cells under chronic high-glucose exposure. Long-term treatment of β-cells with NMDA inhibited cell viability and decreased GSIS. These effects were eliminated by GluN1 knockout. The NMDAR antagonist MK-801 or GluN1 knockout prevented high-glucose-induced dysfunction in β-cells. MK-801 also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited I-κB degradation, ROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in β-cells exposed to high-glucose. Furthermore, another NMDAR antagonist, Memantine, improved β-cells function in diabetic mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that an increase of glutamate may contribute to the development of diabetes through excessive activation of NMDARs in β-cells, accelerating β-cells dysfunction and apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia.
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16
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Larsen LH, Ørstrup LKH, Hansen SH, Grunnet N, Quistorff B, Mortensen OH. Fructose feeding changes taurine homeostasis in wistar rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:695-706. [PMID: 25833537 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hüche Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Martinez EE, Ariagno K, Arriola A, Lara K, Mehta NM. Challenges to Nutrition Therapy in the Pediatric Critically Ill Obese Patient. Nutr Clin Pract 2015; 30:432-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533615569887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enid E. Martinez
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katelyn Ariagno
- Center for Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aldis Arriola
- Universidad Francisco Marroquin, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Kattina Lara
- Universidad Francisco Marroquin, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Nilesh M. Mehta
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Poole A, Deane A, Summers M, Fletcher J, Chapman M. The relationship between fasting plasma citrulline concentration and small intestinal function in the critically ill. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:16. [PMID: 25599966 PMCID: PMC4355456 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether fasting plasma citrulline concentration predicts subsequent glucose absorption in critically ill patients. Methods In a prospective observational study involving 15 healthy and 20 critically ill subjects, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were assayed in blood samples immediately prior to the administration of a liquid test meal (1 kcal/ml; containing 3 g of 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG)) that was infused directly into the small intestine. Serum 3-OMG concentrations were measured over the following 4 hours, with the area under the 3-OMG concentration curve (AUC) calculated as an index of glucose absorption. Results The groups were well matched in terms of age, sex and body mass index (BMI) (healthy subjects versus patients, mean (range) values: age, 47 (18 to 88) versus 49 (21 to 77) years; sex ratio, 60% versus 80% male; BMI, 25.2 (18.8 to 30.0) versus 25.5 (19.4 to 32.2) kg/m2). Compared to the healthy subjects, patients who were critically ill had reduced fasting citrulline concentration (26.5 (13.9 to 43.0) versus 15.2 (5.7 to 28.6) μmol/L; P < 0.01) and glucose absorption (3-OMG AUC, 79.7 (28.6 to 117.8) versus 61.0 (4.5 to 97.1) mmol/L/240 min; P = 0.05). There was no relationship between fasting citrulline concentration and subsequent glucose absorption (r = 0.28; P = 0.12). Conclusions Whereas both plasma citrulline concentrations and glucose absorption were reduced in critical illness, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were not predictive of subsequent glucose absorption. These data suggest that fasting citrulline concentration does not appear to be a marker of small intestinal absorptive function in patients who are critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Poole
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Adam Deane
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew Summers
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Janice Fletcher
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Marianne Chapman
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia. .,Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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19
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Rosa FT, Freitas EC, Deminice R, Jordão AA, Marchini JS. Oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity after taurine supplementation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:823-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Davalli AM, Perego C, Folli FB. The potential role of glutamate in the current diabetes epidemic. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49:167-83. [PMID: 22218826 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-011-0364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present article, we propose the perspective that abnormal glutamate homeostasis might contribute to diabetes pathogenesis. Previous reports and our recent data indicate that chronically high extracellular glutamate levels exert direct and indirect effects that might participate in the progressive loss of β-cells occurring in both T1D and T2D. In addition, abnormal glutamate homeostasis may impact all the three accelerators of the "accelerator hypothesis" and could partially explain the rising frequency of T1D and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Davalli
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Investigating potential mechanisms of obesity by metabolomics. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:805683. [PMID: 22665992 PMCID: PMC3362137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/805683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious health problem with an increased risk of several common diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Metabolomics is an emerging analytical technique for systemic determination of metabolite profiles, which is useful for understanding the biochemical changes in obesity or related diseases both in individual organs and at the organism level. Increasingly, this technology has been applied to the study of obesity, complementing transcriptomics and/or proteomics analyses. Indeed, the alterations of metabolites in biofluids/tissues are direct indicators of variations in physiology or pathology. In this paper, we will examine the obesity-related alterations in significant metabolites that have been identified by metabolomics as well as their metabolic pathway associations. Issues concerning the screening of biologically significant metabolites related to obesity will also be discussed.
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22
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Peters J, Beishuizen A, Keur M, Dobrowolski L, Wierdsma N, van Bodegraven A. Assessment of Small Bowel Function in Critical Illness: Potential Role of Citrulline Metabolism. J Intensive Care Med 2011; 26:105-10. [DOI: 10.1177/0885066610387998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal function in critically ill patients should ideally be assessed in order to determine the preferred feeding route, timing, and composition of enteral nutrition. Additionally, evaluation of small bowel function may lead to new insights aimed to maintain enterocyte integrity. Critically ill patients are likely to have impaired enterocyte function mainly as a consequence of diminished splanchnic blood flow associated with mucosal hyperpermeability and bacterial translocation, a pathological state believed to be pivotal in the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). However, feasible and validated clinical tools to reliably assess enterocyte function are lacking. This explorative review discusses the promising role of citrulline, a nonprotein amino acid almost exclusively generated by the enterocyte, as a biomarker reflecting enterocyte function in critically ill patients. Citrulline metabolism, its potential as enterocyte biomarker, and literature on citrulline in critically illness will be discussed. Finally, a novel test for enterocyte function, the citrulline generation test (enterocytic citrulline production upon stimulation with enteral or intravenous glutamine) will be considered briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.H.C. Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, Netherlands,
| | - A. Beishuizen
- Intensive Care Unit, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M.B. Keur
- Intensive Care Unit, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - L. Dobrowolski
- Intensive Care Unit, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N.J. Wierdsma
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A.A. van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Effects of high and normal soyprotein breakfasts on satiety and subsequent energy intake, including amino acid and 'satiety' hormone responses. Eur J Nutr 2009; 48:92-100. [PMID: 19142569 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of dietary protein in short term satiety is of interest with respect to body weight regulation. AIM To compare the effects of a high versus a normal soyprotein breakfast on satiety and subsequent energy intake (EI), including 'satiety' hormones and plasma amino acid responses. METHODS Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean +/- SEM, BMI: 23.9 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2); age: 22 +/- 1 years) received a subject-specific standardized breakfast: a custard with soy as single protein type with either 10/55/35 (normal-protein) or 25/55/20 (high-protein) En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. Appetite profile (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), plasma glucose, insulin, Glucagon-like Peptide 1, ghrelin, and amino acid concentrations were determined for 4 h, determining the sensitive time point to assess EI. Since at 180 min glucose and insulin concentrations still were significantly different, in a second set of experiments subjects received an ad lib lunch at 180 min after the breakfasts; EI was assessed. RESULTS Overall the 25 En% soy-custard was rated as being more satiating than the 10 En% soy-custard (P < 0.01) and there was a difference at 20 min after breakfast (64 +/- 5 vs. 52 +/- 5 mmVAS, P < 0.05), related to higher postprandial taurine concentrations (P < 0.05). Insulin response was increased more after the 25 En% than after the 10 En% soy-custard (AUC: 7,520 +/- 929 vs. 4,936 +/- 468 mU/l h, P < 0.001). There was no difference in EI (25 En%: 3,212 +/- 280 kJ vs. 10 En%: 3,098 +/- 286 kJ, ns). CONCLUSION A high soyprotein breakfast is more satiating than a normal soyprotein breakfast related to elevated taurine and insulin concentrations.
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Cattenoz M, Chambrier C. Prise en charge nutritionnelle d'un patient obèse agressé. NUTR CLIN METAB 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Shozawa C, Sano K, Kamei Y, Kasaoka S, Hosokawa Y, Ezaki O. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) deficiency creates a vicious circle promoting obesity. Endocrinology 2006; 147:3276-84. [PMID: 16627576 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relation between blood taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) concentrations and obesity was investigated. Taurine is supplied to the body by dietary ingestion as well as by de novo synthesis; it is anabolized by cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), which is abundantly expressed in liver and white adipose tissue. Overexpression of CDO in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes caused a decrease in the level of cysteine (precursor of taurine) and an increase in the level of taurine in the culture medium, suggesting that CDO is involved in biosynthesis and secretion of taurine in white adipose tissue. In high-fat diet-induced and/or genetically obese mice, a decrease in the blood taurine concentration was observed along with a decrease in CDO expression in adipose tissue but not in liver. Dietary taurine supplementation prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity with increased resting energy expenditure. Thus, taurine deficiency observed in association with obesity may create a vicious circle promoting obesity. Dietary taurine supplementation interrupts this vicious circle and may prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyo Tsuboyama-Kasaoka
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan.
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Belabed L, Senon G, Blanc MC, Paillard A, Cynober L, Darquy S. The equivocal metabolic response to endotoxaemia in type 2 diabetic and obese ZDF rats. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1349-59. [PMID: 16622684 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The metabolic and endocrine disturbances associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes may impair the normal metabolic response to injury. Our objective was to investigate amino acid metabolism in endotoxaemic type 2 diabetic obese rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A metabolic study was performed over 4 days using male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (fa/fa) and lean littermates (fa/+) divided into three groups: ad libitum-fed groups which underwent no treatment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated groups receiving E. coli LPS by i.p. injection, and pair-fed groups to the respective LPS groups. We evaluated the effect of endotoxaemia on body weight, food intake and tissue weights. Nitrogen loss and muscular proteolysis were measured daily by determination of urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) excretion. Plasma, intestine and muscle amino acid levels were measured. RESULTS The data showed that ad libitum-fed ZDF rats had lower plasma arginine and glutamine levels than ad libitum-fed control rats. Compared with control rats, the LPS-treated ZDF rats presented lower thymic involution, a lower 3-MH:creatinine ratio and higher cumulative nitrogen balance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Against our working hypothesis, ZDF rats did not show an impaired metabolic response, and even appeared to be less sensitive to the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Belabed
- Laboratory of Biological Nutrition, EA 2498, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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Cheong SH, Choi MJ, Chang KJ. Effects of garlic powder and soy protein supplementation on blood lipid profiles and amino acid concentrations in postmenopausal hyperlipidemic model rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 583:227-33. [PMID: 17153606 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33504-9_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.a
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Cheong SH, Yu CH, Choi MJ, Chang KJ. Effects of garlic powder and taurine supplementation on abdominal fat, muscle weight, and blood amino acid pattern in ovariectomized rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 583:221-6. [PMID: 17153605 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33504-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity is the most common chronic disease in the United States and is associated with an increased risk for morbidity and mortality. For the hospitalized patient, the mechanical, metabolic, and inflammatory physiologic changes induced by obesity necessitate additional considerations for care. Calculation of nutritional requirements is problematic and challenging due to difficulty in measuring body composition and energy expenditure. Provision of selective hypocaloric feeding in this population may be particularly beneficial in reducing complications of hyperglycemia, fluid overload, and reduction in fat mass. Clinical care should incorporate a team approach that addresses the special nutritional and metabolic needs of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Roth
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 150 East Huron Street, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Blanc MC, Moinard C, Béziel A, Darquy S, Cynober L, De Bandt JP. Arginine and glutamine availability and macrophage functions in the obese insulin-resistant Zucker rat. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:153-9. [PMID: 15389544 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to infections in obese patients may be related to decreased availability of arginine and glutamine, which may affect immune cell functions. Our aim was to evaluate the in vitro effects of these amino acids on the function of macrophages from obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats. Macrophages, isolated from male Zucker obese or lean rats by peritoneal lavage, were incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) without arginine or glutamine. Arginine or glutamine was added to the medium at increasing final concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mM). After stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli (40 microg/ml), productions of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and of nitric oxide (NO) were measured after 3 or 48 h incubation, respectively. NO production, lower in macrophages from obese rats, decreased in macrophages from lean rats (0 mM: 2,423 +/- 1,174 vs. 2 mM: 198 +/- 31 microM/mg protein/24 h; P < 0.05), but not in those from obese rats, when glutamine was added. TNFalpha production, lower in macrophages from obese rats, was inversely correlated with glutamine concentration. In the presence of arginine, NO production was constantly higher in macrophages from obese rats. It peaked at 0.5 mM arginine and decreased thereafter in both groups. TNFalpha production in macrophages from lean rats was unaffected by arginine, but decreased in macrophages from obese rats (0 mM: 1920 +/- 450 vs. 2 mM: 810 +/- 90 microM/mg protein/3 h; P < 0.05). These results suggest that abnormalities in cell signalling or in arginine and glutamine metabolism in macrophages of obese rats, resulting in decreased TNFalpha production and increased NO release, may contribute to increased susceptibility to infection in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Céline Blanc
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris 5-René Descartes, Paris, France
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Lee MY, Cheong SH, Chang KJ, Choi MJ, Kim SK. Effect of the obesity index on plasma taurine levels in Korean female adolescents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 526:285-90. [PMID: 12908612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0077-3_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Engel JM, Mühling J, Weiss S, Löhr T, Simonis Y, Menges T, Hempelmann G. Low plasma glutamine after multiple trauma: relationship with intracellular glutamine in polymorphonuclear neutrophils during prolonged ICU stay. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47:707-13. [PMID: 12803588 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of the study was to evaluate whether low plasma glutamine (GLN) is related to low intracellular GLN in stress-affected cells such as polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN). We hypothesized, that because low plasma GLN is assumed to have an impact on clinical outcome, stress-affected cells may also show low GLN contents. METHODS Thirty-nine consecutive severely injured trauma patients staying at least 10 days at a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital were separated into two groups: group one (n = 16) with low plasma GLN (< 420 micromol/l in average during ICU stay), and group two (n = 23) with normal plasma GLN. Initial blood samples for GLN analyses were collected within 24 h of admission at ICU. Further blood samples were taken on days 5 and 10 at 08:00 hours. RESULTS Patients in both groups showed no differences regarding demographic data, surgical interventions or infections. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II and the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and mortality rate were also comparable. During the study period, intracellular PMN GLN contents and concentrations did not differ between both groups. On the first day, intracellular PMN GLN content in the low plasma GLN group peaked at 5.01 +/- 3.06 x 10(-16) mol and in normal plasma GLN group at 4.73 +/- 2.57 x 10(-16) mol above the level of healthy individuals. In both groups, content decreased significantly towards the end of the observation period (group one: 2.79 +/- 1.59 x 10(-16) mol and group two: 2.63 +/- 1.71 x 10(-16) mol). A correspondent course could be observed for cell volumes. In contrast, variation of intracellular GLN concentrations remained within the reference range throughout the observation period: group one 836 +/- 510 micromol/l on day 1 and 582 +/- 331 micromol/l on day 10, and group two 788 +/- 428 micromol/l on day 1 and 548 +/- 356 micromol/l on day 10. No correlation between plasma GLN and intracellular GLN was found in either group. CONCLUSION No association between low plasma GLN and low intracellular GLN in PMN was found in a cohort of severely injured trauma patients with a minimum stay of 10 days at ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Engel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Management, University Hospital, Giessen, Germany.
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Ochoa JB, Bernard AC, O'Brien WE, Griffen MM, Maley ME, Rockich AK, Tsuei BJ, Boulanger BR, Kearney PA, Morris SM. Arginase I expression and activity in human mononuclear cells after injury. Ann Surg 2001; 233:393-9. [PMID: 11224628 PMCID: PMC1421256 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200103000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of trauma on arginase, an arginine-metabolizing enzyme, in cells of the immune system in humans. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Arginase, classically considered an enzyme exclusive to the liver, is now known to exist in cells of the immune system. Arginase expression is induced in these cells by cytokines interleukin (IL) 4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta, corresponding to a T-helper 2 cytokine profile. In contrast, nitric oxide synthase expression is induced by IL-1, tumor necrosis factor, and gamma interferon, a T-helper 1 cytokine profile. Trauma is associated with a decrease in the production of nitric oxide metabolites and a state of immunosuppression characterized by an increase in the production of IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta. This study tests the hypothesis that trauma increases arginase activity and expression in cells of the immune system. METHODS Seventeen severely traumatized patients were prospectively followed up in the intensive care unit for 7 days. Twenty volunteers served as controls. Peripheral mononuclear cells were isolated and assayed for arginase activity and expression, and plasma was collected for evaluation of levels of arginine, citrulline, ornithine, nitrogen oxides, and IL-10. RESULTS Markedly increased mononuclear cell arginase activity was observed early after trauma and persisted throughout the intensive care unit stay. Increased arginase activity corresponded with increased arginase I expression. Increased arginase activity coincided with decreased plasma arginine concentration. Plasma arginine and citrulline levels were decreased throughout the study period. Ornithine levels decreased early after injury but recovered by postinjury day 3. Increased arginase activity correlated with the severity of trauma, early alterations in lactate level, and increased levels of circulating IL-10. Increased arginase activity was associated with an increase in length of stay. Plasma nitric oxide metabolites were decreased during this same period. CONCLUSIONS Markedly altered arginase expression and activity in cells of the human immune system after trauma have not been reported previously. Increased mononuclear cell arginase may partially explain the benefit of arginine supplementation for trauma patients. Arginase, rather than nitric oxide synthase, appears to be the dominant route for arginine metabolism in immune cells after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Ochoa
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA.
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Shi O, Morris SM, Zoghbi H, Porter CW, O'Brien WE. Generation of a mouse model for arginase II deficiency by targeted disruption of the arginase II gene. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:811-3. [PMID: 11154268 PMCID: PMC86672 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.3.811-813.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals express two isoforms of arginase, designated types I and II. Arginase I is a component of the urea cycle, and inherited defects in arginase I have deleterious consequences in humans. In contrast, the physiologic role of arginase II has not been defined, and no deficiencies in arginase II have been identified in humans. Mice with a disruption in the arginase II gene were created to investigate the role of this enzyme. Homozygous arginase II-deficient mice were viable and apparently indistinguishable from wild-type mice, except for an elevated plasma arginine level which indicates that arginase II plays an important role in arginine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
The management of the morbidly obese critically ill patient is a challenging and formidable task. A better understanding of the pathophysiologic changes that occur with obesity and the complications unique to this group of patients may improve their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varon
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Adams
- Department of Anaesthesia, General Infirmary at Leeds, UK
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Abstract
Data from recent surveys indicate that a staggering 34.9% of US adults are overweight. Obese adults are at in increased risk for many chronic medical conditions, and this increases the likelihood of admission to an ICU. The critically ill obese patient presents the ICU team with many unique problems. Obesity may result in significant alterations of pulmonary and cardiac function, as well as the handling of many drugs. An appreciation of these and other changes is essential in the management of the obese ICU patient. The purpose of this article is to review some of the basic concepts related to the treatment of obese patients in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marik
- Medical ICU, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Massachusetts, Worcester 01604, USA
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Long CL, Borghesi L, Stahl R, Clark JA, Geiger JW, DiRienzo DB, Weis JK, Laws HL, Blakemore WS. Impact of enteral feeding of a glutamine-supplemented formula on the hypoaminoacidemic response in trauma patients. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1996; 40:97-102. [PMID: 8577007 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199601000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured during fasting and after 3 days of enteral feeding in 16 trauma patients on a glutamine-supplemented diet and 14 patients on an isonitrogenous control diet. During fasting, total amino acids, including glutamine, were depressed by 50% and this was attributed to a reduction in both essential and nonessential amino acids. The essential amino acid concentrations increased in both groups after feeding. The nonessential amino acid concentrations also increased in the control group but not in the glutamine group during feeding. Repletion of the glutamine extracellular pool was not evident after an average intake of 27.1 g per day of glutamine for 3 days. Nitrogen balance was similar for the two groups during feeding. We conclude that in this study, enteral glutamine did not increase the glutamine plasma concentration. In addition, both formulas improved the hypoaminoacidemia of essential amino acids but only the control diet improved the nonessential amino acids plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Long
- Department of Research, Carraway Methodist Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35234, USA
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Ireton-Jones CS, Francis C. Obesity: nutrition support practice and application to critical care. Nutr Clin Pract 1995; 10:144-9. [PMID: 7659060 DOI: 10.1177/0115426595010004144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Much controversy exists regarding the nutritional care of obese, hospitalized patients. There is no real agreement among health care professionals in the nutritional support of obese patients. A survey was designed to determine the methods used to provide for the nutritional needs of obese, hospitalized patients. The survey included questions on definition of obesity, equations used to calculate energy and protein needs, and body weight used for calculations. The information received from this survey describes the variability of nutritional care for obese, hospitalized patients. In addition, a review of the current literature is provided regarding the metabolic response of the obese.
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Herrero MC, Remesar X, Arola L, Bladé C. Splanchnic amino acid pattern in genetic and dietary obesity in the rat. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 139:11-9. [PMID: 7854338 DOI: 10.1007/bf00944198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The study of intestinal and hepatic uptake of amino acids by obese rats has been the main objective of this work. The obese animals used were either from genetic or from nutritional basis. In fed state, the intestinal release of amino acids was higher in obese animals than in lean ones (around the double values), but nutritionally and genetically obese rat showed a related pattern, specially for the case of alanine (increased release in relation to controls by a factor of 10). The higher alanine release by intestine is not reversed by 12-h food deprivation. The hepatic availability was also higher in obesity models than in lean animals (increases over 30%). However, the hepatic uptake was increased in genetically obese animals (more than 35%) and decreased in nutritionally obese animals (more than 40%), especially due to alanine uptake (2419, 1100 and 3794 nmols/min/g protein in lean, Diet-ob and fa/fa animals respectively). In obese animals the food deprivation tended to normalize the hepatic uptake of alanine. The differences in alanine uptake between both types of obesity may reflect the differences of urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Herrero
- Department de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Jeevanandam M. The obese indeed have more than you and me! Nutr Rev 1992; 50:32. [PMID: 1579270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1992.tb02465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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